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Introduction :
Concrete Structures :
1-Buidings
2-Tanks
3-Bridges
4-Tunnels
5-Silos
6-Sheds & Halls
7-Towers
8-Airports
9-Dams
10-Retaining walls.
Building Types
Wall
Footing
Not less than 250 mm
a-Water
B-Entered Air
C-Water/Cement ratio
3-Aggregates
2- Source:
a- Natural aggregate: The natural sands and gravels are the product of
weathering and the action of running water, while the stone sands and
crushed stones are reduced from natural rock by crushing and screening
of quarried material.
3- Unit weight:
a- Normal weight aggregate: It is usually the natural aggregate for which
the unit weight is between (1500 to1800) kg/m3.
b- Lightweight aggregate: It can be artificial or natural.
The artificial lightweight aggregates are produced as both coarse and
fine materials. They have a lower density due to increase in porosity
which results in an overall lowering of the concrete strength ceiling.
Lightweight aggregates are not as dense as normal weight aggregates (
unit weight less than 1000 kg/m3) and because their elastic modulus is
lower, produce concrete with a lower elastic modulus and a higher
creep and shrinkage. Lightweight aggregates can be of natural sources
such as Pumic ( a volcanic rock).
They are chemicals that can be added to the concrete immediately before or during
mixing and significantly change its fresh, early age or hardened state to economic or
physical advantage.
Concrete Compressive Test.
. fcu
28
%5
.
.
150x150x 150 28
%5
.
Concrete tension Test
Concrete bending test
P unreinforced
concrete beam
fr
Tensile Test for steel reinforcement
.
.
.
.
Assignment (1)