Amplitude Modulation

Aim : To generate amplitude modulated wave (DSB-FC).

AppartatusRequired :

Theory :
Amplitude modulation is defined as the process in which the amplitude of the
carrier wave c(t) is varied linearly with the instantaneous amplitude of the
message signal m(t). Standard form is given by the following equation :
s ( t )= A [1+ Km ( t ) cos ( 2 ft ) ]

Where K = amplitude sensitivity of modulator

f = frequency of carrier
This circuit is used widely in almost all commercial AM Radio Receivers.

In amplitude modulation, the amplitude (signal strength) of the carrier wave is

varied in proportion to the waveform being transmitted. That waveform may, for
instance, correspond to the sounds to be reproduced by a loudspeaker, or the
light intensity of television pixels. This technique contrasts with frequency
modulation, in which the frequency of the carrier signal is varied, and phase
modulation, in which its phase is varied.

AM was the earliest modulation method used to transmit voice by radio. It was
developed during the first two decades of the 20th century beginning with
Roberto Landell De Moura and Reginald Fessenden's radiotelephone experiments
in 1900.

Circuit Diagram :
Precautions :
1. Check the connections before giving the power supply.
2. Note down the observations carefully.

Waveforms :

Top wave : Carrier signal

Middle wave : Message signal
Bottom wave : Modulated signal

Modulated signal (amplified)

Result :
Amplitude Modulation has been studied and the waveforms have been observed.

MATLAB Code:

t=linspace(0,10000,1000000);
fm = 1000;
x=2*cos(2*pi*fm*t);
figure
subplot(3,1,1);
p1 = plot(t,x);
set(p1, 'LineWidth', 2, 'Color', 'red', 'LineStyle', '-')
xlabel('time')
ylabel('message signal m(t)')
legend('m(t)')
car = sin(2*pi*10000*t);
subplot(3,1,2);
p2 = plot(t,car);
set(p2, 'LineWidth', 2, 'Color', 'green', 'LineStyle', '-')
oneVec = ones(1,1000000);
modu = car .* (oneVec + 0.5*x);
subplot(3,1,3);
p3 = plot(t,modu);
set(p2, 'LineWidth', 2, 'Color', 'blue', 'LineStyle', '-');
drawnow
figure
plot(t,x,t,car,t,modu);
drawnow
Output Waveforms :

Amplitude of message signal = 2

Time period = 1 second(1000ms)