Air Conditioning and Ventilation MEL522

Important

Bring protractor, scale, pencil and psychrometric chart while

coming to the next class.
 Sensible Heat Ratio or Sensible Heat factor (SHF)
SHF is defined as the ratio of sensible to total heat transfer rate

SHF = Qs/Qt = Qs / (Qs +Ql)

SHF of 1 corresponds to no latent heat transfer

SHF of 0 corresponds to no sensible heat transfer

SHF of 0.75 to 0.80 is quite common in air conditioning systems in a normal

dry-climate.

lower value of SHF, say 0.6, implies a high latent heat load such as that
occurs in a humid climate.

The slope of the process line O-C is given by:

tan C = W/T
 Sensible Heat Ratio or Sensible Heat factor (SHF)
1-SHF Ql mahfgW 2501W W
2451
SHF Qs mac pm T 1.0216T T

Fig. 1 Total heat process

 Apparatus dew point (adp), contact and bypass factors

For air to be cooled and dehumidified, it is necessary that it

mixes with a cool and dehumidified body like that of chilled water spray
or
comes in contact with a cool surface at a temperature lower than the
dew-point temperature of the air

In the latter case, of necessity, the entering air flowing across the coil would
have to have a gap to pass through, though that is undesirable from the heat
transfer point of view.

This results in allowing some of the air to pass through the coil without
contacting the coil surface.
Apparatus dew point (adp), contact and bypass factors

When Tdb = Twb then RH will be 100%

Fig. 2 Air flow across a single-row coil

 Apparatus dew point (adp), contact and bypass factors

Some of the air passes nearer the coils surface than the other parts of the flow
and thus is cooled to a greater degree.

The contact factor CF is defined as the fraction of air which is assumed to be

cooled to the surface temperature of the coil.

Bypass factor or BF is the fraction of the air that does not touch the coil and
consequently is not cooled at all.
 Coil bypass factor (BF)
The inability of the coil to heat or cool the air to its (coils) temperature is
indicated by a factor called Bypass Factor (BF).

BF = (TC TB) / (TC TO)

where TO = DBT of air entering the coil, TB = DBT of air leaving the coil
TC = mean effective temperature of coil
Temperature of
heating surface

h
O

C
The Bypass factor depends upon the following:
1. Number of rows of coil:
1. Lesser is the number of rows, the higher is the BF
2. Greater the number of rows, the lesser is the BF

Coils are available from 2 rows to as high as 12 rows.

2. Air velocity: For higher air velocity, BF is higher. The normal air velocity
range is above 160 m/min

Coil bypass factors are taken into account when selecting the cooling and de-
humidifying apparatus and for determining the required air quantity.

For a one-row coil with eight fins per inch, not more than 40% of the air will contact
the cooling coils.

Use of cooling coils of several rows in depth is the common practice in view of the
fact that a large percentage of air would leave the coil without contacting .

Four-row finned coils may contact around 80% of the air which passes through
them, six-row coils may contact upwards of 90% of air.
Apparatus dew point (adp), contact and bypass factors

Fig. 4 (a) Two-row and (b) Three-row cooling coils

 Apparatus dew point (adp)

Apparatus Dew Point temperature (TADP) or simply coil ADP is defined as

the average temperature of the coil surface.
It is specified by the point (Temperature, Ts) where the coil process line
intersects the saturated air line on the psychrometric chart.

Fig. 5 Cooling and dehumidification process

 In an ideal situation, when all the air comes in perfect contact with the
cooling coil surface, then the exit temperature of air will be same as ADP of
the coil.

However, in actual case the exit temperature of air will always be greater
than the apparatus dew-point temperature due to boundary layer
development as air flows over the cooling coil surface and also due to
temperature variation along the fins, etc.

The actual process path which was shown in Fig. 5 will vary depending
upon the type of cold surface, the surface temperature, and flow conditions.
For simplicity the process line is assumed to be a straight line.

For a given room design condition and SHF, there is only one coil
temperature, i.e., the TADP which will maintain the proper rates of
removal of sensible heats and latent heats.
Apparatus dew point (ADP) and its relationship with BF and SHF

The role and importance of ADP through different case studies:

1) ADP, SHF with BF = 0 and 100% recirculated air

2) ADP, SHF with BF 0 and 100% recirculated air

3) ADP, SHF with BF 0 and mixture of return air and outside air
 Case 1
ADP, SHF with BF = 0 and 100% recirculated air

Tla = TADP
 Case 2
ADP, SHF with BF 0 and 100% recirculated air
 Case 2
ADP, SHF with BF 0 and 100% recirculated air

Although the TADP will be the same as in the previous case, the temperature of
the air leaving the coil, Tla, i.e. off-coil temperature will be greater.

Since some of the air will not contact the cold surface.

BF = (Tla TADP)/(Tr TADP)

Tla can be expressed by the following equation:

Tla = Tr (1 BF)(Tr TADP)

and Tr - Tla = (1 BF)(Tr TADP)

 Case 3
ADP, SHF with BF 0 and mixture of return air and outside air
 Case 3

Point C represents the condition of the mixed air entering the coil.

CX is the entering air SHF line or coil process line.

X is the coil apparatus dew point or simply the coil ADP.

Significance of coil ADP: the coil surface temperature needs to be lowered

to take care of the additional load imposed by the outside (ventilation) warm
and humid air.

The ventilation air introduced increases the refrigeration load without

increasing the room load unless the coil BF is high.
 References
RAC C.P. Arora
RAC Stoecker and Jones
RAC R.C. Arora
RAC Ahmadul Ameen
RAC S.N.Sapali

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