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AbutmentDesignExampletoBD30
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Designthefixedandfreeendcantileverabutmentstothe20mspandeckshowntocarryHAand45unitsofHB
loading.Analysetheabutmentsusingaunitstripmethod.ThebridgesiteislocatedsoutheastofOxford(to
establishtherangeofshadeairtemperatures).
Vehiclecollisionontheabutmentsneednotbeconsideredastheyareassumedtohavesufficientmassto
withstandthecollisionloadsforglobalpurposes(SeeBD60/04Clause2.2).

Thegroundinvestigationreportshowssuitablefoundingstrataabout9.5mbelowtheproposedroadlevel.Test
resultsshowthefoundingstratatobeacohesionlesssoilhavinganangleofshearingresistance()=30oanda
safebearingcapacityof400kN/m2.

BackfillmaterialwillbeClass6Nwithaneffectiveangleofinternalfriction(')=35oanddensity()=
19kN/m3.
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Theproposeddeckconsistsof11No.Y4prestressedconcretebeamsandconcretedeckslabasshown.

LoadingFromtheDeck

Agrillageanalysisgavethefollowingreactionsforthevariousloadcases:

CriticalReactionUnderOneBeam

NominalReaction
(kN)

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(kN)
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ConcreteDeck
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180

230

Surfacing

30

60

HAudl+kel

160

265

45unitsHB

350

500

TotalReactiononEachAbutment

NominalReaction
(kN)
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1/28/2017 BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

UltimateReaction
(kN)

ConcreteDeck

1900

2400

Surfacing

320

600

HAudl+kel

1140

1880

45unitsHB

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2770
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Nominalloadingon1mlengthofabutment:
DeckDeadLoad=(1900+320)/11.6=191kN/m
HAliveLoadonDeck=1140/11.6=98kN/m
HBliveLoadonDeck=1940/11.6=167kN/m

FromBS5400Part2Figures7and8theminimumandmaximumshadeairtemperaturesare19and+37oC
respectively.
ForaGroup4typestrucutre(seefig.9)thecorrespondingminimumandmaximumeffectivebridge
temperaturesare11and+36oCfromtables10and11.
Hencethetemperaturerange=11+36=47oC.
FromClause5.4.6therangeofmovementatthefreeendofthe20mspandeck=471210620103=
11.3mm.
Theultimatethermalmovementinthedeckwillbe[(11.3/2)f3fL]=[11.31.11.3/2]=8mm.

Option1ElastomericBearing:
Withamaximumultimatereaction=230+60+500=790kNthenasuitableelastomericbearingwouldbe
Ekspan'sElastomericPad:BearingEKR35:

MaximumLoad=1053kN
ShearDeflection=13.3mm
ShearStiffness=12.14kN/mm
BearingThickness=19mm

Note:therequiredsheardeflection(8mm)shouldbelimitedtobetween30%to50%ofthethicknessofthe
bearing.Thefigurequotedinthecatalogueforthemaximumsheardeflectionis70%ofthethickness.
Atoleranceisalsorequiredforsettingthebearingiftheambienttemperatureisnotatthemidrange
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temperature.Thedesignshadeairtemperaturerangewillbe19to+37oCwhichwouldrequirethebearingsto
beinstalledatashadeairtemperatureof[(37+19)/219]=9oCtoachievethe8mmmovement.
Ifthebearingsaresetatamaximumshadeairtemperatureof16oCthen,byproportionthedeckwillexpand
8(3716)/[(37+19)/2]=6mmandcontract8(16+19)/[(37+19)/2]=10mm.
Letusassumethatthismaximumshadeairtemperatureof16oCforfixingthebearingsisspecifiedinthe
Contractanddesigntheabutmentsaccordingly.

Horizontalloadatbearingfor10mmcontraction=12.1410=121kN.
Thisisanultimateloadhencethenominalhorizontalload=121/1.1/1.3=85kNateachbearing.
Totalhorizontalloadoneachabutment=1185=935kN935/11.6=81kN/m.

AlternativelyusingBS5400Part9.1Clause5.14.2.6:
H=AGr/tq
UsingtheEkspanbearingEKR35

MaximumLoad=1053kN
Area=610420=256200mm2
Nominlhardness=60IRHD
BearingThickness=19mm

ShearmodulusGfromTable8=0.9N/mm2
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H=2562000.910310/19=121kN X | i

Thiscorrellateswiththevalueobtainedaboveusingtheshearstiffnessfromthemanufacturer'sdatasheet.
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Option2SlidingBearing:
Withamaximumultimatereactionof790kNandlongitudinalmovementof8mmthenasuitablebearingfrom
theEkspanEASerieswouldbe/80/210/25/25:

MaximumLoad=800kN
BasePlateAdimension=210mm
BasePlateBdimension=365mm
MovementX=12.5mm

BS5400Part2Clause5.4.7.3:
Averagenominaldeadloadreaction=(1900+320)/11=2220/11=200kN
Contactpressureunderbaseplate=200000/(210365)=3N/mm2
AsthematingsurfacebetweenthestainlesssteelandPTFEissmallerthanthebaseplatethenthepressure
betweentheslidingfaceswillbeintheorderof5N/mm2.
FromTable3ofBS5400Part9.1theCoefficientoffriction=0.08forabearingstressof5N/mm2
Hencetotalhorizontalloadoneachabutmentwhenthedeckexpandsorcontracts=22200.08=180kN180
/11.6=16kN/m.

TractionandBrakingLoadBS5400Part2Clause6.10:
NominalLoadforHA=8kN/m20m+250kN=410kN
NominalLoadforHB=25%of45units10kN4axles=450kN
450>410kNhenceHBbrakingiscritical.
Brakingloadon1mwidthofabutment=450/11.6=39kN/m.
Whenthisloadisappliedonthedeckitwillactonthefixedabutmentonly.

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SkiddingLoadBS5400Part2Clause6.11:
NominalLoad=300kN
300<450kNhencebrakingloadiscriticalinthelongitudinaldirection.
Whenthisloadisappliedonthedeckitwillactatbearingshelflevel,andwillnotaffectthefreeabutmentif
slidingbearingsareused.

LoadingatRearofAbutment

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Backfill
ForStabilitycalculationsuseactiveearthpressures=Kah
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KaforClass6Nmaterial=(1Sin35)/(1+Sin35)=0.27
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DensityofClass6Nmaterial=19kN/m3
ActivePressureatdepthh=0.2719h=5.13hkN/m2
HenceFb=5.13h2/2=2.57h2kN/m

SurchargeBS5400Part2Clause5.8.2:
ForHAloadingsurcharge=10kN/m2
ForHBloadingsurcharge=20kN/m2
Assumeasurchageloadingforthecompactionplanttobeequivalentto30unitsofHB
HenceCompactionPlantsurcharge=12kN/m2.
ForsurchargeofwkN/m2:
Fs=Kawh=0.27whkN/m

1)StabilityCheck

InitialSizingforBaseDimensions
Thereareanumberofpublicationsthatwillgiveguidanceonbasesizesforfreestandingcantileverwalls,
Reynolds'sReinforcedConcreteDesigner'sHandbookbeingonesuchbook.
Alternativelyasimplespreadsheetwillachievearesultbytrialanderror.

LoadCombinations

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Backfill+Constructionsurcharge

Backfill+HAsurcharge+Deckdeadload+Deckcontraction

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Backfill+HAsurcharge+Brakingbehindabutment+Deckdeadload

Backfill+HBsurcharge+Deckdeadload

Backfill+HAsurcharge+Deckdeadload+HBondeck

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Backfill+HAsurcharge+Deckdeadload+HAondeck+Brakingondeck
(Notappliedtofreeabutmentifslidingbearingsareprovided)

CASE1FixedAbutment

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Densityofreinforcedconcrete=25kN/m3.
Weightofwallstem=1.06.525=163kN/m
Weightofbase=6.41.025=160kN/m
Weightofbackfill=4.36.519=531kN/m
Weightofsurcharge=4.312=52kN/m
BackfillForceFb=0.27197.52/2=144kN/m
SurchargeForceFs=0.27127.5=24kN/m

RestoringEffects:

Weight

LeverArm

MomentAboutA

Stem

163

1.6

261

Base
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160

3.2

512

Backfill

531

4.25

2257

Surcharge

52

4.25

221

=
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906
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=
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3251

OverturningEffects:

LeverArm

MomentAboutA

Backfill

144

2.5

361

Surcharge

24

3.75

91
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1/28/2017 BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

168

452

BD30Clause5.2.4.2referstoCP2:1951EarthretainingstructuresforSafetyFactors.
FactorofSafetyAgainstOverturning=3251/452=7.2>2.0OK.
Forslidingeffects:
ActiveForce=Fb+Fs=168kN/m
Frictionalforceonundersideofbaseresistingmovement=Wtan()=906tan(30o)=523kN/m
FactorofSafetyAgainstSliding=523/168=3.1>2.0OK.

BearingPressure:
Checkbearingpressureattoeandheelofbaseslab=(P/A)(Pe/Z)wherePeisthemomentaboutthe
centreofthebase.
P=906kN/m
A=6.4m2/m
Z=6.4 2/6=6.827m3/m
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Nettmoment=3251452=2799kNm/m
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Eccentricity(e)ofPaboutcentrelineofbase=3.2(2799/906)=0.111m
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Pressureunderbase=(906/6.4)(9060.111/6.827)
Pressureundertoe=142+15=157kN/m2<400kN/m2OK.
Pressureunderheel=14215=127kN/m2

HencetheabutmentwillbestableforCase1.

AnalysingthefixedabutmentwithLoadCases1to6andthefreeabutmentwithLoadCases1to5usinga
simplespreadsheetthefollowingresultswereobtained:

FixedAbutment:

FofS
Overturning

FofS
Sliding

Bearing
PressureatToe

Bearing
PressureatHeel

Case1

7.16
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3.09

156

127

Case2

2.87

2.13

386

Case2a

4.31

2.64

315
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76
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Case3
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3.43

2.43

351

39

Case4

4.48

2.63

322

83

Case5

5.22

3.17

362

81

Case6
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1/28/2017 BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

3.80

2.62

378

43

FofS
Overturning

FofS
Sliding

Case1

7.16

3.09

Case2
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2.87
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2.13
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Case2a

4.31

2.64

Case3

3.43

2.43

Case4

4.48

2.63

Case5

5.22

3.17

Case6

3.80

2.62
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1/28/2017 BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

Bearing
PressureatToe

Bearing
PressureatHeel

Case1

156

127

Case2

386

Case2a

315
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76
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Case3
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351

39

Case4

322

83

Case5

362

81

Case6

378

43

FreeAbutment:

FofS
Overturning
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1/28/2017 BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

FofS
Sliding

Bearing
PressureatToe

Bearing
PressureatHeel

Case1

7.15

3.09

168

120

Case2

2.91

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388
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7

Case2a

4.33

2.64

318

78

Case3

3.46

2.44

354

42

Case4

4.50

2.64

325

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84

Case5

5.22

3.16

365

82

FofS
Overturning

FofS
Sliding

Case1

7.15
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3.09
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Case2
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2.91

2.14

Case2a

4.33

2.64

Case3

3.46

2.44

Case4

4.50

2.64

Case5

5.22

3.16

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Bearing
PressureatToe

Bearing
PressureatHeel

Case1

168

120

Case2

388

Case2a

318

78
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Case3
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354
WorkshopResources
42

Case4

325

84

Case5

365

82

Itcanbeseenthattheuseofelastomericbearings(Case2)willgovernthecriticaldesignloadcasesonthe
abutments.Weshallassumethattherearenospecificrequirementsforusingelastomericbearingsanddesignthe
abutmentsforthelesserloadeffectsbyusingslidingbearings.

2)WallandBaseDesign

Loadsonthebackofthewallarecalculatedusing'atrest'earthpressures.ServiceabilityandUltimateload
effectsneedtobecalculatedfortheloadcases1to6shownabove.Again,thesearebestcarriedoutusinga
simplespreadsheet.
UsingtheFixedAbutmentLoadCase1againasanexampleofthecalculations:
WallDesign
Ko=1Sin(')=1Sin(35o)=0.426
fLforhorizontalloadsduetosurchargeandbackfillfromBS5400Part2Clause5.8.1.2:

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Serviceability=1.0
Ultimate=1.5
f3=1.0forserviceabilityand1.1forultimate(fromBS5400Part4Clauses4.2.2and4.2.3)
BackfillForceFbontherearofthewall=0.426196.52/2=171kN/m
SurchargeForceFsontherearofthewall=0.426126.5=33kN/m
AtthebaseoftheWall(tensionintherearface):
Serviceabilitymoment=(1716.5/3)+(336.5/2)=371+107=478kNm/m
Ultimatemoment=1.11.5478=789kNm/m
Ultimateshear=1.11.5(171+33)=337kN/m

AnalysingthefixedabutmentwithLoadCases1to6andthefreeabutmentwithLoadCases1to5usinga
simplespreadsheetthefollowingresultswereobtainedforthedesignmomentsandshearatthebaseofthewall:

FixedAbutment:

Moment
SLSDead

Moment
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Moment
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Shear
ULS

Case1

371

108

790

337

Case2a

829

258

1771

566

Case3

829

486

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1/28/2017 BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

2097

596

Case4

829

308

1877

602

Case5

829

154

1622

543
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Case6
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829
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408

1985

599

FreeAbutment:

Moment
SLSDead

Moment
SLSLive

Moment
ULS

Shear
ULS

Case1

394

112

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1/28/2017 BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

835

350

Case2a

868

265

1846

581

Case3

868

495

2175

612
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Case4
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868
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318

1956

619

Case5

868

159

1694

559

ConcretetoBS8500:2006
UsestrengthclassC32/40withwatercementratio0.5andminimumcementcontentof340kg/m3forexposure
conditionXD2.
Nominalcovertoreinforcement=60mm(45mmminimumcoverplusatolerancecof15mm).
ReinforcementtoBS4449:2005GradeB500B:fy=500N/mm2

DesignforcriticalmomentsandshearinFreeAbutment:

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ReinforcedconcretewallsaredesignedtoBS5400Part4Clause5.6.
Checkclassificationtoclause5.6.1.1:
Ultimateaxialloadinwallfromdeckreactions=2400+600+2770=5770kN
0.1fcuAc=0.14010311.61=46400kN>5770designasaslabinaccordancewithclause5.4

Bending
BS5400Part4Clause5.4.2forreisitancemomentsinslabsdesigntoclause5.3.2.3:
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z={1[1.1f yAs)/(fcubd)]}d
UseB40@150c/cinrearfaceatbaseofwall:
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As=8378mm2/m,d=10006020=920mm
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z={1[1.15008378)/(401000920)]}d=0.875d<0.95dOK
Mu=(0.87fy)Asz=0.8750083780.875920106=2934kNm/m>2175kNn/mOK

CarryingoutthecrackcontrolcalculationtoClause5.8.8.2givesacrackwidthof0.2mm<0.25mm.
Alsothesteelreinforcementandconcretestressesmeetthelimitationsrequiredinclause4.1.1.3serviceability
requirementsaresatisfied.

Shear

ShearrequirementsaredesignedtoBS5400clause5.4.4:
v=V/(bd)=619103/(1000920)=0.673N/mm2
Noshearreinforcementisrequiredwhenv<svc
s=(500/d)1/4=(500/920)1/4=0.86
vc=(0.27/m)(100As/bwd)1/3(fcu)1/3=(0.27/1.25)({1008378}/{1000920})1/3(40)1/3=0.72
svc=0.860.72=0.62N/mm2<0.673henceshearreinforcementshouldbeprovided,howevercheckshear
atdistanceH/8(8.63/8=1.079m)upthewall.
ULSshearatSection7H/8forloadcase4=487kN
v=V/(bd)=487103/(1000920)=0.53N/mm2<0.62
Henceheightrequiringstrengthening=1.073(0.6730.62)/(0.6730.53)=0.4m<d.
Providea500500splayatthebaseofthewallwithB32@150c/cbarsinslopingface.

EarlyThermalCracking

Consideringtheeffectsofcastingthewallstemontothebaseslabbycomplyingwiththeearlythermalcracking
ofconcretetoBD28thenB16horizontallacerbars@150c/cwillberequiredinbothfacesinthebottomhalf
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1/28/2017 BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

ofthewall.
MinimumareaofsecondaryreinforcementtoClause5.8.4.2=0.12%ofbad=0.00121000920=1104
mm2/m(useB16@150c/cAs=1340mm2/m)

BaseDesign

Maximumbendingandsheareffectsinthebaseslabwilloccuratsectionsnearthefrontandbackofthewall.
Differentloadfactorsareusedforserviceabilityandultimatelimitstatessothecalculationsneedtobecarried
outforeachlimitstateusing'atrestpressures'
UsingtheFixedAbutmentLoadCase1againasanexampleofthecalculations:

CASE1FixedAbutmentServiceabilityLimitState

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Weightofwallstem=1.06.5251.0=163kN/m
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Weightofbase=6.41.0251.0=160kN/m
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Weightofbackfill=4.36.5191.0=531kN/m
Weightofsurcharge=4.3121.0=52kN/m
B/fillForceFb=0.426197.521.0/2=228kN/m
SurchargeForceFs=0.426127.51.0=38kN/m

RestoringEffects:

Weight

LeverArm

MomentAboutA

Stem

163

1.6

261

Base

160

3.2

512
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1/28/2017 BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

Backfill

531

4.25

2257

Surcharge

52

4.25

221

906

3251
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OverturningEffects:
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LeverArm

MomentAboutA

Backfill

288

2.5

570

Surcharge

38

3.75

143

266

=
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1/28/2017 BridgeABUTMENTDESIGNEXAMPLE

713

BearingPressureattoeandheelofbaseslab=(P/A)(Pe/Z)
P=906kN/m
A=6.4m2/m
Z=6.42/6=6.827m3/m
Nettmoment=3251713=2538kNm/m
Eccentricity(e)ofPaboutcentrelineofbase=3.2(2538/906)=0.399m
Pressureunderbase=(906/6.4)(9060.399/6.827)
Pressureundertoe=142+53=195kN/m2
Pressureunderheel=14253=89kN/m2
Pressureatfrontfaceofwall=89+{(19589)5.3/6.4}=177kN/m2
Pressureatrearfaceofwall=89+{(19589)4.3/6.4}=160kN/m2

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SLSMomentataa=(1771.12/2)+([195177]1.12/3)(251.01.12/2)=99kNm/m(tensionin
bottomface).

SLSMomentatbb=(894.32/2)+([16089]4.32/6)(251.04.32/2)(5314.3/2)(524.3/
2)=443kNm/m(tensionintopface).

CASE1FixedAbutmentUltimateLimitState

fLforconcrete=1.15
fLforfillandsurcharge(vetical)=1.2
fLforfillandsurcharge(horizontal)=1.5
Weightofwallstem=1.06.5251.15=187kN/m
Weightofbase=6.41.0251.15=184kN/m
Weightofbackfill=4.36.5191.2=637kN/m
Weightofsurcharge=4.3121.2=62kN/m
BackfillForceFb=0.426197.521.5/2=341kN/m
SurchargeForceFs=0.426127.51.5=58kN/m

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RestoringEffects:

Weight

LeverArm

MomentAboutA

Stem

187

1.6

299

Base

184

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637

4.25

2707

Surcharge

62

4.25

264

1070

3859

OverturningEffects:

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LeverArm

MomentAboutA

Backfill

341

2.5

853

Surcharge

58

3.75

218

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399
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1071

BearingPressureattoeandheelofbaseslab=(P/A)(Pxe/Z)
P=1070kN/m
A=6.4m2/m
Z=6.42/6=6.827m3/m
Nettmoment=38591071=2788kNm/m
Eccentricity(e)ofPaboutcentrelineofbase=3.2(2788/1070)=0.594m
Pressureunderbase=(1070/6.4)(10700.594/6.827)
Pressureundertoe=167+93=260kN/m2
Pressureunderheel=16793=74kN/m2
Pressureatfrontfaceofwall=74+{(26074)5.3/6.4}=228kN/m2
Pressureatrearfaceofwall=74+{(26074)4.3/6.4}=199kN/m2

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f3=1.1
ULSShearataa=1.1{[(260+228)1.1/2](1.151.125)}=260kN/m
ULSShearatbb=1.1{[(199+74)4.3/2](1.154.325)63762}=259kN/m

ULSMomentataa=1.1{(2281.12/2)+([260228]1.12/3)(1.15251.01.12/2)}=
148kNm/m(tensioninbottomface).

ULSMomentatbb=1.1{(744.32/2)+([19974]4.32/6)(1.15251.04.32/2)(6374.3/
2)(624.3/2)}=769kNm/m(tensionintopface).

AnalysingthefixedabutmentwithLoadCases1to6andthefreeabutmentwithLoadCases1to5usinga
simplespreadsheetthefollowingresultswereobtained:

FixedAbutmentBase:

Sectionaa

ULSShear
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SLSMoment
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WorkshopResources ULSMoment

Case1

261

99

147

Case2a

528

205

302

Case3

593

235

340

Case4

550

208
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314

Case5

610

241

348

Case6

637

255

365

Sectionbb

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Shear
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Moment

ULS
Moment

Case1

259

447

768

Case2a

458

980

1596

Case3

553

1178

1834

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Case4

495

1003

1700

Case5

327

853

1402

Case6

470

1098

1717
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FreeAbutmentBase:

Sectionaa

ULS
Shear

SLS
Moment

ULS
Moment

Case1

267

101

151

Case2a

534

207

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305

Case3

598

236

342

Case4

557

211

317

Case5

616

243
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Sectionbb

ULS
Shear

SLS
Moment

ULS
Moment

Case1

266

475

816

Case2a

466

1029

1678

Case3
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559

1233

1922

Case4

504

1055

1786

Case5

335

901

1480

DesignforshearandbendingeffectsatsectionsaaandbbfortheFreeAbutment:
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Bending
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BS5400Part4Clause5.7.3designasaslabforreisitancemomentstoclause5.3.2.3:
z={1[1.1fyAs)/(fcubd)]}d
UseB32@150c/c:
As=5362mm2/m,d=10006016=924mm
z={1[1.15005362)/(401000924)]}d=0.92d<0.95dOK
Mu=(0.87fy)Asz=0.8750053620.92924106=1983kNm/m>1922kNm/mOK
(1983kNm/malso>1834kNm/mB32@150c/csuitableforfixedabutment.

FortheServiceabilitycheckforCase3anapproximationofthedeadloadmomentcanbeobtainedbyremoving
thesurchargeandbrakingloads.ThespreadsheetresultgivesthedeadloadSLSmomentforCase3as723kNm,
thustheliveloadmoment=1233723=510kNm.
CarryingoutthecrackcontrolcalculationtoClause5.8.8.2givesacrackwidthof0.27mm>0.25mmFail.
Thiscouldbecorrectedbyreducingthebarspacing,butincreasethebarsizetoB40@150c/casthisisrequired
toavoidtheuseoflinks(seebelow).
UsingB40@150c/cthecrackcontrolcalculationgivesacrackwidthof0.17mm<0.25mmOK.
Alsothesteelreinforcementandconcretestressesmeetthelimitationsrequiredinclause4.1.1.3serviceability
requirementsaresatisfied.

Shear
ShearonToeUseFixedAbutmentLoadCase6:
ByinspectionB32@150c/cwillbeadequateforthebendingeffectsinthetoe(Muls=365kNm<1983kNm)
ShearrequirementsaredesignedtoBS5400clause5.7.3.2(a)checkingshearatdawayfromthefrontfaceof
thewalltoclause5.4.4.1:

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ULSShearontoe=1.1{(620+599)0.50.1761.1510.17625}=112kN

v=V/(bd)=112103/(1000924)=0.121N/mm2
Noshearreinforcementisrequiredwhenv<svc
Reinforcementintension=B32@150c/c
s=(500/d)1/4=(500/924)1/4=0.86
vc=(0.27/m)(100As/bwd)1/3(fcu)1/3=(0.27/1.25)({1005362}/{1000924})1/3(40)1/3=0.62
svc=0.860.62=0.53N/mm2>0.121N/mm2OK

ShearonHeelUseFreeAbutmentLoadCase3:
Shearrequirementsaredesignedatthebackfaceofthewalltoclause5.4.4.1:
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Lengthofheel=(6.51.11.0)=4.4m
ULSShearonheel=1.1{3480.5(5.1852.1)1.1514.4251.24.4(8.6319+10)}=
559kN

UsingB32@150c/cthen:
v=V/(bd)=559103/(1000924)=0.605N/mm2
Noshearreinforcementisrequiredwhenv<svc
s=(500/d)1/4=(500/924)1/4=0.86
vc=(0.27/m)(100As/bwd)1/3(fcu)1/3=(0.27/1.25)({1005362}/{1000924})1/3(40)1/3=0.62
svc=0.860.62=0.53N/mm2<0.605N/mm2Fail
RatherthanprovideshearreinforcementtryincreasingbarstoB40@150c/c(alsorequiredforcrackcontrolas
shownabove).
vc=(0.27/m)(100As/bwd)1/3(fcu)1/3=(0.27/1.25)({1008378}/{1000920})1/3(40)1/3=0.716
svc=0.860.716=0.616N/mm2>0.605N/mm2OK

EarlyThermalCracking

Consideringtheeffectsofcastingthebaseslabontotheblindingconcretebycomplyingwiththeearlythermal
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crackingofconcretetoBD28thenB16distributionbars@250c/cwillberequired.
MinimumareaofmainreinforcementtoClause5.8.4.1=0.15%ofbad=0.00151000924=1386mm2/m
(useB20@200c/cAs=1570mm2/m).

LocalEffects

CurtainWall
Thiswallisdesignedtobecastontothetopoftheabutmentafterthedeckhasbeenbuilt.Loadingwillbe
appliedfromthebackfill,surchargeandbrakingloadsontopofthewall.

HBbrakingloadtoBS5400clause6.10=25%45units410kNon2axles=225kNperaxle.
Toallowforloaddistributioneffectsassumea45odispersaltothecurtainwallanda45odispersaldownthe
wall,withmaximumdispersalofthewidthoftheabutment(11.6m).

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Thiscrudeanalysiswillslightlyunderestimatethepeakvaluesinthewallbelowtheload,butallowancecanbe
madewhendesigningthereinforcementtoensurethereissparecapacity.Then:
1staxleloadonbackofabutment=225/3.0=75kN/m
Dispersedtothebaseofthecurtainwall=225/9.0=25kN/m
2ndaxleloadonbackofabutment=225/6.6=34.1kN/m
Dispersedtothebaseofthecurtainwall=225/11.6=19.4kN/m

Forloadeffectsatthetopofthecurtainwall:
Maximumloadonbackofabutment=75+34.1=109.1kN/m
Forloadeffectsatthebaseofthecurtainwall:
Maximumloadonbackofabutment=25+19.4=44.4kN/m

BendingandShearatBaseof3mHighCurtainWall

HorizontalloadduetoHBsurcharge=0.426203.0=25.6kN/m
Horizontalloadduetobackfill=0.426193.02/2=36.4kN/m
SLSMoment=(44.43.0)+(25.61.5)+(36.41.0)=208kNm/m(36dead+172live)

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ULSMoment=1.1{(1.144.43.0)+(1.525.61.5)+(1.536.41.0)}=285kNm/m
ULSShear=1.1{(1.144.4)+(1.525.6)+(1.536.4)}=156kN/m

400thickcurtainwallwithB32@150c/c:
Mult=584kNm/m>285kNm/mOK
SLSMomentproducescrackwidthof0.14mm<0.25OK
svc=0.97N/mm2>v=0.48N/mm2ShearOK

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LastUpdated:14/12/16
Formoreinformation:

ContactDavidChilds

DavidChildsB.Sc,C.Eng,MICE

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