The abuse of the laws that govern

Hunting & Fishing

In Ontario

Being a responsible hunter and fisherman

The importance of hunting & fishing
The different punishments;
- Fines
- Contraventions
- Etc
The effects of the abuse of the hunting & fishing
The science of hunting & fishing
How to avoid abusing the laws that are often abused
Wildlife identification
Fishing and Hunting seasons (provincial)
The abuse of the laws that govern
Hunting & Fishing
In Ontario
TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE DES MATIRES

Introduction la chasse et la pche.............................. 2-6
Dfinitions importantes...................................................2
Limportance de la chasse et la pche ............................2
Un chasseur et pcheur responsable ..............................3
La scurit .......................................................................5
Les lois fdrales et les lois provinciales .........................6
Cartes de lOntario ........................................................ 8-13
Description .................................................................. 8-9
Territoires de chasse ............................................... 10-12
Zones de pche..............................................................13
Labus des lois ............................................................. 14-18
Pourquoi respecter ces lois ...........................................14
La science.......................................................................15
Les cosystmes sans les humains ................................16
Le braconnage et gaspillage de la vie sauvage ..............17
Conclusion .....................................................................18
Entrevue avec Justin Hoffman.................................... 21-23
A propos Justin Hoffman ...............................................21
Lentrevue......................................................................22
Rsum ..........................................................................23
Les lois spcialises lautochtones .......................... 26-27
Les lois et les amendes ............................................... 28-37
Intro ...............................................................................28
Les amendes ............................................................ 27-35
Scnarios ................................................................. 36-37
Identification de la vie sauvage.................................. 40-43
Techniques ....................................................................40
Comparaison de la famille des chevreuils .....................41
Comparaison des familles de poisson ..................... 42-43
Hunting species and seasons ...................................... 44-77
Fishing species and seasons ....................................... 75-87
Hunter Orange ............................................................ 90-91
Bibliography ................................................................ 94-97
1
INTRODUCTION TO HUNTING AND FISHING

INTRODUCTION TO HUNTING AND FISHING

Important definitions:
Hunting
Hunting for wildlife or game, especially for food or sport.

Game
Game is any animal hunted for sport or for food.

Wildlife
Undomesticated animals living in the wild.

Fire arm
A weapon, like a rifle or a pistol, from which a projectile is fired by gunpowder.

Fishing
The activity of catching fish, either for food or as a sport

The importance of hunting and fishing :

Hunting and fishing are two very controversial activities. The reason why these activities still exist today is
through government that wants to control and help ecosystems by allowing us to hunt and fish. It is true
that for some people and from a certain point of view, these activities can be seen as cruel or unfair to the
animal but it's important to recognize the importance of these activities and to realize that this has more
advantages than disadvantages. The reasons why hunting and fishing are important activities for
biological, social and other reasons is for the following reasons:

Surveillance of the fish and wildlife population.

Monitoring activity of hunters, fishermen and harvesters.
Research on the environment, ecosystems, biodiversity, nature, etc...
Harvest planning and allocation.
Conservation of habitats.
Public contribution.
Good for the economy.
Provides more reasons for conserving our forests, water bodies and nature.
Greater appreciation of nature from the public.
It encourages teamwork

2
 INTRODUCTION TO HUNTING AND FISHING
A responsible outdoorsman:
Surveys show that the vast majority of non-hunters and non-fishermen in Ontario accept such activities provided that
there is no abuse. Which in this case, people will start to have concerns. It is important to recognize that the majority
of citizens who live in Ontario are non-fishermen nor hunters, and when they start to have concerns with the rights
or laws of hunting and fishing, the government would have to listen to them more because they have more
participants against it. It is therefore important that each individual who is interested in such activities know why
and how to be a responsible hunter and/or fisherman.

Why?

These concerns may lead the public to consider these activities as "unfair" and "cruel" to the animals. With
public concerns about fishing and hunting, the public can develop an image arrogance and injustice in
wildlife for hunters and fishermen. Once concerns are developed, the vast majority of Ontario and
Canadian citizens would be mostly focused on the fact that these activities involve and require the killing of
animals, which could result in consequences such as stricter laws or even elimination of all rights of
hunting and fishing from the people. For these reasons, it is therefore important for all those who fish
and/or hunt to respect the following regulations and the laws that govern these activities.

How?

Respect: Hunters and fishermen must respect wildlife. It is important that every individual who is
interested in such sport understands that animals are not just targets to shoot and kill for fun. This includes
respect with wildlife, habitats, territories, other people, hunters and fishermen, private property, laws and
those who are in the area. You may ask yourself these four following questions to see how environmentally
friendly you are:

Do I hunt or fish for a valid reason?

Do I fully use the animals I take?
Do I hunt or fish in a way that respects the values of others, hunters, fishermen, non-fishers and
non-hunters?
Did I properly educate myself about the animals I hunt or fish?

Responsibility: It is important that every hunter and fishermen is responsible; this means knowing the
laws. for hunters, you have to know and practice with your weapon in order to know when to shoot and to
ensure that it is a clean shot to minimize the wounds and suffering of the animal. You must also be
prepared to follow and track down an injured animal. You can ask yourself these four following questions
to see how responsible you are:

Do I understand the population concerns and wildlife management objectives associated with the
animal I am hunting?
Do I have the skills, knowledge and equipment to make clean kills or catch the fish I am targeting?
Do I have the skills, knowledge and equipment to retrieve and prevent waste of animals taken?
Have I accounted for the concerns and sensitivities of those whose lands I use to hunt or fish?

3
INTRODUCTION TO HUNTING AND FISHING

Safety: It is important that each hunter and fisherman uses the equipment safely. For fishermen: if you use
a boat, make sure that it is in good condition, does not leak and that the waves are not too big for your boat.
If you are fishing on ice, you must ensure that the ice is in good condition. For hunters, you must use
weapons and equipment in safe ways, use safe procedures and use equipment the way its made to be used.
You may ask yourself these three following questions to see how safe you hunt and/or fish:

Do I know and follow the hunting/fishing laws?

Do I follow safe procedures at all times?
In addition to safe use of equipment, have I considered the risks of other tools, such as chainsaws,
hooks and knives? As well as the techniques used during hunting and fishing?

Preservation: Preservation plays an important role in hunting and fishing. We must continue to ensure that
these activities help to support the wildlife population. Moreover, as a fisherman or hunter, it is important
to see hunting and fishing from an environmental and social point of view in order to reduce negative
effects on wildlife and the environment. You may ask yourself these two following questions to see if you
preserve while you hunt and/or fish in good ways:

Does my hunting activity demonstrate my knowledge and concern for the long-term sustainability
of wildlife and wildlife habitat?
Are there lifestyle choices, outside of my hunting and fishing that I can make that will benefit
wildlife and the environment?

Image: Each hunter and fisherman must respect the laws and these six regulations (respect, responsibility,
safety, preservation, image and honor the heritage) in order that non-hunters and non-fishermen have a
good perception on these activities. This is very important because the majority of people in Ontario and
Canada are not hunters or fishermen and theyll have a greater say in things if they believe that we need to
make the law stricter or even remove the hunting and/or fishing rights from the people. You may ask
yourself these three questions to see if you are planning a good image for hunting and/or fishing:
Will hunters, fishermen and non-hunters view the way I hunt and/or fish and where I hunt/fish as
appropriate?
Am I willing and able to modify, restrain or defend my activity in response to thoughtful
criticism?
Am I aware that things that I say and do, even when I am not hunting can affect the image of
hunters and fishermen?

Honor the heritage: Hunting and fishing is kept popular and active through sharing wildlife with family
and friends, songs, stories and art. Relationships and bonds are formed when people hunt and/or fish. These
are two special activities to the people who participate. You may ask yourself these two following
questions to ensure that you honor your heritage:

Is my hunting true to those traditions that respect the natural world and the animal being hunted?
Since the kill is just a part of the overall hunting experience, am I keeping it in perspective when
I talk to others? Am I describing the complete experience, including planning, scouting,
INTRODUCTION LA CHASSE ET

friendships, non-game experiences, weather and meals?

4
 INTRODUCTION TO HUNTING AND FISHING
The safety of hunting and fishing
One of the most common questions and arguments against hunting and fishing is that they are not safe
activities even though there are several studies that prove that hunting and fishing are safe activities and one of
the safest recreational activities in the world - here are some reasons why:

In Ontario, each hunter must pass the Ontario Hunter Training Course, and each hunter using a firearm must
pass the Canadian Firearms Safety Course. Each course requires the student to pass the final exam with a
score of 80% or more. Thanks to excellent education programs and those who hunt, hunting is a recreational
activity with one of the lowest rates of incidents.
In Ontario, every fishermen or citizen using a boat must pass the Canadian Boating Safety Course of
Transport Canada with a final score of 80% for each quiz.
The NSSF (National Shooting Sports Foundation), an American association, have studies that prove that
hunting and fishing are safer activities than most recreational activities such as Golf, American Football,
Basketball, Football and many others ...

Activity Number of Total injuries Injuries per 100,000 One injury for every
participants 2010 (USA) participants x participants
Hunting 16 300 000 8 122 50 2 000
Fishing 33 800 000 69 963 207 483

Injuries per 100,000 participants for certain

Activitys Injuries per
activities
100,000 Fishing
Volleyball Hunting
participants
Fishing 207
Hockey
Hunting 50
Hockey 594
(ice)
Basketball 1 965 Skateboard
Golf 161
Soccer 1 675
Swimming 196 Basketball
Skateboard 1 696
Volleyball 548

Swimming

Golf
Soccer
5
INTRODUCTION TO HUNTING AND FISHING

Provincial laws and federal laws:

There are two different levels of legislation governing hunting and fishing in Ontario. There are
provincial laws that are governed by the provincial government of Ontario and the federal laws that are
governed by the national government of Canada. Provincial laws are responsible for animals, hunting,
fishing, the environment, seasons and almost everything in terms of hunting and fishing. While federal
laws do not concern fishing, and deals with firearms laws and licensing and registration of firearms. The
following are examples of these two types of legislation;

Provincial :

Provincial deals with firearms such as air or pellet rifles, a long bow and crossbows.
Animals - such as fish, fur-bearing animals that can be trapped, animals that can be hunted, and
animals that cannot be hunted, trapped or fished.
Licenses for fishing and hunting.
Private property.
Vehicles and boats.
They all have search warrants automatically given by law.
They all have the right to confiscate licenses, vehicles, boats, guns, etc.
Use of poison and other illegal substances.
Wardens take care of provincial laws.

Fdral :

Handles firearms, such as rifles and shotguns.

The laws of transportation of firearms.
The laws of possession of firearms.
The laws of transfer and lend of firearms.
The laws of importing and exporting firearms (companies).
Licenses and registration of firearms.
Regular police take care of federal laws.
The laws and seasons for waterfowl

6
ONTARIO

MAPS OF ONTARIO

The fishing zones and hunting territories of Ontario:

Hunting

About WMUs: Ontario is divided into 95 Wildlife Management Units (WMU). Some WMUs are divided into sub-
units. It is important that everyone takes the time to know the seasons and laws of the WMU from where they plan
to go hunt in to avoid unintended abuse of laws. Each WMU has customized hunting regulations for:

Game you can hunt

Open season dates
Permitted methods of hunting

Its your responsibility to:

Know which WMU you are hunting in

Know and follow the hunting regulations for that WMU

Fishing

About FMZs: Ontario is broken down into 20 fisheries management zones (FMZs). It is important that everyone
takes the time to know the seasons and laws of the FMZ from where they plan to go fish in to avoid unintended
abuse of laws. FMZs help the province manage the individual needs and nature of each zone by customizing catch
limits and seasons:
Allows more fishing in thriving fisheries
Protect vulnerable fisheries
Re-establish fish populations
Adjust fishing seasons for different climates
Each zone has its own rules that you must follow. The map of the fisheries management zones of Ontario can be
found at page X.

Specially designated waters: Some zones contain important lakes and rivers that need more careful management,
planning and monitoring. For example:

Lake Nipissing
Lake Simcoe

These important fisheries, called Specially designated waters are managed differently than the rest of their FMZ.

8
 ONTARIO
FMZ planning: Fisheries management follows a cycle of:

Planning (setting objectives and strategies)

Implementing strategies
Monitoring and reporting
Evaluating succes

Learn about your FMZ: Each fisheries management zone reports on its activities:

Calls for consultation

Monitoring and management reports
Advisory council news
Changes to fishing regulations
Fish stocking

Find your zone based on where you plan to fish.

9
ONTARIO

Wildlife Management Units (WMU):

Map 1- Southwestern Ontario

1. Stag Island (WMU 93) 12. Binbrook (WMU 87)
2. Rondeau (Provincial Park) (WMU 93) 13. Mud Lake (WMU 89)
3. Fingal (WMU 92) 14. Mara 89)
4. Aylmer (WMU 92) 15. Pine River Provincial
5. Calton Swamp (WMU 92) Fishing Area (WMU 81)
6. Long Point (WMU 90)
7. Hullett (WMU 85)
8. Luther Marsh (WMU 80)
9. Orangeville (WMU 81)
10. Rankin (WMU 83)
11. Beverly Swamp (WMU 87)

10
 ONTARIO
Map 2 Southeastern Ontario
16. Tiny Marsh (WMU 76)
17. Matchedash Bay (WMU 76)
18. Copeland Forest Resources Management Area (WMU 76E)
19. Holland Marsh (WMU 77)
20. Nonquon (WMU 73)
21. Scugog Island (WMU 73)
22. Darlington (Provincial Park) (WMU 72)
23. Presquile (Provincial Park) (WMU 71)
24. Brighton (WMU 71)
25. Mountain (WMU 65)
26. Lake St.Lawrence (WMU 65)
27. Gananoque (WMU 67)
28. Camden Lake (WMU 68)
29. Pt. Petre (WMU 70)
30. Wye Marsh National Wildlife Area (WMU 76)
31. Howard Ferguson Nursery (WMU 66B)

11
ONTARIO

Map 3 Northern Ontario

Hilliardton Marsh (WMU 28)

12
 ONTARIO
The fishing zones Fisheries management Zones (FMZ) Map 4

13
THE ABUSE OF LAWS

THE ABUSE OF LAWS

Why respect the laws governing hunting & fishing:

The Education
Ontario is noted for the excellence of its
hunting and firearms education program,
which consists of learning about laws, the
importance of laws, safety and much more. In
summary, these courses teach people how to
be a responsible hunter and sportsman. The
Ontario Hunter Education Manual and the
instructors who provide the educational
materials are the elements responsible for
such success.

The risk of losing hunting & fishing

rights
Hunting and fishing activities are mainly kept
legal for biological reasons, beneficial to
ecosystems. If abuse of laws begins to
become a greater problem and the activity is
no longer beneficial to the ecosystems, there
is a risk of losing hunting and / or fishing
rights - the laws governing these activities are
to be taken seriously and arent there for
nothing.

Biological reasons

Hunting tags, daily limits and total possession limits of wildlife and fish are not placed and given for no reason...
The number of hunting tags per territory (WMU) that will be given to people, the daily limits as well as total
possession of wildlife or fish is not a random number - they are numbers decided on after many studies have
been done. Before the final decision of each of these numbers by WMU and ZGP, the government considers the
LABUS DES LOIS

number of such species documented in the area or territory as well as the number of predators and food in the
area for the species. All of this research makes it possible to find the number of its species that can be taken per
year to balance the ecosystem of the zone / territory and this allows to be able to go hunting and/or fishing
without abusing and destroying the ecosystem; It helps.

14
 THE ABUSE OF LAWS
The science behind the laws governing hunting & fishing:
Keystone
Keystone Species
Key species are either a plant or an animal. They play an important and
unique roll in the food chain and functions of the ecosystem given their
size or population. If a keystone species were removed or were to
disappear from their ecosystems, the ecosystem will have difficulties or
even risk disappearing. (See image 1)

Animals are all interdependent; they all depend on other species for
their survival, whether its for food, shelter or to help them reproduce.

Examples:

Bees help flowers to spread their pollen,

Wolves rely on a good population of deer, moose or other
things to eat,
Plants depend on animals and animals depend on plants -
animals inhale carbon dioxide (CO2) and exhale oxygen (O)
which is inhaled by plants which then exhales it as carbon
dioxide (CO2), its a continuous cycle that does not stop, and
to conclude, without trees, the animals would die and without Image 1 The keystone species in this illustration would
the animals, the plants would die. be the keystone (green stone): without it, the whole
structure risks falling.

Key species are often, but not always, predators. A few predator key species can control the population of their prey in
the region and this has a domino effect on other plants and animals on the area that depend on this prey directly or indirectly.
Take the gray wolves of Yellowstone, National Park of Wyoming as an example. Their population fell to zero in the 1930s,
mostly due to hunting (before tougher laws like todays were implemented), but in 1995 the gray wolves were reintroduced to the
park and their impact has been monitored ever since. It turns out that this impact was actually a good thing - without the wolves,
the elk got used to not needing to be afraid of predators, they ate so many plants that they even went to the river bed for food,
which is an area they would never go to if they knew there were wolves in the area. The amount of plants they ate had an effect
on aspen, cottonwood and also, riverside willows, which is a tree that beavers depend on for food or construction. Beavers are
also a key species because of their special engineering talents that prevents flooding in the area and controls water flow. Since the
wolves have been reintroduced, riverside willows and other trees have been able to grow much better and this has resulted in
positive changes, such that beaver colonies have grown in population in a ratio of 1: 9, elk population declined at first, but now
seems to have stabilized and because of this, the bison population increased because there was less competition against elk for
food. It is therefore clear that the disappearance of the gray wolves in Yellowstone has had negative changes on its ecosystem and
since they were reintroduced to the area, their impact has been positive.

15
THE ABUSE OF LAWS

Ecosystems without humans

Although humans are not necessarily considered to be keystone species, without our biological role in ecosystems and nature,
meaning hunting and fishing, many negative consequences would be created and ecosystems as a whole would risk to no
longer exist.

Humans have been hunting and fishing for as long as theyve

been on earth. It was only during the last century that humans
no longer had to hunt and fish for food, causing the sports
participation to drop, and since then peoples perspectives on
the sports have changed. Today, humans buy their meats and
fish already prepared in grocery stores. We are constantly
looking for meat from animals that have not been bred using
hormones or steroids this is not a concern for meat and fish
obtained by hunting and fishing.

Without humans hunting or fishing, there would no longer be

control over the ecosystems. Our impact on ecosystems has
always been present and if it were to suddenly stop, it would
cause several problems on the ecosystems. Such as, predators
like for example, wolves and bears would eventually lose the fear
of humans, creating more animal attacks and urban encounters.
Moreover, this will also affect the food chain of the region (ex at
image 2). The population of deer would increase, so the
population of vegetation would decrease, causing other
herbivore species such as mooses population to decrease,
causing a decrease in the population of its predators, such as
gray wolves, which would increase the populations of its prey
such as hares, which would further decrease vegetation, which
would decrease the deer population its a cycle that continues
and as a result causes environmental problems all started by Figure 2 exemple trs simple dune chaine alimentaire

humans stopping to hunt and fish

16
 THE ABUSE OF LAWS
Poaching and the waste of resources

Illegal hunting to meet the demands of international trade in wildlife and wildlife parts is a major problem facing
those concerned with the protection and sustainability of wildlife populations around the world. In same areas
poaching is causing a devastating effect on wildlife. Most of the people involved in the trade of illegally hunted
animals are the same people involved with organized crimes like drugs and arent true outdoorsmen they do
what they can to get as much money as possible without thinking, they want to be where there is money, and
theres money in wildlife and there s wildlife in our ecosystems

As wildlife populations decline in other countries (often causing

hunting and fishing to become illegal), these criminals are
moving to Canada as a next plan as Canadian animals are
worth a lot Most are killed only for certain parts of their
bodies such as antlers, taxidermized trophy and more Your lifetime hunting and fishing can be ruined
by the illegal act of a single poacher! Each year,
The trophy heads of bighorn sheep, elk, deer, moose, goats hunters and fishermen locate decomposing
and bears are selling for high prices. The same applies to carcasses of abandoned and illegally harvested
fetuses, antlers, antler velvets, hoofs and tails of deer, elk and wildlife. Protect our wildlife and call 1-800-222-
caribou, feathers of eagles and other birds of prey, 8477 to report illegal activities. All calls to
gallbladders, paws, claws and bear teeth. Crime Stoppers are anonymous and you may
be eligible for a cash reward.
After they take the part of the body they want, the rest of the
body is left on the spot to waste This is cruel and gives a
negative image to hunters which can cause hunting and fishing
laws to become more severe and perhaps even to become
illegal. This does not benefit the environment; it abuses it.
Wildlife is not there to take advantage of it In addition, this
affects the amount of tags given to people in draws. As the
government, must put into consideration the criminals who
poach, and so they must give out less tags to reduce the
negative effects it has on the environment.

When the Air India flight from Toronto to New Delhi crashed on
June 22, 1985, two suitcases containing dried gallbladders
from 1,000 black bears, which were killed simply for their
gallbladders, were declared lost. The 70-pound shipping was
valued at $1,000.000 CAD. Like the drug trade, criminals make
a lot of money off of this and often, they succeed This is a
sad reality.

17
THE ABUSE OF LAWS

Conclusion

In conclusion, we, hunters and fishermen must respect the laws of hunting and fishing to be a good,
respectful outdoorsman and not to damage the environment. We must understand out role in the
ecosystems, even if we are not considered to be a keystone species, our impact on ecosystems act as if
we are one. If we abuse or lose hunting and/or fishing rights, the ecosystem will suffer from several
negative consequences or risk to even fail and no longer exist It is our responsibility to report any
evidences and/or cases of poaching to the Ontario Crime Stoppers so these criminals do not get away
with such an act. Everything in ecosystems depends on everything else in that ecosystem in a direct or
indirect way and that is what structures an ecosystem. It is also important to know that if you abuse the
laws governing hunting and fishing, it is very likely that you will affect the ecosystem of the area and that
once you get caught, youll be fined, possibly lose your hunting and/or fishing rights, your equipment and
a criminal record will be places under your name.

18
 INTERVIEW
INTERVIEW WITH JUSTIN HOFFMAN

About Justin Hoffman:

Justin Hoffman is a freelance outdoor writer, a professional wildlife photographer and a wildlife enthusiast
residing in Ottawa, ON. He is currently an editor for the Ontario OUT OF DOORS magazine.

Publication Credits:
Ontario OUT OF DOORS

Sentier Chasse-Pche

Western Sportsman

Outdoor Canada

Real Fishing

Canadian Sportfishing

Fishing Facts

BassPro.com

21
INTERVIEW

Lentrevue :
How long have you been working in this field of work?
I have been an outdoor writer for the last 16 years, and more recently, a wildlife photographer -
Field Editor for Ontario Out of Doors magazine, and publishing credits which include Outdoor
Canada, ON Nature, Fishing Facts, Bass Pro, Cabela's, Sportsmansguide, etc.

Do you hunt or fish? If so since when?

I fish but do not hunt. Saying that, I tag along on many hunting trips with friends to shoot stock
photography. I have been fishing since the age of 5 (I am now 43).

Howd you get into hunting and/or fishing?

My father introduced me to fishing as a youngster, at the age of five. I haven't looked back since.

Why do you hunt and/or fish?

I fish for the pure pleasure it brings - to be out in nature, for the solitude, and the strategy
involved in trying to hook something that swims in a large body of water. It is also a great
pastime to connect with friends.

Do you believe that respecting the Ontario hunting & fishing regulations is important? Why?
Without respecting the Hunting and Fishing Regulations, in the long run, it ultimately harms
everyone. Our fish and wildlife is a valued resource, with set limits and rules in place to both
protect vulnerable species while also ensuring fish and wildlife will be around for future
generations.

Are there any laws that you disagree with?

Although I am not well-versed in all of the current laws and regulations, those that I am aware of
I have no issue with.

Are there any laws that you think should be implemented?

I would like to see a greater access to land, as currently a great deal throughout Ontario is private.
Also, stiffer penalties for repeat offenders.

Do you think the laws adequately protect the resources?

I believe the current laws do adequately protect our resources, but unfortunately, the government
chooses to under-fund the MNRF - resulting in less manpower to patrol and ensure laws are being
followed.

Has the abuse of the hunting? Fishing regulation laws ever affected you? If so, how?
No.

Would you say that people breaking the hunting/fishing regulation laws is common? If so, why?
I believe for the most part, fishing and hunting laws are followed. Generally, it is not the true "outdoors
person" that breaks rules, as most realize the harm it can bring. Poaching/fishing out of season, etc.,
certainly does occur, but I don't believe to the extent that it might have happened a decade ago. This is due
in part to better education.

22
 INTERVIEW
Summary

In summary, Justin Hoffman, a wildlife

photographer and a field editor of the Ontario
OUT OF DOORS magazine, has been
fishing since the age of five for the pleasure it
brings and to connect with friends and
sometimes tags along to hunting trips to
shoot stock photography. He believes that
the laws that govern hunting and fishing are
fair and protect wildlife. The only change in
the laws he would like to see would be stiffer
penalties for repeat offenders and decrease
in the amounts of private land. Other than
that, he thinks the current laws are perfect
and he does not want to get rid of them.

Justin Hoffman believes that those who

abuse these laws are not real Outdoorsmen
and there needs to be an increase in game
wardens to reduce the amount of abuse that
occurs in nature.

23
SPECIALIZED LAWS FOR NATIVES

SPECIALIZED LAWS FOR NATIVES

For a long time now, Native people have had special rights with
the Canadian resources that nature provides such as wildlife.
This agreement exists because of arrangements made in the
18th century between explorers and natives.

The Natural Resources Transfer Agreement (NRTA), which is

part of the 1930 Constitutional Acts, states that Native people
have the right, which the province hereby assures to them, of
hunting, trapping and fishing game and fish for food at all
seasons of the year on all unoccupied Crown lands and on any
other lands to which (they) may have a right of access. The
treaty of aboriginal rights relating to hunting, fishing and
harvesting are also recognized and affirmed as part of the
Constitution of Canada by section 35 of the Constitution Act,
1982.
Non-native people can accompany native people who hunt, fish or trap, but may not help
them to exercise their hunting, trapping or fishing rights. For example, non-natives cannot
lay or raise nets or set traps, shoot at or towards an animal, carry a gun, search for or
flush game, or take any meat, fish or animal parts. They can however help recover wildlife
and fish or help carry them, but they must be with a native person, otherwise it is
considered to be illegal hunting, fishing or trapping and possession.

26
 SPECIALIZED LAWS FOR NATIVES
Hunting:
When hunting, or trapping for food on lands where you have the right to access, the status natives:

Do not require licences.

Are not restricted to specific seasons.

Are not restricted to bag limits.

Status natives generally have the right to access the following lands to hunt or trap:

Indian reserves, wildlife management areas, provincial forests, areas of provincial parks where licensed
hunting is permitted, unoccupied crown lands, and other crown lands where licensed hunting or trapping
is permitted.

Private land with the permission of the landowner or occupant.

No person may hunt within:

Areas of provincial parks closed to all hunting.

Most Ecological Reserves.

Fishing:
When you fish for food, the status natives:

Generally, do not require licences, however, free General Fishing Permits may be required on waters
where there are multiple-use management or conservation concerns.

Are not subject to gear restrictions such as gill net mesh size or the number of lines that can be used while
angling, however, any nets or other unattended gear must be clearly marked with the owners name and
treaty number so that officers know the gear is legally entitled to be there and is not part of an illegal set
or commercial set.

May transport fish from the catch point to their nearest residence without a load slip.

Status Indian people may engage in recreational fishing and angle in fish derbies without a licence, but are
subject to all other fishing regulations when not fishing for food purposes.

27
THE LAWS AND FINES

THE LAWS AND FINES

Wildlife and nature laws are important management tools
that support a variety of wildlife management and social
objectives.

To be effective, these laws must be enforceable and

flexible enough to cope with changes in wildlife
populations, habitats and the needs of ecosystem
populations.

It is important that every person who is interested in

hunting and fishing understand the reasons of the laws
and obey them. The laws that apply to hunters and
fishermen have different objectives and can be simply
grouped into several general categories:

Biological laws are based on the biological
characteristics of wildlife, such as behavior, birth
rates, mortality rates and population size. These
laws control the activity of hunters and
fishermen, boundaries and other things to protect
wildlife. These laws are based on several scientific
studies, population inventories, habitat inventory,
and hunter and fishermen surveys.
Allocation laws tend to equitably share available
resources between hunters, fishers and others.
These laws decide the number of animals, fish or
birds that can be taken per WMU or FMZ.
Support laws help police officers to be more
effective. An example of this would be the
requirement to keep a wind on birds or to keep
some flesh on fish for identification purposes.
Laws designed to ensure a quick kill control the
methods used to kill wildlife. An example of this
would be the minimum calibre size for certain
animals.
Safety laws take care of the personal safety of
hunters, fishermen and the non-hunter or
fishermen public.

Income laws ensure that fees are collected. These Vehicle laws control the hours and types of
fines as well as other government revenues help engines, boats, four wheelers and modifications
pay for wildlife management activities. that can be used.

Behavior laws address the behavior of hunters

and fishermen and include provision to prevent
the wastage of game meat, fish, trespassing, and
the shooting of swimming big game.

28
THE FINES
 Offence: Set Fine Non-Resident hunt game bird without licence 300.00$
(CAD)

Hunt specially protected wildlife 200.00$ Non-Resident hunt furbearing mammal without licence 300.00$
THE LAWS AND FINES

Hunt wild bird 200.00$ Non-Resident hunt game reptile without licence 150.00$

Non-Resident hunt game amphibian without licence 150.00$

Trap specially protected wildlife 200.00$

Non-Resident hunt bird without licence 300.00$

Trap wild bird 200.00$

Non-Resident hunt wildlife without licence 300.00$

Resident hunt big game without licence 300.00$
Non-Resident trap big game without licence 450.00$
Resident hunt game mammal without licence 100.00$
Non-Resident trap game mammal without licence 450.00$

Resident hunt game bird without licence 150.00$

Non-Resident trap furbearing mammal without licence 300.00$

Resident hunt game furbearing mammal without 150.00$

licence Non-Resident trap game reptile without licence 300.00$

Resident hunt game reptile without licence 100.00$

Non-Resident trap game amphibian without licence 300.00$

Resident hunt game amphibian without licence 100.00

Non-Resident trap bird without licence 300.00$
Resident hunt bird without licence 100.00$
Non-Resident trap wildlife without licence 300.00$

Resident hunt wildlife without licence 100.00$

Unlawfully destroy egg of wild bird 200.00$

Resident trap big game without licence 300.00$

Unlawfully destroy nest of wild bird 200.00$

Resident trap game mammal without licence 150.00$

Unlawfully take egg of wild bird 200.00$
Resident trap furbearing mammal without licence 150.00$
Unlawfully take nest of wild bird 200.00$
Resident - trap game reptile without licence 150.00$

Unlawfully possess egg of wild bird 200.00$

Resident - trap game amphibian without licence 150.00$

Unlawfully possess nest of wild bird 300.00$

Resident trap bird without licence 150.00$

Unlawfully interfere with black bear den 300.00$

Resident trap wildlife without licence 150.00$

Non-Resident hunt big game without licence 450.00$ Unlawfully damage dwelling of furbearing mammal 200.00$

Non-Resident hunt game mammal without licence 300.00$ Unlawfully damage beaver dam 200.00$

30
Unlawfully hunt wildlife in provincial park 200.00$ Unlawfully enter crops 100.00$

Unlawfully permit dog to enter crops 100.00$

Unlawfully hunt wildlife in Crown game preserve 200.00$

THE LAWS AND FINES

Unlawfully trespass on Crown land 100.00$
Unlawfully trap wildlife in provincial park 200.00$

Unlawfully hunt for gain 300.00$

Unlawfully trap wildlife in Crown game preserve 200.00$
Unlawfully hire a person to hunt for gain 300.00$

Unlawfully possess wildlife in provincial park 200.00$

Unlawfully trap for gain 300.00$

Unlawfully possess wildlife in Crown game 200.00$

Unlawfully hire a person to trap for gain 300.00$
preserve

Unlawfully possess firearm in provincial park 200.00$

Unlawfully pay bounty 300.00$

Unlawfully possess firearm in Crown game 200.00$ Unlawfully accept bounty 300.00$
preserve
Possess illegally killed wildlife 200.00$
Unlawfully possess trap in provincial park 200.00$
Possess illegally injured wildlife 200.00$

Unlawfully possess trap in Crown game preserve 200.00$

Possess illegally captured wildlife 200.00$

Unlawfully possess prohibited device in provincial 200.00$ Interfere with lawful hunting 150.00$
park
Interfere with lawful trapping 150.00$
Unlawfully - possess prohibited device in Crown 200.00$
game preserve Interfere with lawful fishing 150.00$

Trespass for the purpose of hunting 100.00$ Unlawfully purport to give notice 150.00$

Trespass for the purpose of fishing 100.00$ Hunt with firearm in unsafe area 150.00$

Trespass in possession of firearm 100.00$

Trespass in possession of fishing rod 100.00$ Fail to wear proper coloured clothing while hunting 100.00$

Trespass in possession of other hunting or fishing 100.00$

device Fail to wear proper coloured clothing while trapping 100.00$

Hunt while trespassing 100.00$

Fish while trespassing 100.00$ Use firearm carelessly to hunt 300.00$

Fail to leave premises when trespassing 100.00$

Use firearm carelessly to trap 300.00$

Interfere with notice 100.00$

Fail to report accident involving firearm 150.00$
Trespass in party exceeding 12 100.00$

31
 Unlawfully have loaded firearm in conveyance 200.00$ Permit dog to be at large during closed season 100.00$

Unlawfully discharge firearm from conveyance 250.00$

THE LAWS AND FINES

Permit dog to be at large during closed season 150.00$

Unlawfully discharge have loaded firearm in right of 250.00$

way in prescribed area Unlawfully use dogs to chase wildlife during closed 150.00$
season

Unlawfully discharge firearm in travelled roadway 200.00$

Unlawfully hunt with specially protected raptor 200.00$

Unlawfully discharge firearm across travelled 250.00$ Unlawfully hunt with bird of prey 200.00$
roadway

Hunt with ferret 100.00$

Hunt with shotgun not permanently plugged 100.00$
Unlawfully use poison 150.00$

Unlawfully hunt at night 250.00$

Unlawfully use adhesives 150.00$

Unlawfully possess firearm at night 150.00$

Kill more wildlife than necessary 150.00$

Unlawfully use light to hunt at night 250.00$ Cause wildlife unnecessary suffering 150.00$

Fail to dispose of wildlife as directed 150.00$

Unlawfully kill big game by trap 250.00$

Unlawfully capture big game by trap 250.00$ Act as guide without licence 100.00$

Provide black bear hunting services without licence 200.00$

Unlawfully injure big game by trap 250.00$
Use unlicensed guide 100.00$

Kill game bird by trap 200.00$

Use unlicensed person to provide black bear hunting 200.00$
services
Capture game bird by trap 200.00$

Injure game bird by trap 200.00$ Guide unlicensed person 100.00$

Hunt big game that is swimming 250.00$ Provide black bear hunting services to unlicensed person 200.00$

Use vehicle to kill, injure, harass wildlife 250.00$

Own game bird hunting preserve without licence 150.00$

Use boat to kill, injure, harass wildlife 250.00$

Operate game bird hunting preserve without licence 150.00$

Hunt big game with unlicensed dog 100.00$ Own fishing preserve without licence 150.00$

Operate fishing preserve without licence 150.00$

Hunt big game with dog in prescribed area 100.00$
Unlawfully own wildlife enclosure 200.00$

32
Unlawfully operate wildlife enclosure 200.00$ Unlawfully offer to propagate wildlife 250.00$

Abandon flesh suitable for food 150.00$ Unlawfully propagate wildlife 250.00$

THE LAWS AND FINES

Waste flesh suitable for food 150.00$ Unlawfully possess wildlife for propagation 250.00$

Unlawfully abandon pelt of furbearing mammal 150.00$

Unlawfully release farmed animal 300.00$

Unlawfully permit pelt of furbearing mammal to be 150.00$

Unlawfully release captive wildlife 300.00$
destroyed

Fail to ensure farmed animal does not escape 300.00$

Unlawfully abandon flesh of fish suitable for food 150.00$
Fail to ensure wildlife does not escape 300.00$

Unlawfully possess commercial fish net 150.00$

Fail to notify Minister of escape or release 300.00$

Unlawfully sell commercial fish net 150.00$

Unlawfully keep live game wildlife 200.00$ Unlawfully fail to carry out obligations on escape or 300.00$
release

Unlawfully keep live specially protected wildlife 200.00$

Unlawfully engage in aquaculture 400.00$
Unlawfully hunt game wildlife to keep it in captivity 300.00$
Unlawfully buy game wildlife 250.00$

Unlawfully trap game wildlife to keep it in captivity 300.00$ Unlawfully sell game wildlife 250.00$

Unlawfully buy specially protected wildlife 250.00$

Unlawfully hunt specially protected wildlife to keep it in 300.00$
captivity Unlawfully sell specially protected wildlife 250.00$

Unlawfully trap specially protected wildlife to keep it in 300.00$ Unlawfully buy pelts 250.00$
captivity
Unlawfully sell pelts 250.00$
Unlawfully hunt farmed animal 300.00$
Unlawfully sell animal represented as game wildlife 250.00$
or specially protected wildlife
Unlawfully permit hunting of farmed animal 300.00$

Unlawfully hunt wildlife in captivity 300.00$

Unlawfully sell invertebrate represented as specially 250.00$
protected wildlife
Unlawfully permit hunting of wildlife in captivity 300.00$

Fail to mark specially protected report 200.00$ Unlawfully possess black bear gall bladder 250.00$

Fail to mark prescribed bird of prey 200.00$ Unlawfully buy fish 250.00$

Fail to keep records 150.00$ Unlawfully sell fish 250.00$

Fail to surrender wildlife in custodians possession 200.00$ Unlawfully list wildlife on menu 250.00$

33
 Unlawfully list fish on menu 250.00$ Unlawfully possess fish from another jurisdiction 200.00$

Unlawfully charge for serving wildlife 250.00$ Sell wildlife from another jurisdiction where sale is 250.00$
prohibited
Unlawfully charge for serving fish 250.00$
THE LAWS AND FINES

Offer to sell wildlife from another jurisdiction where 250.00$

Unlawfully import wildlife 250.00$ sale is prohibited

Unlawfully release imported wildlife 300.00$

Sell invertebrate from another jurisdiction where sale 250.00$
is prohibited
Unlawfully release imported invertebrate 300.00$

Unlawfully release wildlife propagated from imported 300.00$ Offer to sell invertebrate from another jurisdiction 200.00$
stock where sale in prohibited

Unlawfully release invertebrate propagated from 300.00$ Unlawfully possess imported pelts 200.00$
imported stock

Unlawfully remove seal or mark from imported pelts 200.00$

Fail to ensure imported wildlife does not escape 300.00$

Fail to ensure imported invertebrate does not escape 300.00$

Unlawfully fail to comply with licence issuing 200.00$
manual
Fail to ensure invertebrate propagated from imported 300.00$
stock does not escape Fail to comply with conditions of licence 200.00$

Fail to ensure wildlife propagated from imported stock 300.00$ Fail to comply with conditions of authorization 200.00$
does not escape
Unlawfully old more than one licence to hunt a 200.00$
Unlawfully fail to notify Minister of escape or release 300.00$ species of big game

Unlawfully issue licence to a minor 150.00$

Unlawfully fail to carry out obligations on escape or 300.00$
release
Hunt without having licence on your person 100.00$

Unlawfully export wildlife 300.00$

Trap without having licence on your person 100.00$

Unlawfully export wildlife for sale 300.00$

Trap without having authorization on your person 100.00$

Unlawfully export wildlife for propagation 300.00$

Fish without having licence on your person 100.00$

Fish without having authorization on your person 100.00$

Transport wildlife unlawfully killed, captured or 200.00$
possessed
Fail to produce licence for conservation officer 100.00$

Transport fish unlawfully taken or possessed 200.00$ Fail to produce authorization for conservation officer 100.00$

Transport unmarked container 200.00$

Unlawfully transfer licence 300.00$

Unlawfully possess wildlife from another jurisdiction 200.00$

Unlawfully buy licence 300.00$

Unlawfully possess invertebrates from another 200.00$

Unlawfully sell licence 300.00$
jurisdiction

34
Unlawfully use another persons licence 300.00$

Enable someone to unlawfully use licence 300.00$

Possess incomplete licence 100.00$

THE LAWS AND FINES

Possess void licence 150.00$

Possess void authorization 150.00$

Use void licence 150.00$

Use void authorization 150.00$

Display void licence 150.00$

Display void authorization 150.00$

Permit void licence to be displayed 150.00$

Permit void authorization to be displayed 150.00$

Fail to surrender void licence 150.00$

Fail to surrender void authorization 150.00$

Unlawfully hunt without municipal licence 100.00$

Fail to submit document in required form 100.00$

Make false statement in a document 200.00$

Fail to pay fees 200.00$

Fail to pay royalties 200.00$

Fail to stop for conservation officer 200.00$

Fail to produce things for inspection 200.00$

Fail to provide information during inspection 200.00$

Make a false statement to a conservation officer 250.00$

Fail to surrender cancelled licence 100.00$

35
LES LOIS ET LES AMENDES

Scenarios:

An individual spends a weekend at a provincial park. He hopes to go hunting and

trapping, so he brought all his equipment. Late Sunday afternoon, this individual had a
total of three partridges and one hare. As hes packing up to leave, a wildlife
protection officer comes to visit the park. He informs him that the park does not allow
hunting, fishing or trapping, and he is forced as its his job to make him pay the
necessary fines.

Unlawfully hunt wildlife in provincial park ($200) + Unlawfully trap wildlife in

provincial park ($200) + Unlawfully possess wildlife in provincial park ($200) +
Unlawfully possess firearm in provincial park ($200) + Unlawfully possess trap in
provincial park ($200) 200 + 200 + 200 + 200 = 800$ CAD

A group of 13 guys decides to go deer hunting in a nearby forest. At the end of the
day, they had a total of three deers, on their way back to the house, a wildlife
protection officer stops them to see if everythings alright. He notices that they hunted
on private land and all the other offenses that they committed and is forced to give
them a ticket.

13(Trespass for the purpose of hunting ($100) + Trespass in possession of firearm

($100) + Hunt while trespassing ($100) + Fail to leave premises when trespassing
($100) + Trespass in party exceeding 12 ($100)) 13(100 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 100)
= 6 500$ CAD total, 500$ per person.

36
 LES LOIS ET LES AMENDES
A guy is driving at night, on his way back from work. He always keeps his rifle in his
car and when he passes a farm field, he notices some deer. He gets out of the car and
leaves the car facing the field, with the headlights on. he then gets his rifle and shoots
a deer even though he doesnt yet have a licence, he decides hell buy one the next
day. While hes collecting the deer, a wildlife protection officer asks him to see his
license and deer tag but he has none. After calculating all the offenses, the agent gives
him a ticket to pay.

Hunt big game without licence ($300) + Hunt game mammal without licence ($100) +
Hunt wildlife without licence ($100) + Trespass for the purpose of hunting ($100) +
Trespass in possession of firearm ($100) + Hunt while trespassing ($100) +
Unlawfully enter crops ($100) + Possess illegally killed wildlife ($200) + Unlawfully
discharge firearm in travelled roadway ($250) + Unlawfully possess firearm at night
($150) + Unlawfully hunt at night ($250) + Unlawfully use light to hunt at night
($250) 300 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 200 + 250 + 150 + 250 + 250 =
2 000$ CAD

An individual brings his dog to hunt wild turkey on a farm field. He did not think he
had to ask the landowner for permission to trespass. After shooting a turkey, the
owner calls the wildlife protection officers because there is someone hunting on his
property. When the agent arrives, he is forced to calculate all fines for the offenses
committed and make him pay a ticket.

Trespass for the purpose of hunting ($100) + Trespass in possession of firearm ($100)
+ Hunt while trespassing ($100) + Fail to leave premises when trespassing ($100) +
Unlawfully permit dog to enter crops ($100) + Unlawfully enter crops ($100) 100
+ 100 + 100 + 100 + 100 = $500 CAD

37
WILDLIFE IDENTIFICATION

WILDLIFE IDENTIFICATION

Hunters and fishermen must be able to properly

identify species of wildlife. This is important so people
are able to know whether a species is a protected
species and cannot be hunted or fished. Other than
that, it is important that people can know the rules,
seasons and bag limits of species to lessen the abuse of
wildlife and nature.

Wildlife and fish are classified into five general

categories:

1. Big Game (white-tailed deer, moose,

elk, bear)
2. Small Game (hare, rabbit, squirrel,
wolf)
3. Upland Game Birds (grouse, wild Bull elk in the fall
turkey)
4. Migratory Birds waterfowl (ducks,
geese) The more you practice, the better you will become. You
5. Fish (pike, walleye, small mouth bass, should learn as much as possible about the species of wildlife
largemouth bass) that interest you. Including their appearances, ecosystems
and habitats. It's interesting, fun and will provide you with a
Wildlife identification techniques better understanding of the natural world and give you a
sense of satisfaction and appreciation of nature. Good
It takes a lot of practice, studying and experience to be
hunters and fishermen are good naturalists.
able to properly identify wildlife quickly and accurately.

Some species are easier to identify than others, such as

deer and moose. However, for some species, such as
moose, the hunter must be able to identify its sexes
and be able to distinguish calves from adult moose.

Hunting wild turkeys requires the hunter to be able to

identify a non-bearded bird, usually a turkey hen or a
female bird, a tom or a male bird. Waterfowl is a
particular identification challenge because theyre often
flying. Therefore, you must be able to identify the
species by their wings, because, in some cases different
species have different bag limits.

Rainbow trout

40
 WILDLIFE IDENTIFICATION
Comparison of the deer family:

In Ontario, there are four different members of the deer family. To hunt these species, you must have a valid license.
There is no season for caribou and a limited season for elk, so you have to be absolutely certain that the animal you are
seeing is of the right species, sexes and age. All four members of this family have different sizes, shapes and colors. Here
they are:

* Note that does (female) have no antlers except for woodland

caribou * Limited Open Season

Elk

White-Tailed Deer

No Open Season

Moose

Woodland Caribou

41
WILDLIFE IDENTIFICATION

Comparison of the fish families:

In Ontario, there are a total eight different general fish

families. Before being able to accurately identify all Ontario
fish species to be able to properly know their seasons,
appearances and bag limits, you must be able to properly
identify their families to categorize them. Here they are:

Catfish

Bass

Pike

Panfish
42
 WILDLIFE IDENTIFICATION
Sucker Fish

Salmon

Trout

Walleye

43
EASTERN WILD TURKEY
EASTERN WILD TURKEY
Eastern Wild Turkey is the largest wildlife bird in
Ontario. On average, adults can weigh between 10
to 22 lbs. Male adults, or toms, are usually about
twice as large as adult females, or hens. Young
males, also known as jakes can weight from 12 to 17
lbs. The young females are called jennys.
Their appearance varies from their sexes. The males
have varied feather colors such as brown, bronze
and black and their heads are bright red, white and
blue. The females have much less variety of colors,
their colors consisting of their breasts being brown
and their heads being blue.
44
Males have spurs on their lower legs. These spurs are
pointed tips much like their claws and can grow up to
4cm in length. Other than that, one of the most evident
differences between males and females would be that
the males have beards and females do not. These
beards are long black hair-like feathers hanging from
their breasts. These beards are moderately from 7 to 25
cm long and may be more in some cases. Although
males have this, there is also a small population of
about 10% female wild turkeys that have a beard,
therefore, this isnt the most effective method of
identification.
 EASTERN WILD TURKEY
Eastern Wild Turkey seasons:

SPRING WILDL TURKEY

WMU(s) Open Season Bag Limit Hours

42, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, Residents and One bearded wild hour
58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66A, 67, 68, non-residents turkey per before
69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, April 25 to May licence sunrise to
81, 82, 83A, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 31, 2016 7 :00 p.m.
92, 93, 94, 95 Two licences per
hunter maximum

The two birds

may not be taken
on the same day

FALL WILD TURKEY

WMU(s) Open Season Bag Limit Hours

59, 64, 65, 66A, 67, 68,
73, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82,
84, 85, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92,
93
Residents and non- One fall licence per hour before
residents October 11 hunter maximum sunrise to
to October 23, 2016 hour after sunset
One wild turkey may be
harvester EITHER one
male OR one female

45
MOOSE
MOOSE
Eastern Wild Turkey is the largest wildlife bird in
Ontario. On average, adults can weigh between 10
to 22 lbs. Male adults, or toms, are usually about
twice as large as adult females, or hens. Young
males, also known as jakes can weight from 12 to 17
lbs. The young females are called jennys.
Their appearance varies from their sexes. The males
have varied feather colors such as brown, bronze
and black and their heads are bright red, white and
blue. The females have much less variety of colors,
their colors consisting of their breasts being brown
and their heads being blue.
46
Eastern Wild Turkey is the largest wildlife bird in
Ontario. On average, adults can weigh between 10
to 22 lbs. Male adults, or toms, are usually about
twice as large as adult females, or hens. Young
males, also known as jakes can weight from 12 to 17
lbs. The young females are called jennys.
Their appearance varies from their sexes. The males
have varied feather colors such as brown, bronze
and black and their heads are bright red, white and
blue. The females have much less variety of colors,
their colors consisting of their breasts being brown
and their heads being blue.
 MOOSE
Bows and Muzzle-loading guns Only

WMU(s) Resident Open Season Non-Resident Open Season Conditions (restrictions

only)

7A Adult Moose - Oct. 15 to Dec. Adult Moose - Oct. 17 to Dec.

15 15

Calf Moose - Oct. 22 to Nov. 4 Calf Moose - Oct. 22 to Nov. 4

18B Adult Moose - Sept. 17 to Oct. Adult Moose - Sept. 17 to Oct.

7 7

Bows Only

WMU(s) Resident Non-Resident Open Conditions (restrictions only)

Open Season Season

2, 3, 4, 18A, 24, 27 Adult Moose Adult Moose - Sept.

- Sept. 17 to 17 to Oct. 7
Oct. 7

5, 6, 7B*+, 8, 9A, 9B*+,
11A*+, 11B*, 12A, 12B*+,
13*, 14*, 15A, 15B, 19,
21A, 21B, 22, 23, 28, 29,
30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37,
38, 39, 40, 41, 42
Adult Moose Adult Moose - Sept. *Non-resident landowners must hunt
- Sept. 24 to 24 to Oct. 14 through a Tourist Outfitter.
Oct. 14
+ Non-residents must employ a guide
in the Territorial District of Rainy
River.
Due to a concurrent gun hunt, hunter
orange must be worn when hunting
in WMU 11B.
No hunting of predominantly white-
coloured moose (over 50% white) in
WMUs 30 and 31.

48, 55A, 55B, 57 Adult Moose No Season

& Calf Moose
from Oct. 3 to
Oct. 8

47
 Rifles, Shotguns, Bows and Muzzle-loading guns
WMU(s) Resident Open Season
MOOSE
1A**,1C,1D**,16A, Adult Moose - from Sept. 17
16B,16C,17**, 25 to Dec. 15
Calf Moose - from Oct. 22 to
Nov. 4
2, 3, 4, 18A, 18B Adult Moose - from Oct. 8 to
Dec. 15
Calf Moose - from Oct. 22 to
Nov. 4
5, 6, 7B*+, 8, 9A, Adult Moose - from Oct. 15
9B*+, 11A*+, 11B*, to Nov. 15
12A, 12B*+, 13*, 14*,
15A, 15B, 19, 21A, Calf Moose from Oct. 22
21B to Nov. 4
22, 23, 28, 29, 30*, Adult Moose - from Oct. 8 to
31*, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 15 Nov.
37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42
Calf Moose - from Oct. 22 to
Nov. 4
24, 27 Adult Moose - from Oct. 8 to
Nov. 15
Calf Moose - from Oct. 22 to
Nov. 4
26 Adult Moose - from Sept. 17
to Oct. 31
Calf Moose - from Oct. 22 to
Oct. 31
46, 47, 49, 50, 53, 54, Adult Moose & Calf Moose
56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, from Oct. 17 to Oct. 22
63
48, 55A, 55B, 57 Adult Moose & Calf Moose
from Oct. 17 to Oct. 22
** UGF 1A, 1D, 17 no road access; water or air only.
48
Non-Resident Open Conditions (restrictions only)
Season
Adult Moose - from Sept.
19 to Nov. 15
Calf Moose - from Oct. 22
to Nov. 4
Adult Moose - from Oct.
10 to Nov. 15
Calf Moose - from Oct. 22
to Nov. 4
Adult Moose from * Non-resident landowners must
Oct. 17 to Nov. 15 hunt through a Tourist Outfitter
Calf Moose - from Oct. 22 + Non-residents must employ a
to Nov. 4 guide in the Territorial District of
Rainy River.
Adult Moose - from *No hunting of predominantly
Oct. 10 to Nov. 15 white-coloured moose (over 50%
white) in WMUs 30 and 31)
Calf Moose - from 22 Oct.
to 4 Nov.
Adult Moose - from Oct.
10 to Nov. 15
Calf Moose - from
Oct. 22 to Nov. 4
Adult Moose - from
Sept. 19 to Oct. 19
Calf Moose - from
Oct. 22 to Oct. 31
No Season
No Season
 MOOSE
2016 Moose Hunts with Controlled Hunter Numbers

WMU(s) Resident Open Non-Resident Conditions (restrictions only)

Season Open
Season

11B Adult Moose - No Season Must have lower limb disability. Eligible hunters must
Sept. 24 to Oct. 14 obtain a tag through the draw if they wish to hunt adult
moose. Rifles, shotguns, muzzle-loading guns only.

65* Adult Moose & No Season Must have lower limb disability. Eligible hunters must
Calf Moose from obtain a tag through the draw if they wish to hunt moose.
Oct. 5 to Oct. 7 Only bows may be used. Written landowner permission
required. No dogs.

65* Adult Moose & No Season Seuls les arcs peuvent tre utiliss. Une autorisation crite
Calf Moose from des propritaires est requise. Pas de chiens.
Oct. 8 to Oct. 14

* All hunters must obtain a WMU 65 validation tag, or be the partner of a hunter who has obtained a WMU
65 validation tag, before they can hunt any moose (adult or calf) in WMU 65. Written landowner permission
required.

49
 ELK
ELK

Elk are the lightest colored species of deer family. They Their antlers are similar to those of white-tailed deer,
are often referred to the name "wapiti" which is a but are much longer broad and have more branches
word that originates from the natives, meaning "pale their structure is very similar to a caribous antler.
deer". Their fur is a light brown, their torso is the
lightest part of their body with a beige color and their
head being the darkest part of their body. Adult males
can weigh an average of 1000 pounds. While the cows
are much smaller and can weigh an average of 500 to
600 lbs. An adult elk can measure a total of twice the
size of white-tailed deer, but less than a moose.

For most part of the year, bulls have large branchy

antlers that can measure up to four feet tall, causing
the elk to measure up to a total of nine feet tall.

50
 ELK
Harvest Areas and Hunt Codes for the 2016 Elk Draw (Open Season Dates and
Seal Quotas)

WMU Harvest Hunt Description of Harvest Area Boundary 2016 Seal Quota
area Code Resident
Open Season
Bulls Cows

57 1 100 The part of WU 57 west of a line formed by Hwy 1 1

62 south of Maynooth and Hwy 127 north of
Maynooth

57 2 101 The part of WU 57 east of a line formed by Hwy 2 15

62 south of Maynooth and Hwy 127 north of
Maynooth

58 3 110 The part of WU 58 south and west of Madawaska 1 1

River

60 4 120 The part of WMU 60 east of Hwy 28 1 3

Sept. 19 to
Oct. 2.
2016
61 5 130 The part of WMU 61 north of the northern edge of 2 8
the Hydro One transmission line (X1P) running
through Tudor, Grimsthorpe and Effingham
Townships.

61 6 131 The part of WMU 61 north of the northern edge of 2 14

the Hydro One transmission line (X1P) running
through Tudor, Grimsthorpe and Effingham
Townships.

62 7 140 The part of WMU 62 north of Hwy 7 1 1

63A 8 150 The part of WMU 63A west of former K&P 1 1

Railway line.

51
WHITETAIL DEER

WHITETAIL DEER

Whitetail deer is the smallest species in the deer family Their color varies throughout the year. During the
in North America. Their size is moderately between 6 summer, their fur is reddish-brown, whereas during
to 7.75 feet in height and they weigh on average 110 winter, their fur becomes gray-brown color.
to 300 lbs.

As in their names, the whitetail deer are easily

identified by their white tails and white beneath.
When the deer is disturbed, scared or running, the
animal lifts its tail and flashes it in the air, making it
easy to see their white tails.

52
 Rifles, Shotguns, Bows and Muzzle-loading guns

WHITETAIL DEER
WMU(s) Resident Open Non-Resident Conditions (Restrictions Only)
Season Open Season

1C, 16A, 16B, 16C, 17 Sept. 17 to Dec. No Season

15.

2, 3, 4, 11B, 13, 14, 15A, Oct. 8 to Dec. 15 No Season

15B,18A, 18B, 19, 21A,

5 Oct. 1 to Oct. 7 No Season Bows, muzzle-loading guns only; no dogs

5 Oct. 8 to Dec. 15 No Season No dogs

6, 7B+, 9A, 9B+, 11A+ Oct. 1 to Oct. 7 Oct. 1 to Oct. 7

6, 7B+, 9A, 9B+, 11A+, 12A, Oct. 8 to Dec. 15 Oct. 8 to Dec. 15 Bows, muzzle-loading guns only; no dogs
12B+
+Non-resident guide requirement in the
territorial district of Rainy River

7A Oct. 8 to Dec. 15 Oct. 8 to Dec. 15 +Non-resident guide requirement in the

territorial district of Rainy River

8 Oct. 15 to Oct. Oct. 15 to Oct. 28 Bows, muzzle-loading guns only; no dogs

28

8 Oct. 29 to Dec. Oct. 29 to Dec. 15 No dogs

15

10 Oct. 29 to Dec. Oct. 29 to Nov. 15 No resident guide requirement; no dogs

15

18B Sept. 17 to Oct. No Season Bows and muzzle-loading guns only

7

21B Oct. 8 to Dec. 15 Oct. 10 to Nov. 15

22, 23, 24, 27, 30, 34* Oct. 8 to Nov. 15 Oct. 10 to Nov. 15

25 Sept. 17 to Dec. Sept. 19 to Nov. 15

15

26 Sept. 17 to Oct. Sept. 19 to Oct. 31

31

53
WHITETAIL DEER

28, 29, 31, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42 Nov. 7 to Nov. 7 to
Nov. 19 Nov. 19

43A, 43B Nov. 21 to Nov. 7 to Landowners written permission required; no

Nov. 19 Nov. 19 dogs.
Burpee Twp. Is in WMU 43B

44 Nov. 21 to Nov. 21 to Landowners written permission required; no

Nov. 27 Nov. 27 dogs.

45 Nov. 12 to Nov. 12 to No dogs

Nov. 18 Nov. 18

46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 53A, 54, 55A, 55B, 56, 57, Nov. 7 to Nov. 7 to
58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63A, 63B, 64A, 66A, 67, Nov. 20 Nov. 20
68A, 74B

59 Nov. 7 to Nov. 7 to Bows and muzzle-loading guns only

Nov. 20 Nov. 20

65, 71, 72A, 73, 75 Dec. 5 to Dec. 5 to Bows, shotguns and muzzle-loading guns
Dec. 11 Dec. 11 only; no dogs

37, 60, 61, 62, 63A, 63B, 64A, 64B, 65, 66A, Bows and muzzle-loading guns only; no dogs
67, 68A, 68B, 69B, 71, 72A, 73, 74A, 74B, 75

43A, 43B Dec. 5 to Dec. 5 to Landowners written permission required;

Dec. 11 Dec. 11 bows and muzzle-loading guns only; no dogs.

64B, 68B, 69B, 74A Nov. 7 to Nov. 7 to Bows, shotguns and muzzle-loading guns
Nov. 20 Nov. 20 only

82A, 82B, 83A, 84 Nov. 7 to Nov. 7 to No dogs

Nov. 12 Nov. 12

82A, 82B, 83A, 84 Dec. 5 to Dec. 5 to Bows and muzzle-loading guns only
Dec. 10 Dec. 10

82B Nov. 21 to Nov. 21 to Bows and muzzle-loading guns only

Nov. 26 Nov. 26

54
 2016 Bows-Only Seasons Deer (No Dogs)

WMU(s) Resident Non-Resident WMU(s) Resident Open Non-Resident

WHITETAIL DEER
Open Season Open Season Open Season
Season

2, 3, 4, 11B, Sept. 1 to No Season 65 -Oct. 1 to Oct. 4 -Oct. 1 to Oct. 4

13, 14, 15A, Oct. 7
-Oct. 15 to Nov. 6 -Oct. 15 to Nov. 6
15B, 19, 21A
-Nov. 21 to Dec. 4 -Nov. 21 to Dec. 4
-Dec. 12 to Dec. -Dec. 12 to Dec.
31 31

5 Sept. 1 to No Season 66B Nov. 14 to Nov. Nov. 14 to Nov. 19

Sept. 30 19

6, 7B*, 9A, Sept. 1 to Sept. 17 to 69A1, 69A3, 72B Oct. 1 to Dec. 31 Oct. 1 to Dec. 31
9B*, 11A* Sept. 30 sept. 30

8 Sept. 1 to Oct. 1 to Oct. 69A2, 70 -Oct. 1 to Dec. 4 -Oct. 1 to Dec. 4

Oct. 14 14
-Dec. 12 to Dec. -Dec. 12 to Dec.
31 31

10* Sept. 1 to Oct. 1 to Oct. 76A, 76B, 76C, -Oct. 1 to Nov. 6 No Season
Oct. 7 14 76D, 76E, 77A,
-Nov. 12 to Dec. 4
77B, 77C, 78A,
78B, 81A, 81B -Dec. 10 to Dec.
31

12A, 12B* Sept. 1 to Sept. 17 to 78C, 78D, 78E, Oct. 1 to Dec. 31 No Season
Oct. 7 Oct. 7 87A, 88, 94A

18A Sept. 17 to No Season 79C, 79D -Oct. 1 to Nov. 6 No Season

Oct. 7
-Nov. 12 to Dec.
31

21B Sept. 1 to Sept. 1 to Oct. 80, 85A, 85B, 85C, -Oct. 1 to Nov. 6 No Season
Oct. 7 7 87B, 87C, 87D, 87E,
-Nov. 14 to Dec. 4
89A, 89B, 90A,
90B, 93A, 93B -Dec. 12 to Dec.
31

22, 23, 24, 27, -Sept. 1 to -Sept. 1 to 82A, 83A, 84 -Oct. 1 to Nov. 6 -Oct. 1 to Nov. 6
30 Oct. 7 Oct. 7
-Nov. 13 to Dec. 4 -Nov. 13 to Dec. 4
-Nov. 16 to -Nov. 16 to -Dec. 11 to Dec. -Dec. 11 to Dec.
Nov. 30 Nov. 30
31 31

55
WHITETAIL DEER

28, 29, 31, 35, 38, -Oct. 1 to -Oct. 1 to 82B -Oct. 1 to Nov. -Oct. 1 to
39, 40, 41 Nov. 6 Nov. 6 6 Nov. 6
-Nov. 20 to -Nov. 20 to -Nov. 13 to -Nov. 13 to
Nov. 30 Nov. 30 Dec. 4 Dec. 4
-Dec. 11 to -Dec. 11 to
Dec. 31 Dec. 31

34** Nov. 16 to Nov. 16 to 86A, 86B -Oct. 1 to Dec. No Season

Nov. 30 Nov. 30 4
-Dec. 12 to
Dec. 31

36, 42 -Oct. 1 to -Oct. 1 to 91A, 91B, 92A, -Oct. 1 to Nov. No Season

Nov. 6 Nov. 6 92B, 92C, 92D 6
-Nov. 20 to -Nov. 20 to -Nov. 14 to
Dec. 15 Dec. 15 Nov. 20
-Nov. 28 to
Dec. 4
-Dec. 12 to
Dec. 31

37 -Oct. 1 to -Oct. 1 to 93C Contacter No Season

Nov. 6 Nov. 6 l'Aylmer
-Nov. 20 to -Nov. 20 to Bureau de
Dec. 4 Dec. 4 district
-Dec. 12 to -Dec. 12 to
Dec. 15 Dec. 15

43A***, 43B*** Oct. 1 to Oct. 1 to 94B -Oct. 1 to No Season

Nov. 20 Nov. 20 Nov.6
-Nov. 13 to
Dec. 31

56
44** Oct. 1 au Nov. 6 Oct. 1 au Nov. 6

WHITETAIL DEER
45 -Oct. 1 au Nov. 4 -Oct. 1 au Nov. 4
-Nov. 21 au Dc. -Nov. 21 au Dc.
15 15

46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 53A, -Oct. 1 au Nov. 6 -Oct. 1 au Nov. 6
57, 58
-Nov. 12 au Dc. -Nov. 12 au Dc.
15 15

53B -Oct. 1 au Nov. 6 -Oct. 1 au Nov. 6

-Nov. 12 au Dc. -Nov. 12 au Dc.
15 15

54****, 55A, 55B, 56 -Oct. 1 au Nov. 6 -Oct. 1 au Nov. 6

-Nov. 21 au Dc. -Nov. 21 au Dc.
15 15

59, 63B, 64A, 64B, 66A, -Oct. 1 au Nov. 6 -Oct. 1 au Nov. 6

67, 68A, 68B, 69B, 71,
-Nov. 21 au Dc. 4 -Nov. 21 au Dc. 4
72A, 73, 74A, 74B, 75
-Dc. 12 au Dc. -Dc. 12 au Dc.
31 31

60, 61, 62, 63A -Oct. 1 au Nov. 6 -Oct. 1 au Nov. 6

-Nov. 21 to Dc. 4 -Nov. 21 to Dc. 4
-Dc. 12 to Dc. -Dc. 12 to Dc.
15 15

*Non-resident guide requirement in 9B, 10, 11A and parts of 7B and

12B in the Territorial District of Rainy River

**Excluding parts of WMU 34 which lie within the boundaries of

Lake Superior Provincial Park

***Landowners written permission required in 43A, 43B and 44

****Excluding parts of WMU 54 which lie within the boundaries of

Algonquin Provincial Park.

57
BLACK BEAR

BLACK BEAR

Black bears are the most common bear species in
North America. Their wide, black body and long brown
nose makes them very easy to identify. They have big
claws on their toes and this makes them very
dangerous and excellent tree climbers.
During the winter, black bears hibernate in dens. For
this to be possible, they accumulate surplus fat during
the spring until winter. A bear ready to hibernate can
often weigh up to 60 percent more than it weighed
during the summer.

Males are larger than females and can weigh an These bears cannot be found wandering around during
average of 250-600 lbs while females can weigh the winter and it is against the law to disturb them in
between 100-400 lbs. Black bears can range from five their dens or destroy their dens.
to six feet long.

Even though the species is called the black bear, this

bear can be found in a variety of different colors. They
can be blue-gray, blue-black, brown, cinnamon or even
(very rarely) white.

58
 BLACK BEAR
Rifles, Shotguns, Bows and Muzzle-loading guns

WMU(s) Resident *Non- Conditions

Open Resident (Restrictions Only)
Season Open
Season

May. 1 to May. 1 to
1A, 1C, 1D, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7A*, 7B, 8, 9A, 9B, 10, 11A, No harvest of cubs
Jun. 15 Jun. 15
11B, 12A, 12B, 13, 14, 15A, 15B, 16A, 16B, 16C, 17, and female bears
18A, 18B, 19, 21A, 21B, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, accompanied by a
30, 31, 32, 33, 34+, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, cub;
45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 53A, 53B, 54, 55A, 55B, 56, 57,
*Bows and muzzle-
58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69A, 69B, 71, 72,
loading guns only in
73, 74, 75, 76, 83, The geographic townships of Keppel
WMU 7A;
and Sarawak in 82A and the geographic township of + No hunting of
Amabel in 84 black bear in Lake
Superior Provincial
Park portion of
WMU 34

1A, 1C, 1D, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7A*, 7B, 8, 9A, 9B, 10, 11A, Aug. 15 to Aug. 15 to
* Bows and muzzle-
11B, 12A, 12B, 13, 14, 15A, 15B, 16A, 16B, 16C, 17, Oct. 31 Oct. 31
loading guns only in
18A, 18B, 19, 21A, 21B, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
WMU 7A;
30, 31, 32, 33, 34+, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43,44,
45 +No hunting of black
bears in Lake
Superior Provincial
Park portion of
WMU 34;

Sept. 6 to Sept. 6 to
46, 47, 49, 50, 53A, 53B, 64, 66, 67, 69A, 69B, 71, 72,
73, 74, 75, 76, 83, The geographic townships of Keppel Nov. 30 Nov. 30
and Sarawak in 82A and the geographic township of
Amabel in 84

48, 54, 55A, 55B, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 68 Sept. 1 to Sept. 1 to
Nov. 30 Nov. 30
* A non-resident black bear hunting licence validation certificate is required for non-residents hunting black bears.

59
 SMALL GAME - BIRDS
SMALL GAME BIRDS
*Only includes provincial game (not federally managed game)

Ringnecked pheasant

The males have a variety of colors such as red on their

chest, a white neck, a blue head and a red patch around
the eyes. Hens are much less colorful for camouflage
reasons, they have a pale brown color with dark brown
spots.

Sharptailed grouse

Sharp-tailed grouses are primarily a light brown color with

black, white and dark brown spots. The underside of their
body is white.

Willow ptarmigan

During summer the males have a predominantly brown

color with a white underside and females are a mix of
yellow-brown, brown, white and black. During the
winter they become completely white.

61
 Ruffed grouse
SMALL GAME - BIRDS

Ruffed grouse has a variety of color, from white, gray,

brown and black. Their body is primarily brown with
multiple scattered small white spots, their chest is white
and on their neck, they have a section of black feathers that
they can lift when they are stressed or feel unsafe. Their tail
consists of several horizontal lines with a constant color
pattern of gray, black, gray, black etc. The end of their tail
has a very thick black line. They can open the feathers of
their tails when they are stressed, feel nervous or feel
unsafe.

Spruce grouse

The male is rather all black, with a black chest, white

sections, black marks on the side and a red patch over their
eyes. The hens are rather dark brown, white and
sometimes can also have a red spot on their head like the
males do.

Grey (Hungarian) partridge

The gray partridge is predominantly pale brown, white,

gray and red-brown. Their head is orange and their wings
are lined with red and white-grey stripes.

62
 SMALL GAME - BIRDS
Pheasant Seasons for Residents and Non-Residents
MUNICIPALITY LICENCES A township licence is required in addition to a provincial licence for
hunting pheasant in regulated townships.
Hunting pheasants with a rifle is prohibited.

WMU(s) Open Season Daily Limit Hours

2-41, 45 Sept. 15 to Dec. 15 3 of either sex hour before sunrise

to hour after sunset
42-44, 46-50, 53- Sept. 20 to Dec. 15 3 of either sex
59, 61-67, 69B

60, 68, 69A, 70- Sept. 24 to Dec. 15 3 of either sex

77, 81-86

78 Oct. 12 to Dec. 15 3 of either sex 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.

88 Oct. 26 to Nov. 5 3 cocks

79, 80, 87 Oct. 19 to Dec. 15 3, one hen limit hour before sunrise
to hour after sunset
89, 90, 91, 92 Oct. 19 to Dec. 15 3 of either sex

93 Oct. 19 to Dec. 15 3, one hen limit

94 Oct. 25 to Oct. 29 2 cocks

95 Oct. 20, 21, 27, 28 Daily & possession 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.

Nov. 3, 4 limit 10 of either sex

Nov. 10, 11, 12 ,17, 18, Daily & possession 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.
19, 24, 25, 26 limit 5 of either sex
Dc. 1, 2, 3

Jan. 1 to the last day of Daily & possession hour before sunrise
February, in any year limit 5 of either sex to hour after sunset

63
 Sharp-Tailed Grouse and Ptarmigan Seasons for Residents and Non-
Residents
SMALL GAME - BIRDS

WMU(s) Open Season Daily Limit Possession Limit

1A, 1C, 1D Sept. 5 to Mar. 31 of For all WMUs: For all WMUs: 15 Sharp-tailed
the next year 5 Sharp-tailed grouse grouse and 15 Ptarmigan
and 5 Ptarmigan
2-9, 11-16, 19, Sept. 15 to Dec. 31
20, 21

10, 32-39, 41, Sept. 15 to Dec. 15

45

17, 18, 22-31, Sept. 15 to Mar. 31

40 of the next year

42-44, 46-50, Sept. 20 to Dec. 15

53-59

61-67, 69B Sept. 20 to Dec. 31

60, 68, 69A, Sept. 24 to Dec. 31

70, 71

Ruffed Grouse and Spruce Grouse Seasons for Residents and Non-
Residents
WMU(s) Open Season Daily Limit Possession Limit

1A, 1C, 1D Sept. 5 to Dec. 31 For all WMUs: For all WMUs:
Combined total of 5 Combined total of 5
2-31 Sept. 15 to Dec. 31

32-41, 45 Sept. 15 to Dec. 15

42-44, 46-50, 53-59 Sept. 20 to Dec. 15

61-67, 69B Sept. 20 to Dec. 31

60, 68, 69A, 70, 71 Sept. 24 to Dec. 31

72-92 Sept. 24 to Jan. 15 of the next year

93 Oct. 26 to Janv. 15. Of the next year

64
 SMALL GAME - BIRDS
Gray (Hungarian) Partridge Seasons for Residents and Non-Residents

WMU(s) Open Season Daily Limit Possession Limit

13 Sept. 15 to Nov. 12 8 16

55-59, 61-67, 69B Sept. 20 to Nov. 12 8 16

60, 68, 69A, 70-75, 88, 89 Sept. 24 to Nov. 12 8 16

76 Oct. 15 to Oct. 21 8 16

87, 90 Oct. 19 to Dc. 15 8 16

65
SMALL GAME & FURBEARING MAMMALS -MAMMALS

SMALL GAME & FURBEARING MAMMALS - MAMMALS

Gray squirrel & Fox squirrel

Squirrels are small mammals with a large hairy tail. Gray

squirrels can be found all over Ontario where there are
forests, they have a gray or black color. Fox squirrels are
the largest squirrel species and have a red-orange color
like a red fox does.

Cottontail rabbit

The cottontail rabbit is very small. Their body has a brown

or gray color with a large white hairy tail.

Snowshoe hare

The snowshoe hare has a variety of colors depending on

the time of year. During the winter, their fur is white,
whereas during the summer, their fur is brown. They are
bigger than a cottontail rabbit.

66
 SMALL GAME & FURBEARING MAMMALS -MAMMALS
Gray wolf

The gray wolf is a predator that looks very much like a

dog, particularly a husky (dogs come wolves) with long fur
and a color variable. They are gray or beige with black on
the top of their back, neck and head. On average, males
can weigh about 77 lbs and females 55-70 lbs.

Coyote

Coyotes are predators that look very similar to the gray

wolf but are smaller and have a more of a tanned and
rusty color. Coyotes weigh on average between 20 and 35
lbs.

Renard

The red fox is very similar to coyotes and wolves. They are
much smaller and have several colors. Their legs, tail and
ear darts are black, their under and front are white and
the rest is an orange-red.

Arctic fox

Arctic foxes resemble normal foxes, but are smaller and

have smaller ears. Their color is very simple: they are
completely white.

67
SMALL GAME & FURBEARING MAMMALS -MAMMALS

Weasel

The weasel is a very small animal. They are brown with a

white chest.

Raccoon

Raccoons are medium-sized animals. They are mostly gray

and white, a large hairy tail and have a black mask on
their faces

Opossum

The opossum is predominantly gray, white and a little

black. They have long bald tails and a muzzle like a pig.

Skunk

Skunks are small black-colored animals. It is very easy to

identify this animal thanks to their two large white lines
above their bodies. When they feel in danger, they can
release a bad odor to scare away other animals.

68
 SMALL GAME & FURBEARING MAMMALS -MAMMALS
Squirrel Seasons for Resident and Non-Resident
Grey, Fox

WMU(s) Open Season Daily Limit Possession Limit

36 - 41, 45 Sept. 15 to Dec. 15 10 10

42 - 44, 46 - 50, 53 - 59, 61 - 67, 69B Sept. 20 to Dec. 15 10 10

60, 68, 69A, 70 - 92 Sept. 24 to Dec. 15 5 10

93, 94 Oct. 26 to Nov. 7 5 10

Rabbit and Hare Seasons for Residents and Non-Residents

Cottontail Rabbit, European Hare, Snowshoe Hare

MUNICIPALITY LICENCES: A township or municipality licence is required in addition to a provincial licence for hunting rabbits in
a regulated township.
NON-RESIDENTS NOTE: A non-residents small game licence is not valid for hunting rabbits in the county of Lambton, the
municipality of Chatham / Kent or the country of Essex, except in the township of Pelee
NOTE: When hunting in a provincial park, hunters should ALWAYS check with the appropriate park office regarding areas open to
hunting, species that can be hunted, seasons, and other restrictions that apply to each park. Snowshoe hare may be hunted only in the
beginning of the open season for moose to December 15.

WMU(s) Open Season Daily Limit

1 - 50, 53 - 59 Sept. 1 to Jun. 15 of the next year 1) Cottontail rabbit: limit of 6

2) European hare: limit of 6

61 - 67, 69B
60, 68, 69A, 70, 71, 74,
75
72, 73, 76, 77, 81 - 86
78, 79, 80, 87, 90, 91,
92
Sept. 20 to Mar. 31 of the next year
3) Snowshoe hare:
Sept. 24 to Mar. 31 of the next year
For WMUs 1-50 et 53-59: No
limit
Sept. 24 to the last day de Feb. of
the next year
For WMUs 60-95: Maximum of 6
Oct. 19 to the last day de Feb. of the
next year

88, 89 Oct. 26 to the last day de Feb. of the

next year

93, 94 Oct. 26 to the last day de Feb. of the

next year

95 Jan. 1 to the last day de Feb.

69
SMALL GAME & FURBEARING MAMMALS -MAMMALS Hunting With Falconry Birds Residents and Non-Residents

Species WMU(s) Open Season Daily Bag Limits Possession Limits

Gray partridge 13, 55-68, 69A, Sept. 1 to Mar. 31 2 6

70-76, 87-90 of the next year

Ruffed grouse and 1-50, 53-90 Sept. 1 to Mar. 31 Combined total of 3 Combined total of 9
Spruce grouse of the next year

Sharp-tailed grouse 1-50, 53-93 Sept. 1 to Mar. 31 3 Sharp-tailed grouse 9 Sharp-tailed

and ptarmigan of the next year 3 Ptarmigan grouse
9 Ptarmigan

Ring-necked pheasant 2-50, 53-95 Sept. 1 to Mar. 31 2 of either sex 2 of either sex
of the next year

Cottontail, snowshoe 1-50, 53-59 Sept. 1 to Mar. 31 6 Cottontails, 3 No limit

hare, European hare of the next year snowshoe hares, 3
European hares

Cottontail, snowshoe 60-95 Sept. 1 to Mar. 31 6 Cottontails, 3 No limit

hare, European hare of the next year snowshoe hares, 3
European hares

Gray and fox squirrel 36-50, 53-94 Sept. 1 to Mar. 31 Combined total of 5 Combined total of 5
of the next year

Furbearing Mammals
Which may be harvested under the authority of a small game licence

Species Area Resident Open Seasons Non-Resident Open Seasons

Raccoon All of Ontario* Oct. 15 to Jan. 15 of the Oct. 15 to Jan. 15 of the next
next year year (no night hunting)

Renard All of Ontario north of French Sept. 15 to the last day of Sept. 15 to the last day of Feb.
Rouge and Mattawa Rivers* Feb. of the next year of the next year

Remainder of Ontario * All year All year

Arctic fox All of Ontario* Oct. 25 to Mar. 31 of the Oct. 25 to Mar. 31 of the next
next year year

Skunk All of Ontario* All year All year

Weasel All of Ontario* Oct. 15 to the last day of Oct. 15 to the last day of Feb.
Feb. of the next year of the next year

Opossum All of Ontario* Oct. 25 to Jan. 15 of the Oct. 25 to Jan. 15 of the next
next year year

Wolf and See table about wolves and See table about wolves and See table about wolves and
Coyote coyotes* coyotes* coyotes*

70
 SMALL GAME & FURBEARING MAMMALS -MAMMALS
Wolf and Coyote Seasons

Species Area/WMUs Open Season

(Resident et Non-
resident)

Wolf and 1A, 1C, 1D, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11**, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, From Sept. 15
Coyote 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, of any year to
41, 46, 47, 49, et 53B Mar. 31 of the
En 42, 48, 50, 53A, 53B, 54, 55, 56, 57 and 58 except in the geographic next year
townships listed below with no season

Wolf and No season

Coyote In the geographic townships of Airy, Alice, Allen, Anson, Anstruther,
Attlee, Ballantyne, Bevin, Boulter, Boyd, Burleigh, Burwash, Bruton,
Burns, Butt, Caen, Calvin, Cameron, Cardiff, Carlyle, Cavendish, Chandos,
Chisholm, Clancy, Clara, Clyde, Cox, Curtin, Dalton, Dickens, Dieppe,
Digby, Dudley, Eden, Eyre, Finlayson, Foster, Franklin, Fraser, Goschen,
Hagarty, Halifax, Hansen, Harburn, Harcourt, Harvey, Havelock, Head,
Herschel, Humboldt, Killarney, Kilpatrick, Lauder, Laura, Livingstone,
Longford, Lutterworth, Maria, McClintock, McClure, McCraney, McKay,
Minden, Monmouth, Murchison, Papineau, Paxton, Petawawa, Richards,
Rolph, Roosevelt, Ryde, Sabine, Sale, Secord, Servos, Sinclair, Struthers,
Tilton, Truman, Waldie, and Wylie

Wolf and 43, 44, 45, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, No season
Coyote 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 and 95
* Wold/Coyote game seal required in order to hunt wolves and coyotes in these WMUs
** Does not include WMU 11c, Qutico Provincial Park

71
SMALL GAME - REPTILE

SMALL GAME REPTILE

Snapping Turtle

The snapping turtle is the only reptile that can be hunted

in Ontario. They are also the largest species of turtles that
can be found in Ontario. Their size and carapace makes
them very easy to identify. They mostly brown for
camouflage reasons, their feet have big claws and they
often bite to their prey and those that disturb them: this
makes them very dangerous.

72
 SMALL GAME - REPTILE
Open Season for Snapping Turtles

WMU(s) Residents Non-Residents Daily Bag Limit Possession Limit

2 to 45 All year All year 2 5

61, 62 All year Jul. 15 to Sept. 15 2 5

46-50, 53-60, 63-95 Jul. 15 to Sept. 15 Jul. 15 to Sept. 15 2 5

73
FISHES AND THEIR SEASONS
FISHES AND THEIR SEASONS Bait

Bait Limit Notes

Baitfish 12 includes those and and/or
purchased. See list of permitted
baitfish species
Only resident anglers may capture baitfsih, using the methods
outlined below.
One baitfish trap no more than 51 cm (20 in.) long and 31 cm (12.2
in.) wide can be used day or night. Baitfish traps must be clearly
marked with the licence holders name and address

One dip-net no more than 183 cm (6 ft.) on each side if square, or 183
cm (6 ft.) across if circular, during daylight hours only (after sunrise
and before sunset).

Dip-nets and baitfish traps may not be used in Algonquin Park.

Leeches 120 includes those caught and/or Only resident anglers may capture leeches, using the methods
purchased. outlined below:

Only one leech trap no more than 45 cm (17.7 in.) in any dimension
can be used day or night to capture leeches. Leech traps must be
clearly marked with the licence holders name.

Crayfish 36 Must be used in same water body where caught. May not be
transported overland. May be captured using the methods outlined for
baitfish above

Frogs 12 Only Northern leopard frogs may be captured or used as bait.

Note: The capture and use of bait is not allowed in some waters.
**Salamanders cannot be captured, imported or used as bait in Ontario

Import of Bait
It is illegal to bring any crayfish, salamanders, live fish or leeches into Ontario for use as bait.

No Release of Bait
It is illegal to release any live bait or dump the contents of a bait bucket, including the water, into any waters or
within 30 m of any waters.

76
 FISHES AND THEIR SEASONS
Baitfish

**Please note that a number of changes have been made to bait regulations to protect rare and endangered
species, conserve biodiversity and prevent the spread of invasive species. Anglers may not use live Yellow
Perch and alewife as bait anywhere in Ontario
Baitfish:
Anglers are responsible to ensure that any baitfish in their possession are permitted baitfish. Only the fish
species listed below may be used as live bait:
Minnows: Suckers: Sticklebacks:
Blacknose Dace Longnose Sucker Brook Stickleback
Blacknose Shiner Northern Hog Sucker Ninespine Stickleback
Blackchin Shiner Shorthead Redhorse Threespine Stickleback
Bluntnose Minnow Silver Redhorse
Brassy Minnow White Sucker Sculpins:
Central Stoneroller Mottled Sculpin
Common Shiner Slimy Sculpin
Creek Chub
Emerald Shiner Others: Darters and Logperch:
Fallfish Central Mudminnow Blackside Darter
Fathead Minnow Lake Herring (Cisco) Fantail Darter
Finescale Dace Trout-Perch Iowa Darter
Golden Shiner Johnny Darter
Hornyhead Chub Least Darter
Lake Chub
Rainbow Darter
Longnose Dace
River Darter
Mimic Shiner
Tessellated Darter
Northern Redbelly Dace
Pearl Dace Logperch
Redfin Shiner
River Chub
Rosyface Shiner
Sand Shiner
Spotfin Shiner
Spottail Shiner
Striped Shiner

77
FISHES AND THEIR SEASONS

Ice Hut Registration

Zones in Which Ice hut Registration is Required Ice Hut Removal Date

17, 20 Mar. 1

14, 16, 18, 19 Mar. 15

9, 10, 11, 15 Mar. 31

12 Above Lake Timiskaming Dam Marsh 31

Below Lake Timiskaming Dam Marsh 15

Ice hut registration numbers must be at least 6.3cm (25.in.) in height and clearly displayed on the outside of
the hut

78
 FISHES AND THEIR SEASONS
FISHES

Carp
Long dorsal fin

Large scales

2 barbels on each side of the mouth Serrated spines

Bowfin

Black spot
Bony plate

Smelt
One dorsal fin

Large teeth on the tongue and

roof of the mouth
79
FISHES AND THEIR SEASONS

White Sucker

Large scales

The mouth isnt completely

underneath the fish

Lake Whitefish
One dorsal fin
Gray

Lake Herring (Cisco)

One dorsal fin

Weak teeth or absent

Black fins Gray scales

80
Species and Gear Type Open Season Zone Limit

FISHES AND THEIR SEASONS

Bowfin May. 1 to Jul. 31 10, 13, 14, 19 No Limit
Bow and arrow (during
daylight hours only)
Aucune Saison 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20 N/A

Carp May. 1 to Jul. 31 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15 (except Algonquin No Limit
Bow and arrow, spear and Park), 16, 18, 19, 20
dip net (during daylight
hours only) 2nd Saturday in May 17 No Limit
to Jul. 31

No season 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, Algonquin Park in Zone 15 N/A

Species and Gear Open Season Zone Limit

Type

Smelt Mar. 1 to May. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 (except Algonquin No Limit
Dip net and seine 31 Park), 16, 18, 19, 20
(day or night)
2nd Saturday in 17 No Limit
May to May 31

No Season 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Algonquin Park in Zone 15 N/A

White Sucker Mar. 1 to May. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 (except No Limit
Bow and arrow, 31 Algonquin Park), 16, 18, 19, 20
spear and dip net
(during daylight 2nd Saturday in 17 No Limit
hours only) May to May 31

No Season Algonquin Park in zone 15 N/A

Lake Whitefish Oct. 1 to Dec. 15 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Same as angling limit in

Dip net (day or Zone
night)
Oct. 1 to Dec. 15 11, 15 (note in designated waters only; see Same as angling limit in
Ontario.ca/fishing or contact local MNRF office for Zone
locations)

No Season 12, 13, 14, Algonquin Park in zone 15, 16, 17, 18, N/A
19, 20

Lake Herring Oct. 1 to Dec. 15 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 15 (note in designated No Limit

(cisco) waters only; see Ontario.ca/fishing or contact local
Dip net (day or MNRF office for locations)
night)
No Season 9, 12, 13, 14, Algonquin Park in zone 15, 16, 17, N/A
18, 19, 20

81
FISHES AND THEIR SEASONS

]\

Tools for Non-Angling Methods of Capturing Fish

Residents and non-Canadian residents with a valid recreational fishing licence may fish with one dip net, one seine net,
one spear or a bow and arrow for the species and during the periods outlined below.

Dip nets: may be no more than 183 cm (6 ft.) on each side if square, or 183 cm (6 ft.) in diameter, if circular.

Seine Nets: may be no more than 10 m (32.8 ft.) long and 2 m (6.5 ft.) high.

Spears: cannot be possessed on or within 30 m (98 ft.) of the edge of any waterbody except when fishing for carp and
white sucker as described on this page. Northern Pike spearing is not allowed.

Bow and Arrow: includes all longbows

82
 FISHES AND THEIR SEASONS
Brook Trout
Pale and wavy lines
Multiples spots on the body

From green
To redish-orange

To white

Brown Trout
Spots on the body

Yellow-brown

Mouth passes the eyes

Rainbow Trout
Black spots on the body
Pink cheeks Horizontal pink stripe

Lake Trout
White spots on the body
Dark color

Forked tail
83
FISHES AND THEIR SEASONS

Aurora Trout

From black

To yellow

To red

White section underneath its head

Splake

Hybride between lake trout + Brook trout

Northern Pike
White oval marks Fully scaled cheek

Dark green

Muskellunge
Marks pay vary, may have similar marks to a tiger

Cheeks partially scaled

84
 FISHES AND THEIR SEASONS
Chinook Salmon
Dark colour

Grey

Black mouth and black gums Black spots

Black and some white marks

Atlantic Salmon

Black to white
Queue fourchue

Forked tail

Largemouth Bass

Horizontal line

Mouth passes eyes

Smallmouth Bass

Vertical lines

Mouth does not pass eyes

85
 Catfish (channel)
FISHES AND THEIR SEASONS

Black marks

Forked tails Barbels

Crappie
Lengh of dorsal fin is about
Dark, many black spots equal to anal fin base

Yellow Perch
Two dorsal fins

Many vertical black lines

Yellow and green

Two dorsal fins

Walleye
Black spot

White eye
White spot
86
 FISHES AND THEIR SEASONS
Species Provincial Possession Limit Species Provincial
Possession Limit
Yellow Perch 100
Walleye 6
Crappie 30
Largemouth Bass or Smallmouth 6
Brook Trout 5 Bass or any combination

Brown Trout 5 Northern Pike 6

Rainbow Trout 5 Muskellunge 1

Lake Trout 3

Species Provincial Possession Limit

Splake 5

Pacific Salmon 5

Atlantic Salmon 1

Lake Whitefish 25

Catfish 12

Aurora Trout 1

87
HUNTER ORANGE

HUNTER ORANGE

Hunters are obliged to wear clothing of a specific shade of orange. This is important to ensure that other hunters
in the area can identify other hunters as being a hunter and not an animal. Several people do not know the rules
to the required orange to hunt and wear illegal colors or clothing.

NOT LEGAL

90
 HUNTER ORANGE
When to Wear Hunter Orange

Horizontal: Deer Gun Moose Gun Bear Season Elk Season Bow Only
Seasons in Season Season Season
progress
Vertical:
Your quarry

Deer MANDATORY MANDATORY MANDATORY N/A NOT

REQUIRED

Moose MANDATORY MANDATORY MANDATORY N/A NOT

REQUIRED

Turkey N/A MANDATORY RECOMMENDED N/A NOT

(WMU 59) REQUIRED

Bear MANDATORY MANDATORY MANDATORY MANDATORY N/A

Small Game MANDATORY MANDATORY RECOMMENDED MANDATORY NOT

REQUIRED

Migatory Birds NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT

REQUIRED* REQUIRED* REQUIRED* REQUIRED* REQUIRED

91
 Nairn & Hyman, ON, 2016

Lac Ella, Sudbury, ON, 2015

Killarney Rd, ON, 2016
BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ministry of natural resources and forestry, Instructional manual of hunters of Ontario, P. 23 P.25, Ontario/Hunting, 2014,
190 p.

Ontario.Ca, <<WildLife Management>>, Electronic document, Page published: 17 Juillet 2014, Page actualised: 8 Septembre
2016, page consulted: 13 decembre 2016 https://www.ontario.ca/page/wildlife-management

ScRibium.com <<Quelques Conseils Pour Rdiger Un Livre Informatif.>> Electronic document, Page published: 12 Juin
2011, Page consulted: 14 dec 2016 https://scribium.com/carine-mahy/a/quelques-conseils-pour-rediger-un-livre-informatif/

Ministry of natural resources and forestry, Instructional manual of hunters of Ontario, P. 2, Ontario/Hunting, 2014, 190 p.

NSSF.Org, <<Hunting Is Safer Than Golf and Most Other Activities (Not to Mention Football, Basketball and Soccer)>>
Electronic document, page published: 5 dec 2011, page consulted: 16 dec 2016,
http://www.nssf.org/newsroom/releases/show.cfm?PR=120511.cfm&path=2011

Ontario.Ca, <<Game and Fish Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. G.1>>, Electronic document, document/law published in 1990,
document/loi actualise: 1 janv. 1999, page consulted the 16 december2016, https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90g01

Laws-Lois.Justice.Ca, <<Firearms Act 1995, Table of Content>>, Electronic document, Lois published 1995, Page modifier
16 dec 2016, Page consulteddr 17 dec 2016, http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/F-11.6/index.html

Ontario.Ca, <<Find a wildlife management unit map WMU)>>, Electronic document, Page published 6 oct 2015, Page
consulted, 17 dec 2016,
https://www.ontario.ca/travel-and-recreation/find-wildlife-management-unit-wmu-map

Ontario.Ca, <<Fishing limits, size restrictions and catch and release>>, Electronic document, Page published: 17 juillet
2014, Page updated: 26 Juillet 2016, Page consulted: 18 dec 2016, https://www.ontario.ca/page/fishing-limits-size-
restrictions-and-catch-and-release

94
Ontario.Ca, <<Fishing limits, size restrictions and catch and release>>, Document lectronique, Page publi: 17 juillet 2014,
Page actualise: 26 Juillet 2016, Page consulte: 18 dc 2016, https://www.ontario.ca/page/fishing-limits-size-restrictions-
and-catch-and-release

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ministry of natural resources and forestry, summary 2016 hunting regulations, p.8 a p.13, p.23 a p.30, p.31 a p.84,
Ontario/Hunting, 2016, 88 p.

OOD Mag & OFAH, Ontario out of doors Hunting annual 2015 - 2016, P. 26, Ontario Out of Doors, 2015 - 2016, 98 p.

Ontario Court of Justice, <<Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1997>>, document electronique, page/lois/documents
published: 1997, page updated: 29 may 2014, page consulte: 18 dec 2016, http://www.ontariocourts.ca/ocj/how-do-i/set-
fines/set-fines-i/schedule-17-5/

Ministry of natural resources and forestry, summary 2016 fishing regulations, p.10 p.11 Ontario/Fishing, 2016, 96 p.

Ministry of natural resources and forestry, summary 2016 hunting regulations, p.31 p.84 Ontario/Hunting, 2016, 88 p.

Justin Hoffman

4-706 Churchill Avenue

Ottawa Ontario K1Z 5G5
Canada
613-614-4272

www.JustinHoffmanOutdoors.com
www.JustinHoffmanOutdoors.zenfolio.com

"Wild Life Poaching Poachers Threaten Wildlife." Canadian

Rockies Vacations Guide - Banff National Park. 26 Feb. 2009. Web. 15 Feb. 2017.
http://www.canadianrockies.net/banff/poaching.html

Society, National Geographic. "Keystone Species." National Geographic Society. 09 Oct.

2012. Web. 15 Feb. 2017.
http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/keystone-species/

"Wolf Reintroduction Changes Ecosystem." Yellowstone Park. 11 July 2016. Web. 15 Feb. 2017.
http://www.yellowstonepark.com/wolf-reintroduction-changes-ecosystem/ 95
 Society, National Geographic. "Keystone Species." National Geographic Society. 09 Oct. 2012.
Web. 15 Feb. 2017.
http://www.ck12.org/biology/Interdependence-of-Living-Things/lesson/user:d3njahv5bgvyqhnwy2hzlm9yzw../Living-
Things-Depend-on-Each-Other/
BIBLIOGRAPHY

"Wolf Reintroduction Changes Ecosystem." Yellowstone Park. 11 July 2016. Web. 15 Feb. 2017.
http://www.yellowstonepark.com/wolf-reintroduction-changes-ecosystem/

"Fishing, Hunting & Gathering The Rights and Responsibilities of First Nations People in Manitoba", Conservation Manitoba,
2009. 19 Fev. 2017.
http://www.gov.mb.ca/sd/firstnations/hunting_fishing_oct_09.pdf

"Rainbow Trout." American Expedition. Web. 19 Feb. 2017. https://forum.americanexpedition.us/rainbow-trout-information-

facts-photos-and-artwork

"White-tailed Deer Original Oil Paintings." Ryan Kirby Art. Web. 19 Feb. 2017. http://www.ryankirbyart.com/white-tailed-
deer-original-oil-paintings/

Robert Bateman. Art. 19 Feb. 2017.

Collin Bogle. Art. 19 Feb. 2017.

"Amazing Facts about the Beaver." OneKind. Web. 19 Feb. 2017. https://onekind.org/animal/beaver/

Elelur.com. "Grey Wolf." Grey Wolf Facts, History, Useful Information and Amazing Pictures. Web. 19 Feb. 2017.
http://elelur.com/mammals/grey-wolf.html

"Hunting on the Frontier." Tennessee 4 Me - Teacher's PageFrontier-Hunting on the Frontier. Web. 19 Feb. 2017.
http://www.tn4me.org/tpsapage.cfm/sa_id/16/era_id/3

Jerry Gademus. Art. 19 Feb 2017.

Justin Hoffman. Photographe. 18 Feb 2017

Ben Adams. Photographe. 18 Feb 2017

Emily P. Photographe. 19 Feb 2017

"Discover Fishing." Daily Fishing Tips. Web. 19 Feb. 2017. http://www.dailyfishingtips.com/discover-fishing/

"Elk." National Geographic. 16 Feb. 2017. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/e/elk/

Okler.net. "How to Tell a Gobbler From a Hen." How to Tell a Gobbler From a Hen - The Jump. Web. 20 Feb. 2017.
http://www.thejump.net/turkeyarticles/how-to-tell-gobbler-hen.htm
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2017. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/m/moose/

"White-Tailed Deer." National Geographic. 15 Feb. 2017. Web. 20 Feb. 2017.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/w/white-tailed-deer/

Personal Project Samuel Andress, 2017, 18 800 words, 101 pages total.
97