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Chapter18:BODYFLUIDSANDCIRCULATION

OnemarkQuestions

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1.WhatisBlood?

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Bloodisaspecialconnectivetissueconsistingofafluidmatrix,

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Plasmaandformedelements.
2.Whatisplasma?

, B NT .S
Plasmaisastrawcolouredviscousfluidconstitutingnearly

M E (M
55%oftheblood.
RA AM AK
3.Whichplasmaproteinisresponsibleforclottingorcoagulationof
Blood?
SA ND TH

Fibrinogen.
SA FU PA

4.Whichplasmaproteinisinvolvedindefensemechanismsof
blood?
OF ITA

Globulins.
TE SH

5.WhichplasmaproteinisinvolvedinOsmoticbalance?
Albumins.
ITU IP

6.Whatisserum?
ST rs.

Bloodplasmawithouttheclottingfactorsiscalledserum
M

7.whichisthemostabundantofallthecellsinblood?
ErythrocytesorRBC
8.WherearetheRBCsformed?
IN

Redbonemarrow


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9.NametheIroncontainingproteinofErythrocytes?
Haemoglobin
10.whatisthehaemoglobincontentofahealthyindividual

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inevery100mlofblood?

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AR S .E
12to16grams.

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11.MentiontheroleofHaemoglobininBlood
Haemoglobinplayasignificantroleintransportofrespiratorygases.

, B NT .S
12.WhatisanaveragelifespanofRBC?

M E (M
120days.
RA AM AK
13.WhichhumanpartisalsocalledgraveyardofRBCs?
Spleen.
SA ND TH

14.whatareLeucocytes?
SA FU PA

Theyarecolourless,&nucleatedcellswithouthaemoglobin
Intheblood.
OF ITA

15.Whatistheanothernameofplatelets?
TE SH

Thrombocytes.
16.WhatisthemainfunctionofLymphocytes?
ITU IP

Responsibleforimmuneresponsesofthebody.
ST rs.

17.Whatkindofeffectobservedwhenreductioninplatelets
M

number?
LeadtoClottingdisorders.
18.NametheantigenpresentonRBCsofobloodgroup.
IN

NoantigenspresentonRBCsofobloodgroup


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19.Nametheantibodiespresentinbloodplasmaofobloodgroup
antiaandantib
20.WhichbloodgroupisconsideredasUniversaldonargroup?

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obloodgroup

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21.WhichbloodgroupisconsideredasUniversalreceipientgroup?

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ABbloodgroup.
22.WhatismainreasonforErythroblastosisfoetalis?

, B NT .S
Rhincompatibility(mismatching)

M E (M
23.DefineLymph.
Lymphisacolourlessfluidcontainingspecializedlymphocytes
RA AM AK
Whichareresponsiblefortheimmuneresponsesofthebody.
SA ND TH

24.Inwhichgroupofanimalsdoyoufindopencirculatorysystem?
SA FU PA

Arthropods&Molluscs.
25.Inwhichgroupofanimalsdoyoufindclosedcirculatorysystem?
OF ITA

Annelids&chordates.
TE SH

26.HowmanyheartchambersobservedinFishes?
2chambers.
ITU IP

27.wheredoyoufinddoublecirculation(bloodcirculation)
ST rs.

mechanism?
M

BirdsandMammals.
28.NametheProtectivesac(covering)oftheheart.
Pericardium
IN

29.Namethechambersofheartwhichreceivesoxygenatedblood.
LeftAuricle

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30.NamethearterythatcarriesdeoxygenatedbloodtoLungs.
Pulmonaryartery.
31.Namethevalvepresentinbetweentheleftauricle

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&Leftventricle

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Bicuspidvalve(mitralvalve)

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32.WhereistricuspidvalvelocatedintheHeart?
Tricuspidvalveislocatedinbetweentherightauricle

, B NT .S
Andrightventricle.

M E (M
33.WhatisSystole?
Thecontractionofheartchambersiscalledsystole
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34.Whatisdiastole?
SA ND TH

Therelaxationofheartchambersiscalleddiastole
SA FU PA

35.Whatisstrokevolume?
Thevolumeofbloodpumpedoutbytheventricleduring
OF ITA

Eachbeatiscalledstrokevolume.
TE SH

36.Wheredoestheimpulseforheartbeatoriginates?
TheimpulseforheartbeatoriginatesinSANorpacemaker.
ITU IP

37.Whattypeofheartisfoundinman?
ST rs.

Myogenicheart.
M

38.ExpandECG
Electrocardiograph.
39.WhatisCardiacoutput?
IN

Thevolumeofbloodpumpedoutbyeachventricleperminute.


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40.GivetheCardiacoutputofahealthyindividual.
5000mlor5Litres.
41GivetheNormalBloodpressureofaHealthyperson.

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120/80mmofHg

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42.WhatisHypertension?
WhentheBloodpressureincreasesabovethenormal

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Level(ie120/80mmofHg)iscalledHypertension.

, B NT .S
43.WhatisAtherosclerosis?

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Accumulationofcalcium,fat,cholesterolandfibrous
Tissuesontheinnerwallsofthearteriesiscalledatherosclerosis.
RA AM AK
44.WhatisAnginapectoris?
SA ND TH

Asymptomofacutechestpainappearswhennoenough
SA FU PA

Oxygenisreachingtheheartmuscle.
45.WhatisHeartAttact?
OF ITA

TheHeartmuscleissuddenlydamagedbyaninadequate
bloodSupply.
TE SH

TwoMarkQuestions
ITU IP

1.Mentionthetwospecialfluidswithintheirbodiesofmorecomplex
ST rs.

Organisms.
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Bloodandlymph.
2.Mentionthefunctionofanytwoplasmaproteins.
Fibrinogenareneededforclottingofblood.
IN

GlobulinareinvolvedinDefencemechanisms.
Albuminsarehelpinosmoticbalance.

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3.writeanyfourimportantfeaturesofErythrocytes
(i).RBCsarethemostabundantofallthecellsinblood
(ii)Ahealthyadultmanhasonanaverage,5millionsto

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5.5millionsofRBCsmm3ofblood.

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(iii)RBCsareformedintheredbonemarrowintheadults.

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(iv)RBCsaredevoidofnucleusandarebiconcaveinshape
(v)Theyhavearedcoloured,ironcontainingcomplexprotein

, B NT .S
CalledHaemoglobin

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(vi)Ahealthyindividualhas1216gmsofHaemoglobinin
Every100mlofblood.
RA AM AK
(vii)RBCsplayasignificantroleintransportofrespiratorygases
SA ND TH

(viii) RBCshaveanaveragelifespanof120daysafterwhich
SA FU PA

Theyaredestroyedinthespleen.
(AnyFour)
OF ITA

4.ListanyfourtypeofLeucocytes.
TE SH

(i)GranulocytesNeutrophils,eosinophils&basephils
(ii)AgranulolytesLymphocytesandmonocytes.
ITU IP

5.MentionanytwosecretionsofBasophilsinvolvedin
ST rs.

InflammatoryReactions.
M

Histamine,Serotonin,heparinetc.
6.Givetheplateletcountofnormalhealthypersonandmention
Onefunctionofit.
IN

150000350000Plateletsmm3
Involvedinclottingofblood

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7.Mentionthetypeofantigen&antibodypresentinA&B
Bloodgroup
Bantigen&antiaantibodyforBbloodgroup

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Aantigen&antibantibodyforAbloodgroup

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8.Givetheantigen&antibodyfoundinAB&Obloodgroup

IH AL c B
ABbloodgroupA,Bantigens&Noantibodies
ObloodgroupNoantigens&antia&bantibodies

, B NT .S
9.Whatareantibodieswithrespecttohumanblood?&mention

M E (M
Thetypes?
Antibodiesareproteins(globulins)presentintheblood
RA AM AK
PlasmaTypes(i)antiA(ii)antiB
SA ND TH

10.Whatareantigens(agglutinins)withrespecttohumanblood?
SA FU PA

Mentionthetypes.
AntigensareglycoproteinspresentonthesurfaceofRBCs
OF ITA

Types:(i)Antigen.A&(2)AntigenB
TE SH

11.Distinguishbetweenantigen&antibodyofblood
AntigenAntibody
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(1)ItisFoundonRBC(1)Itisfoundinthebloodplasma
ST rs.

(2)chemicallymadeupof(2)Chemicallymadeupof 
globulinGlycoprotein
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(3)Itstimulatestheproduction(3)Itfightagainstantigen
Ofantibodies
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(4)Itdeterminebloodgroup(4)Itdonotdeterminebloodgroup


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12.Mentionthetypesofcirculatorypatterns(bloodcirculation)
withexamples.
(1)opencirculatorysystemArthropods&Molluscs

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(2)closedcirculatorysystemAnnelids&chordates

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13.Namethecomponentsofcardiacconductingsystem

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(1)SinoAtrialNode(SAN)
(2)AuriculoVentricularNode(AVN)

, B NT .S
(3)BundleofHis&(4)PurkinjeFibres.

M E (M
14.whatisCardiacoutput?Howdoyoucalculateit?
Thevolumeofbloodpumpedoutbyeachventricle
RA AM AK
Perminute.
SA ND TH

Cardiacoutput=HeartrateXStrokevolume.
SA FU PA

15.WhatisDoublecirculation?Givethesignificance
Ateveryheartbeattherighthalfreceivesandpumps
OF ITA

Impureblood.lefthalfreceives&pumpspureblood.
TE SH

ThisisCalleddoublecirculation.
Significance:thereisnomixingofpure&impureblood.
ITU IP

16.whatisHypertension?Mentiontheeffectsofhypertention
ST rs.

Hypertension(HighBP)isthetermforbloodpressurethat
M

Ishigherthannormal(ie120/80)
Effects:Heartdiseases,

Itaffectsvitalorganslikebrain&Kidney.
IN



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4and5MarksQuestions
1.DrawaneatlabeleddiagramofV.SofHumanHeart.

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SA ND TH
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2.ExplaintheABOgroupingofhumanblood.
TE SH

Ans:ABOgroupingisbasedonthepresenceorabsenceof
ITU IP

TwosurfaceantigensontheRBCsnamelyA&B
Similarly,theplasmaofdifferentindividualsContain
ST rs.

Twonaturalantibodies.
M

Thedistributionofantigens&antibodiesinthe
4groupofblood,A,B,AB&O

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Bloodgroups&DonorCompatibility
 BloodGroups Antigensof Antibodies Donorsgroup
RBCs Inplasma
1 A A antiB A,O

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2 B B antiA B,O

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3 AB A,B Nil AB,A,B,O
4 O Nil antiA&B O

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ABbloodgroupisconsideredasUniversalreceipients
ObloodgroupisconsideredasUniversaldonors.

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3.withthehelpofaneatlabeleddiagramdescribethe

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ConductingsystemofHeart.
RA AM AK
SA ND TH
SA FU PA
OF ITA
TE SH
ITU IP
ST rs.
M


Inhuman,Heartbeatiscontrolledbyconductingsystem.
IN

Itconsistsof(1)SAN(2)AVN
(3)BundleofHis(4)Purkinjefibres.

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(1)SAN(Sinoatrialnode)ORpacemaker:Itismassof
Specializedmuscletissuepresentintheupperpartofright
Auricleneartheopeningofthesuperiorvenacava.Itinitiates

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Thatheartbeat&setsthepace,henceitiscalledpacemaker

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(2)AVN(auriculoVentricularnode):Itisalsoaspecialized
Muscletissuepresentinthelowerpartoftheinter

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AuricularSeptum.

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(3)BundleofHis:ThisarisesfromAVN,passesinto

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Interventricularseptum&dividesintorightandleftbranches
(4)Purkinjefibres:BranchesofbundleofHisdividesinto
RA AM AK
NumberofsmallbranchescalledPurkinjefibres,these
SA ND TH

Fibrespenetratemusclecellsofventricles.
SA FU PA

4.Describetheorigin&conductionofHeartbeatwithalabeled
Diagram.
OF ITA

Thehumanheartismyogenicheart.Theentireheartis
TE SH

MadeupofCardiacmuscles.Theheartbeatisinitiated
&regulatedbyamassofmuscletissuecalledSANSoitis
ITU IP

CalledPacemaker(TheSANhastheabilitytogenerateaction
ST rs.

Potentialswithoutanyexternalstimuli,i.e.itisautoexitable)
M

TheSANgenerates&transmitstheelectricalImpulses
Rhythmically.TheSANgeneratethemaximumnoofaction
Potentialsi.e,7075min1.Ourheartnormallybeats7075
IN

timesinaminute(Average72beatsmin1)

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IH AL c B
, B NT .S
M E (M

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TheimpulsesgeneratesfromSANarequicklypickedby
SA ND TH

AVNandthentransmittedtothewallsofventriclesthrough
SA FU PA

Bundleofhisandpurkinjefibres.Asaresultbothventricles
Contractsimultaneously.
OF ITA

5.Explainthemechanismofworkingoftheheart(CardiacCycle)
Thealternatesystole(contraction)anddiastole(relaxation)ofthe
TE SH

AuriclesandventriclesfollowedbyashortpauseiscalledCardiac
ITU IP

Cycle.Itincludesfollowing3phases.
ST rs.

(1)TheAtrialSystole:InThisphaseauriclescontracttopumts
M

thebloodintotherespectiveventriclesieimpure
bloodfromRightauricletoRightventricleand
PurebloodfromLeftauricletoLeftventricle.
(2)VentricularSystole:Inthisphase,ventriclescontractto
IN

Pumpthebloodintopulmonaryartery&aorta

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(3)Completecardiacdiastole:Itisapausephase,inwhich
Bothauricles&ventriclesrelaxedDuringthis
Periodthebloodfromvenacavae&pulmonaryveins

S
Emptiedintotheauricles.Thetimetakenforone

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Heartbeatis0.8seconds.Therateofheartbeat

AR S .E
Inahealthypersonisapproximately72times/minute.

IH AL c B
6.Whatisdoublecirculation?Describewithreferenceto

, B NT .S
Humanheart.

M E (M
Thecirculationinwhichbloodenters&leavestheheart
In2differentcirculationiscalleddoublecirculation.
RA AM AK
Twocirculationsare(1)pulmonarycirculation&
SA ND TH

(2)Systemiccirculation.
SA FU PA

(1)Pulmonarycirculation:Thecirculationofbloodfromright
Sideofthehearttothelungsandthenbackto
OF ITA

Leftsideoftheheartiscalledpulmonarycirculation.
TheRightauriclereceivesandpumpsimpurebloodintothe
TE SH

Rightventricle.ThentheRightventriclepumpsitintothelungs
ITU IP

throughpulmonaryartery.Afterpurificationthebloodisbroughtintoleft
ST rs.

Auricleby2pairsofpulmonaryveins.
Thisentirerouteformspulmonarycirculation
M

(2)Systemiccirculation:TheCirculationofbloodfromleft
Sideofthehearttothebodytissues&thenbacktotheright
Sideoftheheartiscalledsystemiccirculation.
IN

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Theleftauriclereceives&pumpspurebloodintotheleft
Ventricle.Thenleftventriclepumpspurebloodtoallpartsofthe
Bodythroughaorta&itsbranches.Theimpurebloodfrom

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VariouspartsofthebodyreachesRightAuriclethrough

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Superiorandinferiorvenacavae.Thisentirerouteforms

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Systemiccirculation.

, B NT .S
M E (M
RA AM AK
SA ND TH
SA FU PA
OF ITA

Smoothmuscle
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