Linear Circuit Analysis (ELEN-1100)

Lecture # 2: Circuit elements

Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher

Assistant Professor, EED
KFUEIT, Pakistan

https://twitter.com/EEDKFUEIT Learning Management System 10.1.0.6

Slide credits
Slide 23 from Network Analysis by Van Valkenburg
3rd edition.

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Contents
Circuit elements
What is a source ?
Types of sources
Voltage source
Current source
Voltage and current sources
Resistance and Ohms law

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Circuit elements
Linear circuit analysis deals with the sources and the
loads.
Source
Voltage source
Current source
Loads
Resistor | Require only algebraic calculations
Capacitor
Require algebraic and differential calculations
Inductor
Capacitor and inductor will be dealt in the next
lectures and most of the work will be on sources and
resistors.
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What is a source ?
A device capable of converting non electrical energy
to electrical energy and vice versa.
Battery
Discharging battery is a source
Charging battery is a sink.
Dynamo
Mechanical to electrical as a generator
Electrical to mechanical as a motor
These sources can either maintain either a voltage
(voltage source) or current (current source).

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Types of sources
Sources are primarily of two kinds.
Independent sources
It is a source that supplies current and voltage independent of any
other voltage or current in the circuit.
Dependent sources
It is a source whose value depends on a voltage or current somewhere
else in the circuit.
There are four types of sources
+
- Voltage source
Voltage controlled voltage source +
-
Current controlled voltage source
Current source
Current controlled current source
Voltage controlled current source

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Voltage source
There are two main types of voltage source
Independent voltage source
Dependent voltage source
What is an ideal independent voltage source ?
It maintains voltage across its elements regardless of the
current in the device.
What is an ideal dependent voltage source ?
It is a source whose value is determined by the voltage or
current at some other location in the circuit.
+
-

and are multiplying constants

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Voltage source
Parallel voltage sources must have same voltage.
Series connected voltage sources can have different
voltage.

. .
10V +-
10V +- + 10V
-
10V +
-

.
20V +-
10V +- + 20V
-
10V +
-

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Voltage source | Example 2.2 (Hayt)
In the circuit below v2 is known to be 3V what is the
output voltage VL.

+ + +
+
- -
- -

We see that VL is the same as 5V2.

V2=3V
VL=5V2=15V

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Voltage source
An ideal voltage source maintains terminal voltage
even at infinite current. v
Ideal voltage source
Practical voltage source cant.
Voltage begins to drop as the
current increases.
practical voltage source
The point where the voltage i
becomes zero is called short circuit. Short circuit

Short circuit is a dangerous phenomenon and must

be avoided.
We will learn in later classes how to avoid the short
circuit.
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Current source
There are two main types of current source
Independent current source
Dependent current source
What is an ideal independent current source
It maintains current within its elements regardless of the
voltage across them.
What is an ideal dependent current source ?
It is a source whose value is determined by the voltage or
current at some other location in the circuit.

and are multiplying constants

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Current source
Parallel current sources can have different current.
Series connected current sources must have same
current.

. .
10A
10A 10A
10A

.
20A
20A 10A
10A

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Current source
An ideal current source maintains terminal current
even at infinite voltage. i
Ideal current source
Practical current source cant.
Current begins to drop as the
voltage increases.
practical current source
The point where the current v
becomes zero is called open circuit. open circuit

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Voltage & current sources
For all dependent and independent voltage sources.
You cannot determine the current in the source as a
function of its terminal voltage.
For all dependent and independent voltage sources.
You cannot determine the voltage across the source as a
function of the terminal current.
All the sources studied so far are also referred to as
active elements.

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Voltage & current sources
Short circuit and open circuit are special cases of
ideal sources.
A short circuit is an ideal voltage source having v=0
Current depends on the values of other components in the
circuit. i(t)
+ v(t)=0 -

An open circuit is an ideal current source having i=0

Voltage across an open circuit is determined by other
components. i(t)=0
+ v(t) -

No power is absorbed or delivered in these two

cases.
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Voltage & current sources | Summary

Va Vb Va+Vb
ia ib ia+ib
+

+
-

-
Va Vb Va-Vb
+

+
-
-

-
ia ib Ia-ib
ia ib
Not allowed

va + + v Not allowed
Ref: Table 3.5.1 : Dorf, R.C. and Svoboda, J.A., 2010.
Introduction to electric circuits. John Wiley & Sons.
- - b

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Voltage & current sources | Example 2.1 & 2.2

.
+
10V +- 5A 5V + V + 3V
- -

. .
+
5V + V 3V + 4i
- 2A -
-
i

3i 2A

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Resistance and Ohms Law
It is a physical property of an element or device that
impedes the flow of current.
Electrons collides with other atomic particles and this
collision is not elastic. The loss in energy is termed as
potential drop
Conductors have low values of resistance
Insulators have high values of resistance
George Simon Ohm determined the relationship
between voltage and current in a resistance in 1827.
At constant temperature.

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Resistance and Ohms Law
A resistance with R=0 is a short circuit.
A resistance with R= is an open circuit
An ideal resistance has
It is constant i.e independent of the voltage across or
current through it.
It is bilateral i.e polarity of the voltage reverses the
direction of current and vice versa.
The resistor is a lumped element i.e it carries no
information about spatial dimensions.
An ideal resistor is a linear time-invariant resistor.

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Resistance and Ohms Law
Ohms law expresses the voltage as a function of
current.
In terms of current expression as a function of
voltage.

Power dissipated across resistor is given as

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Resistance and Ohms law
Reciprocal of resistance is conductance.
It is referred as siemens (S) or mho ( ).

Resistance of 8 has conductance of 0.125 S.

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Examples 2.3
Calculate the values of v and i and power dissipated
in each resistor.

ic
+
1A Va 8 50V +- 5
-

+
1A Vc 20 50V +- 25
-
id

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Example 2.5
Construct the circuit model of device
vt(V)
vt(V) it(A)
40
-40 -10
20
-20 -5
+ Device 0 0
-10 -5
5
it(A)
10
-20
- 20 5
-40
40 10

The voltage is related to current by a factor of 4.

The device inside the box behaves like a 4 ohm
resistor.

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How basic quantities relate

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