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Chapter 4
Chapter 4
4.1 (a) The millimole is an amount of a chemical species, such as an atom, an ion, a molecule
(b) The molar mass is the mass in grams of one mole of a chemical species.
(c) The millimolar mass is the mass in grams of one millimole of a chemical species.
(d) Parts per million, cppm, is a term expressing the concentration of very dilute solutions.
Thus,
mass of solute
10 6 ppm
cppm mass of solution
The units of mass in the numerator and the denominator must be the same.
4.2 The species molarity of a solution expresses the equilibrium concentration of a chemical
species in terms of moles per liter. The analytical molarity of a solution gives the total
number of moles of a solute in one liter. The species molarity takes into account
chemical reactions that occur in solution. The analytical molarity specifies how the
solution was prepared, but does not account for any subsequent reactions.
3
1000 mL 1 cm 3 m
4.3 1L 10 3 m 3
1L mL 100 cm
1 mole L 1 mole
1M 3
L 10 m 3 10 3 m 3
Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed. Chapter 4
kHz
(a) 3.2 10 Hz
5
4.4 320 kHz
1000 Hz
10 9 ng
(b) 4.56 10 8 g 45.6 ng
g
mmol
(c) 8.43 10 mol
5
843 mmol
10 3 mol
Ms
(d) 6.5 10 s
6
6.5 Ms
10 6 s
m
(e) 8.96 10 nm 89.6 m
4
10 3 nm
kg
(f) 72,000g 1000g 72 kg
3 mol K 6.02 10 23 K
4.6 6.76 mol K 3 PO 4 1.22 10 25 K
mol K 3 PO 4 mol K
mol B2 O 3
4.7 (a) 4.96 g B2 O 3 0.0712 mol B2 O 3
69.62 g B2 O 3
(b)
g mol Na 2 B4 O 7 10H 2 O
333 mg Na 2 B4 O 7 10 H 2 O
1000 mg 381.37g
8.73 10 4 mol Na 2 B4 O 7 10H 2 O
Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed. Chapter 4
mol Mn 3O 4
(c) 8.75 g Mn 3O 4 0.0382 mol Mn 3O 4
228.81 g Mn 3O 4
g mol CaC 2 O 4
(d) 167.2 mg CaC 2 O 4 1.31 10 3 mol CaC 2 O 4
1000 mg 128.10 g CaC 2 O 4
(d)
4.9 (a)
(b)
Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed. Chapter 4
(c)
4.10 (a)
(b)
(c)
Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed. Chapter 4
(d)
80.04 g NH 4 NO 3 1000 mg
(c) 22.5 mol NH 4 NO 3 1.80 10 6 mg NH 4 NO 3
mol NH 4 NO 3 g
(d)
119 .0 g KBr
4.12 (a) 7.1 mol KBr mol KBr
840 g KBr
120.37 g MgSO 4
(c) 3.76 mol MgSO 4 452 g MgSO 4
mol MgSO 4
(d)
4.13 (a)
(b)
(c)
4.96 mg Pb( NO 3 ) 2 L
4.96 ppm Pb( NO 3 ) 2 656 mL 3.25 mg Pb( NO 3 ) 2
L 1000 mL
Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed. Chapter 4
(d)
4.14 (a)
(b)
21.7 mg SnCl 2 g
(c) 21.7 ppm SnCl 2 3.50 L 0.0760 g SnCl 2
L 1000 mg
(d)
4.15 (a)
(b)
pBa log(7.65 10 3 M )
log(7.65) log(10 3 )
0.884 ( 3) 2.116
(c)
pH log(0.600 M ) log(6.00 10 1 M )
log(6.00) log(10 1 )
0.778 ( 1) 0.222
Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed. Chapter 4
(d)
pCu log(4.78 10 2 M )
log(4.78) log(10 2 )
0.679 ( 2) 1.320
(e)
pOH log(4.12 10 7 M )
log(4.12) log(10 7 )
0.615 ( 7) 6.385
pFe(CN ) 6 log(2.62 10 7 M )
log(2.62) log(10 7 )
0.418 ( 7) 6.582
(f)
pH log(6.75 10 4 M )
log(6.75) log(10 4 )
0.829 ( 4) 3.171
pBa log(3.35 10 4 M )
log(3.35) log(10 4 )
0.525 ( 4) 3.475
5
4.16 (a) [ H 3O ] antilog(0.240) antilog( 5) 1.7 10 M
as in part (a)
5
(b) [ H 3O ] 2.6 10 M
(c) [ H 3O ] 0.30 M
14
(d) [ H 3O ] 2.4 10 M
Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed. Chapter 4
8
(e) [ H 3O ] 4.8 10 M
6
(f) [ H 3O ] 1.7 10 M
(g) [ H 3O ] 2.04 M
(h) [ H 3O ] 3.3M
4.17 (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
10
4.18 (a) [ H 3O ] antilog(0.33) antilog( 10) 2.14 10 M
as in part (a),
(c) [ Br ] 0.92 M
8
(f) [ NO 3 ] 1.7 10 M
(g) [ Mn 2 ] 0.99 M
4.19 (a)
3
2 1 1.02 g 1000 mL mol SO 4 2
270 ppm SO 4 6
2.87 10 3 M SO 4
10 ppm mL L 96.06 g
Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed. Chapter 4
(b)
4.20 (a)
18 mg K 1000 mL g mol K
4.6 10 3 M K
100 mL L 1000 mg 39.10 g
(b)
= 0.0133(1) = 0.987
4.21 (a)
(b)
Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed. Chapter 4
mol Mg 2
0.01037 M KCl MgCl 2 6 H 2 O 0.01037 M Mg 2
mol KCl MgCl 2 6 H 2 O
3 mol Cl
(c) 0.01037 M KCl MgCl 2 6H 2 O 0.0311 M Cl
mol KCl MgCl 2 6 H 2 O
(e)
(f)
4.22 (a)
3 3 mol K
(b) 4.74 10 M K 3 Fe(CN ) 6 0.0142 M K
mol K 3 Fe( CN ) 6
3
3 mol Fe(CN ) 6 3
(c) 4.74 10 M K 3 Fe(CN ) 6 4.74 10 3 M Fe(CN ) 6
mol K 3 Fe(CN ) 6
1210mgK 3 Fe(CN ) 6 g
(d) 100% 0.156% (w/v)
775mL 1000mg
(e)
Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed. Chapter 4
(f)
3
3 4.74 10 3 mol K 3 Fe(CN) 6 mol Fe(CN) 6
4.74 10 M K 3 Fe(CN) 6
L mol K 3 Fe(CN) 6
3
211.95 g Fe(CN) 6 1000 mg 1000 mg 3 3
3
Fe(CN) 6 1.00 103 ppm Fe(CN) 6
mol Fe(CN) 6 g L
(h)
3
pFe(CN ) 6 log(4.74 10 3 M ) log(4.74) log(10 3 ) 0.676 ( 3) 2.324
4.23 (a)
(b)
0.281 mol Fe( NO 3 ) 3 3 mol NO 3
0.281 M Fe( NO 3 ) 3 0.844 M NO 3
L mol Fe( NO 3 ) 3
(c)
4.24 (a)
4.25 (a)
4.75 g C 2 H 5OH 1
4.75% ( w / v ) C 2 H 5OH 500 mL soln 23.8 g C 2 H 5OH
mL soln 100
Weigh 23.8 g ethanol and add enough water to give a final volume of 500 mL.
(b)
4.75 g C 2 H 5OH 1
4.75% ( w / w ) C 2 H 5 OH 500 g soln 23.8 g C 2 H 5 OH
g soln 100
500 g soln 23.8 g C 2 H 5 OH x g water
x g water 500 g soln 23.8 g C 2 H 5 OH 476.2 g water
(c)
4.75 mL C 2 H 5OH 1
4.75% ( v / v ) C 2 H 5OH 500 mL soln 23.8 mL C 2 H 5OH
mL soln 100
Dilute 23.8 mL ethanol with enough water to give a final volume of 500 mL.
Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed. Chapter 4
4.26 (a)
21.0 g C 3 H 8 O 3 1 1000 mL
21.0% ( w / v ) C 3 H 8 O 3 2.50 L soln 525 g C 3 H 8 O 3
mL soln 100 L
Weigh 525 g glycerol and add enough water to give a final volume of 2.50 L.
(b)
21.0 g C 3 H 8 O 3 1 1000 g
21.0% ( w / w ) C 3 H 8 O 3 2.50 kg soln 525 g C 3 H 8 O 3
g soln 100 kg
2.50 kg soln 0.525 kg C 3 H 8 O 3 x kg water
x kg water 2.50 kg soln 0.525 kg C 3 H 8 O 3 1.98 kg water
(c)
21.0 mL C 3 H 8 O 3 1 1000 mL
21.0% ( v / v ) C 3 H 8 O 3 2.50 L soln 525 mL C 3 H 8 O 3
mL soln 100 L
Dilute 525 mL glycerol with enough water to give a final volume of 2.50 L.
Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed. Chapter 4
4.27
6.00 mol H 3 PO 4 L
6.00 M H 3 PO 4 750 mL 4.50 mol H 3 PO 4
L 1000 mL
86 g H 3 PO 4 1 1.71 g reagent g water 1000 mL mol H 3 PO 4
86% ( w / w ) H 3 PO 4
g reagent 100 g water mL L 98.0 g
15.0 mol H 3 PO 4
L
L
volume 86% ( w / w ) H 3 PO 4 required 4.50 mol H 3 PO 4 0.300 L
15.0 mol H 3 PO 4
4.28
4.29 (a)
Dissolve 6.37 g AgNO3 in enough water to give a final volume of 500 mL.
(b)
Take 47.5 mL of the 6.00 M HCl and dilute to 1.00 L using water.
(c)
0.0810 mol K L
0.0810 M K 400 mL 3.24 10 2 mol K
L 1000 mL
mol K 4 Fe(CN ) 6 368.43 g K 4 Fe(CN ) 6
3.24 10 2 mol K 2.98 g K 4 Fe(CN ) 6
4 mol K mol
Dissolve 2.98 g K4Fe(CN)6 in enough water to give a final volume of 400 mL.
(d)
Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed. Chapter 4
3.00 g BaCl 2 1
3.00% ( w / v ) BaCl 2 600 mL 18.0 g BaCl 2
mL soln 100
mol BaCl 2 L
18.0 g BaCl 2 0.216 L
208.23 g 0.400 mol BaCl 2
Take 216 mL of the 0.400 M BaCl2 solution and dilute to 600 mL using water.
(e)
Take 20.3 mL of the concentrated reagent and dilute to a final volume of 2.00 L using
water.
(f)
Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed. Chapter 4
60 mg Na
60 ppm Na 9.00 L 540 mg Na
L soln
g mol Na
540 mg Na 0.02348 mol Na
1000 mg 22.99 g
mol Na 2SO 4 142.04 g Na 2SO 4
0.02348 mol Na 1.67 g Na 2SO 4
2 mol Na mol
4.30 (a)
(b)
Take 125 mL of the 8.00 M reagent and dilute a final of volume of 4.00 L using water.
(c)
0.0250 mol I L
0.0250 M I 400 mL 0.0100 mol I
L 1000 mL
mol MgI 2 278.11 g MgI 2
1.00 10 2 mol I 1.39 g MgI 2
2 mol I mol
Dissolve 1.39 g MgI2 in enough water to give a final volume of 400 mL.
(d)
Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed. Chapter 4
1.00 g CuSO 4 1
1.00% ( w / v ) CuSO 4 200 mL 2.00 g CuSO 4
mL soln 100
mol CuSO 4 L
2.00 g CuSO 4 0.0343 L
159.60 g 0.365 mol CuSO 4
Take 34.3 mL of the 0.365 M CuSO4 and dilute to a final volume of 200 mL using water.
(e)
Take 16.9 mL of the concentrated reagent and dilute to a final volume of 1.50 L using
water.
(f)
Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed. Chapter 4
12 mg K
12.0 ppm K 1.50 L 1.8 101 mg K
L soln
g mol K
1.8 101 mg K 4.60 10 4 mol K
1000 mg 39.10 g
mol K 4 Fe(CN ) 6 368.35 g K 4 Fe(CN ) 6
4.60 10 4 mol K 0.0424 g K 4 Fe(CN ) 6
4 mol K mol
4.31
0.250 mol La 3 L
0.250 M La 3 50.0 mL 1.25 10 2 mol La 3
L 1000 mL
0.302 mol IO 3 L
0.302 M IO 3 75.0 mL 2.27 10 2 mol IO 3
L 1000 mL
Because each mole of La(IO3)3 requires three moles IO3-, IO3- becomes the limiting
reagent. Thus,
mol La ( IO 3 ) 3 663.6 g La ( IO 3 ) 3
2.27 10 2 mol IO 3
5.01 g La ( IO 3 ) 3 formed
3 mol IO 3 mol
4.32
0.125 mol Pb 2 L
0.125 M Pb 2 200 mL 2.50 10 2 mol Pb 2
L 1000 mL
0.175 mol Cl L
0.175 M Cl 400 mL 7.00 10 2 mol Cl
L 1000 mL
Because each mole of PbCl2 requires two moles Cl-, Pb2+ becomes the limiting reagent.
Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed. Chapter 4
Thus,
Na 2 CO 3 2 HCl 2 NaCl H 2 O CO 2 ( g )
(a)
mol Na 2 CO 3
0.2220 g Na 2 CO 3 2.094 10 3 mol Na 2 CO 3
105.99 g
0.0731 mol HCl L
0.0731 M HCl 100.0 mL 7.31 10 3 mol HCl
L 1000 mL
Because one mole of CO2 is evolved for every mole Na2CO3 reacted, Na2CO3 is the
mol CO 2 44.01 g CO 2
2.094 10 3 mol Na 2 CO 3 0.09218 g CO 2 evolved
mol Na 2 CO 3 mol
(b)
Na 3 PO 4 3HgNO 3 3NaNO 3 Hg 3 PO 4
(a)
Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed. Chapter 4
0.3757 mol Na 3 PO 4 L
0.3757 M Na 3 PO 4 25.0 mL 9.39 10 3 mol Na 2 PO 4
L 1000 mL
0.5151 mol HgNO 3 L
0.5151 M HgNO 3 100.0 mL 0.05151 mol HgNO 3
L 1000 mL
mol Hg 3 PO 4 696.74 g Hg 3 PO 4
9.39 10 3 mol Na 2 PO 4 6.54 g Hg 3 PO 4 formed
mol Na 3 PO 4 mol
(b)
mol HgNO 3 unreacted 5.151 10 2 mol (3 (9.39 10 3 mol)) 0.0233 mol HgNO 3
0.0233 mol HgNO 3 1000 mL
0.187 M HgNO 3
125.0 mL L
(a)
Because one mole SO2 is evolved per mole Na2SO3, Na2SO3 is the limiting reagent. Thus,
mol SO 2 64.06 g SO 2
0.02349 mol Na 2SO 3 1.505 g SO 2 evolved
mol Na 2SO 3 moL
Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed. Chapter 4
(b)
mol HClO 4 unreacted (0.06038 mol - 2 (0.02349 mol)) 0.01340 mol HClO 4
0.01340 mol HClO 4 1000 mL
0.0595 M HClO 4
225.0 mL L
MgCl 2 Na 2 PO 4 NH 4 MgNH 4 PO 4 ( s ) 2 Na 2Cl
0.1753 mol Na 2 PO 4 L
0.1753 M Na 2 PO 4 40.0 mL 7.01 10 3 mol Na 2 PO 4
L 1000 mL
137.35 g MgNH 4 PO 4
mass MgNH 4 PO 4 ppt 7.01 10 3 0.9628 g MgNH 4 PO 4
mol
mol MgCl 2 unreacted (0.02101 7.01 10 3 ) 0.0140 mol MgCl 2
0.0140 mol MgCl 2 1000 mL
0.0583 M MgCl 2
240.0 mL L
AgNO 3 KI AgI( s ) K NO 3
Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 8th ed. Chapter 4
1 g mol KI
24.31 ppt KI 3
200.0 mL 0.02930 mol KI
10 ppt mL 166.0 g
mol AgNO 3 L 1000 mL
0.02930 mol KI 2930 mL AgNO 3
mol KI 0.0100 mol AgNO 3 L
3Ba ( NO 3 ) 2 Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 3BaSO 4 2Al 3 6 NO 3
(a)
1 g mol Ba ( NO 3 ) 2
480.4 ppm Ba ( NO 3 ) 2 6
750.0 mL
10 ppm mL 261.34 g
1.38 10 3 mol Ba ( NO 3 ) 2
0.03090 mol Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 L
0.03090 M Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 200.0 mL
L 1000 mL
6.18 10 3 mol Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3
(b)