INTRODUCTION OF ANATOMY AND

PHYSIOLOGY
ANATOM
Y
Human anatomy is the science, which deals with the structure of the human body. The
term ANATOMY is derived from Greek word
ANA + TOMY

Body Cutting up

Herophilus of Chalcedon (circa 300 B.C) is called the father of anatomy. He was
a
Greek physician, and was one of the first to dissect the human body.

SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY
1. Cadaveric anatomy: Cadaveric anatomy is studied on dead bodies usually with the
naked eye (macroscopic or gross anatomy).this can be done by one of the two
approaches.
Regional anatomy:-The body is studied in parts like the upper limb, lower limb,
thorax, abdomen, head & neck and brain.
Systemic anatomy:-The body is studied in system like the skeletal
system(osteology),muscularsystem(myology),articulatorysystem(arthrology),vascular
system(angiology),nervous system(neurology),and respiratory,digestive,urogenital and
endocrine system.
2. Living anatomy:-Living anatomy is studied on living human beings by inspection,
palpation, percussion, auscultation, endoscopy, radiography, and
electromyography.
3. Embryology (developmental) anatomy:-Embryology is the study of the prenatal
and postnatal developmental changes. The developmental history is called
ontology
4. Histology (microscopic) anatomy: - Histology is the study of the structures with
the aid of a microscope.
5. Surface anatomy: - Surface anatomy is the study of deeper parts of the body in
relation to the skin surface. It is helpful in clinical practice and surgical operations.
6. Radiological anatomy: - Radiological anatomy is the study of the bones and
deeper organs by plan and contrast radiography by ultrasound and computerized
tomography (CT) scans.
7. Comparative anatomy: - Comparative anatomy is the study of the other animals to
explain in the changes in form, structure and function (morphology) of different
parts of the human body.
8. Physical anthropology:-Deals with the external features and measurements of
different races and groups of people and with the study of the prehistoric remains.
9. Applied anatomy (clinical Anatomy):-Deals with the application of the
anatomical knowledge to the medical and surgical practice.
10.Experimental anatomy: - Experimental anatomy is the study of the factors which
influence and determine the form structure and function of different parts of the
body.
11.Genetics:-Deals with the study of the information present in the chromosomes.
PHYSIOLOG
Y
Human physiology is the science which deals with the functions of various parts of
normal body. It also includes study of physical and chemical changes taking place in
the body.
POSITIONS OF BODY
1. Anatomical position:
The body is erect (straight) in standing position.
The eyes look straight to the front.
The upper limbs hang by the side of the trunk with the palms directed forward.
The lower limbs are parallel with the toes pointing forward.

2. Supine position: In this position the body is lying down with face pointing
upwards. All the remaining positions are similar to anatomical position with the
only difference of being in a horizontal plane rather than a vertical plane.
3. Prone position: This is the position in which the back of the body is directed
upwards. The body lies in a horizontal plane with face directed downwards.
4. Lithotomy position: In this position the body is lying in a supine with hips and
knees fully extended. The feet are strapped in position to support the flexed knees
and hips.

ANATOMICAL
TERM Anterior /Ventral : Towards the
front. Posterior/Dorsal : Towards the
back. Superior : Towards the
head. Inferior : Towards the
feet.
Medial : Towards the median plane.
Lateral : Away from the mid line.
Caudal : Towards the tail.
Proximal : Nearer the trunk.
Distal : Away from the trunk.
Radial : The outer border in the upper limb.
Ulnar : The inner border in the upper limb.
Tibial : The inner border in the lower limb.
Fibular : The outer border in the lower limb.
Palmar or volar : Palm of the hand.
Plantar : Sole of the foot.
Interior : Inner.
Exterior : Outer.
Superficial : Toward the surface.
Deep : Inner to the surface.
Ipsilateral : Same side.
Contralateral : Opposite side.
 CLINICAL
TERM
Puberty : The age at which the secondary sexual character
develope, being 12 15 years in girls & 13 16
in boys.
Symptoms : Symptoms are subjective complaints of the
patient about his disease.
Sign : Sign are objective finding by the doctor on the
patient.
Diagnosis : Identification of a disease or determination of
the nature of a disease.
Pyrexia : Fever.
Lesion : Injury or pathologic change the tissue.
Haemorrhage : Bleeding which may be external or internal.

Paralysis : Loss of motor power (movement) of part of

body.
Hemiplegia : Paralysis of one-half of the body.
Paraplegia : Paralysis of both lower limbs.
Monoplegia : Paralysis of any one limb.
Quadriplegia : Paralysis of all the four limbs.
Coma : Deep unconsciousness.
HOMEOSTAS
IS
The composition of the internal environment is tightly controlled, and this fairly constant state
is called homeostasis. The Homeostasis mechanism of human body is two types:
Negative feedback mechanism E.g.:- Maintenance of water balance in the body.
Positive feedback mechanism E.g.:- Blood clotting, uterine contraction during labour,
positive.