WTG

Wind Turbine Generator
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Wind Turbine Generator

Wind Turbine Generators
Wind turbine generator (WTG) converts
mechanical energy to electrical energy
Wind turbine rotor supplies fluctuating
mechanical power (torque)
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Wind Turbine Generator Slide 2
Traditional Wind Turbine
Generating Voltage
WTG > 150 kW generate 0.69 kV or higher
Step-up transformer (outside or inside
tower) raises the voltage to 10-30 kV
Generator Technology
Induction Generator
Induction generator with

variable rotor resistant
Doubly fed induction

generator (DFIG)
Converter interfaced
gearless, multi pole
Doubly Fed Generator
Doubly Fed Generator
Variable Speed Operation => Higher wind energy
capture
Can absorb or generate reactive power
Lower transient torques
More complex electrical design and control
Rotor Designs
Two blades are cheaper but do Options include:

not last as long Upwind vs downwind
Three blades are more stable Passive vs active yaw
and last longer Common option chosen is to
direct the rotor upwind of the
tower with a tail vane
Rotor Diameter Vs. Output Power
Wind Power
The lift force (only) turns windmill blades
for useful power output
Windmill is a fan running backwards.
The pitch of the blade causes a difference
in air pressure on either side.
Difference in air pressure provides the lift
force (similar to aircraft), and causes the
rotors to turn.
Wind Drag
If the angle of attack of a blade is too large,
the wind simply pushes against the blade,
exerting a drag force but no lift. When the
drag is too great, a stall occurs.
Wind turbines are designed to operate in
winds up to 35 mph, but must be able to
survive 100 mph gales.
Random turbulent winds create strong
torques that can fatigue the structure.
Power Curve
Electrical Power output at
different wind speeds
Field measurements
Site complexity makes it
difficult to produce power
curves exactly
Does not provide power at a
certain average wind speed
Power Extracted From Wind
Power Extracted From Wind
Cp is the fraction of the upstream wind

power which is captured by the rotor
blades
Example 1.65 MW Turbine
Swept Area = A = 5281 m2
4.5 m/s : Power = 0.6125 AV3 = 295 KW
5.5 m/s : Power = 0.6125 AV3 = 538 KW
6.5 m/s : Power = 0.6125 AV3 = 888 KW
Example
Calculate how much more power is
available at a site where the wind speed is
12 mph than where it is 10 mph
P ~ V3
P2 /P1 = (V2 / V1)3
P2 = (12/10)3 * P1 = 1.73 * P1
1.7 x the power (almost a factor of 2

increase), with only 2 mph increase in wind
speed!
Power Coefficient
Efficiency of wind to electric energy
conversion
Power Output W/ m2 = Power Curve / Rotor
Area
Electrical Output / Wind Input
Depends on pitch angle and AOA
Depends upon ratio of downstream to
upstream wind speeds (Vo/V)
Power Coefficient
Theoretical maximum value of 0.59
Cp Curves
Maximum power generated at P1 max and P2 max
Speed Control
To capture more energy
To protect the rotor, generator and electronic
equipment from overloading
When generator is disconnected, rotor speed may
increase to levels causing mechanical damage
Speed Control Regions
Cut-in Speed
Optimum Constant Cp
Speed-Limited
Power-Limited
Cut-out speed
Pitch Control
Large horizontal axis turbines
Pitch is varied to hold Cp at largest value possible
up to rated speed of the turbine
Varied to reduce Cp while power in the wind (Pw)
increases
Wind Turbine Model
Wind Model
Converter Control
Simulated Turbine Operation
Vc = Wind Velocity
RPM = Rotor Speed
Cp = Power Coefficient
PE = Electrical Power
Power Height Relationship
Power Height Relationship
Wind speed increases with height

Conservative Approximation:
V2 = (H2/H1) V1
is the Roughness exponent
Smooth terrain value (water or ice): 0.10
Rough terrain value (suburb woodlands): 0.25
Grasslands: 0.14
Hybrid System
Diesel Wind Interaction
Over-sized Diesel
Engine presents driving torque only to syn. gen
Diesel engine maintains balance of power
Increase in wind power means reduction in diesel output
When wind power output exceeds load requirement, the
diesel starts motoring
Small braking torque comes from engine compression
Rotor speed of the diesel increases
Diesel Wind Interaction
T = 2.5 sec
WTG (225 kW)
Genset (55 / 400 kW)
T=4 sec
Load reduced to 100 kW
Frequency runaway
Shunt Load to be added
Water heater, battery charger
Non-critical load
Minimum diesel power ~ 15% of rated load

Operating Data

WTG

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

WTG

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Wind Turbine Generator

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Wind Turbine Generator

Induction generator with

Doubly fed induction

Two blades are cheaper but do Options include:

Cp is the fraction of the upstream wind

1.7 x the power (almost a factor of 2

Wind speed increases with height

Minimum diesel power ~ 15% of rated load

S-ar putea să vă placă și