Experiment 6: Heat Effects

Laboratory Report

Angelo G. Tolentino, Eloisa Francesca T. Umali, Janine Pearl G. Villaflor, Kim Nicole M. Yap
Department of Biology
College of Science, University of Santo Tomas
Espana, Manila Philippines

Abstract the coefficient of linear thermal expansion

of a solid.
This report shows how to determine
specific heat of the object (aluminum), heat 2. Theory
of fusion of ice and the thermal expansion of
solid (rod). The equilibrium temperature Second law of thermodynamics:
was carefully observed to obtain Energy will disperse from a concentrated
approximately correct reading. Recording form to a dilute form if it is not hindered
the equilibrium temperatures plays a great from doing so. [1]
role in calculation of the specific heat and Q=cmT
latent heat because this data is very fast to
occur and improper reading may lead to big
where,
percent errors. Errors are kept within 6% -
7% range. Q = heat
m = mass
1. Introduction
c = specific heat
Heat is the transfer of energy from a T = change in temperature
hot material to a cold material. Specific heat
is the amount needed by heat per unit mass
to raise a temperature by 1 degree Celsius. Q=mL
Latent heat is the energy that can be linked
to a phase change of a substance. Thermal where,
expansion is a characteristic of an object to
increase in volume with respect to change in Q = heat
temperature. m = mass
L= specific latent heat
The objectives of the experiment is
to determine the specific heat of a solid by
method of mixtures, the latent heat of fusion
L=L T
and latent heat of vaporization of water and

where,

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 L = increase in length
L = initial length
= coefficient of linear expansion
T = change in temperature
3. Methodology
Activity 1: Specific Heat of Metal
A metal object, whose specific heat has to be
determined, was weighed. The metal object
was attach to a 30cm thread and was slipped
into the metal jacket. The metal jacket was
placed into a beaker of water then the water
was heated until the temperature of the
object is 80C. While heating the water, the
inner vessel of the calorimeter was weighed.
Water was placed into the vessel until it is
2/3 full; the inner vessel with water was
weighed. The inner vessel was placed in its
insulating jacket and the temperature was
measured. Once the object has been heated
to 80C, the object was transferred quickly
to the calorimeter. The calorimeter was
covered. A thermometer was inserted
through the cover and stirred the water. The
equilibrium temperature was recorded. The
specific heat of the object using Energy
Conservation was computed. The % error
was computed.
Activity 2: Heat of Fusion of Water
The inner vessel of the calorimeter was
weighed. The calorimeter was filled with
half full of water and was weighed. The
inner vessel was placed into its insulating
jacket. The initial temperature of water
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inside the calorimeter was recorded. A piece
of ice was dried and was added to the water
inside the calorimeter and was covered. The
mixture of water and ice was stirred until the
ice has melted and the thermal equilibrium
has been established. The equilibrium
temperature was recorded. The inner vessel
with water and melted ice was weighed. The
heat of fusion of ice by Conservation of
Heat energy was computed. The % Error
was computed.
Activity 3: Thermal Expansion of Solids
The initial length of the rod to be
tested was measured. A boiler was
connected to the first outlet by means of a
rubber tubing. A thermometer was inserted
through the central hole of the jacket and the
initial temperature was measured. The metal
frame was connected to the galvanometer.
The micrometer screw was moved that it
just touched the end of the rod. The initial
reading of the micrometer disc was
recorded. The disc was unwinding so that
the rod can freely expand. The rod was
heated for twenty minutes by means of
steam coming from the boiler. The final
temperature of the rod was recorded. The
disc was moved again until it touched the
rod. The final reading of the disc was
recorded. The expansion of the rod was
determined by subtracting the two readings
of the disc. The coefficient of linear thermal
expansion of the rod was computed. The
accepted value of the coefficient of linear
thermal expansion was obtained. % Error
was computed.
 Figure 3 Thermal Expansion Setup

Figure 1 Calorimeter Setup

4. Results and Discussion

Tables 1, 2 and 3 show the measured mass

of objects and temperatures; and the
calculated specific heat, latent heat and
thermal expansion for activities 1, 2 and 3
respectively. % error was also tabulated.

Activity 1 Specific Heat of Metal

Table 1 Results for Specific Heat of Metal

Mass of sample 16.63g

Mass of inner vessel
44.61g
of calorimeter
Mass of inner vessel
of calorimeter with 158.52g
water
Mass of water inside
inner vessel of 113.91g
calorimeter
Initial temperature of
Figure 2 Heating of the metal at 90 water and inner 24C
vessel of calorimeter
Temperature of
90C
sample
Equilibrium 26C
temperature of
sample, water, and

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inner vessel of heat is 0.9723J/gC yielding 6.85% error.
calorimeter Errors may be due to a slight difference in
Calculated specific reading of the temperature from its true
0.9723J/gC
heat of sample value.
Accepted value of
0.910J/gC Activity 2 Heat Fusion of Water
specific heat
% error 6.85%
Table 2 Results for Heat Fusion of Water

Mass of inner vessel

This activity uses one equation presented 44.61g
of calorimeter
below.
Mass of inner vessel
[mw C w T w + mcal C cal T cal ] of calorimeter with 158.32g
C s= water
ms T s
Mass of water inside
inner vessel of 113.71g
Knowing the values for each part of the calorimeter
equation, direct substitution was done Mass of inner vessel
of calorimeter, water 177.74g
4.186 J
113.91 gw C ( 2624 ) w and melted ice
g w
Mass of melted ice 19.42g
[+ 44.61 g cal 0.910 J / g C cal (2624) cal ]
C s= Initial temperature of
16.63 g s (2690) s water and inner 26C
vessel of calorimeter
C s=0.9723 J / g C Equilibrium
temperature of inner
T ow=T ocal vessel of 12C
Remember that calorimeter, water
and melted ice
The metal that is used in this activity Calculated latent
is aluminum. Specific heat is the amount 322.18J/g
heat of fusion
needed by heat per unit mass to raise Accepted value of
344J/g
temperature by a degree. Metals were latent heat of fusion
known to have low specific heat. Aluminum % error 3.54J/g
as a metal has low specific heat which
means it can absorb energy easily. The flow
m w C w T w +mcal C cal T cal
of energy is from the sample to the water
[ +m M .i . C w T M .i . ]
and calorimeter. Increase in temperature of Lf =
mI
water and calorimeter and decrease in
temperature of the sample is used as basis in
calculating the specific heat of aluminum. Same with specific heat, direct substitution
Specific heat of the aluminum is known to was done.
be 0.910J/gC and the calculated specific

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 4.186 J
113.71 gw C (coefficient
1226 ) w of
g w thermal expansion
% error 6.96%
[+ 44.61 gcal 0.910 J / g C cal ( 1226) cal +19.42 gm .i . 4.186 J /g C w (120) m .i . ]
Lf =
19.42 g I
L
=
L o T
Lf =322.1775 J /g

4
7.4 10
mI =mass of ice =
Remember that and 0.517 m 67
mM .i . =mass of melted ice
5
=2.14 10
The substance that is used in this
activity is dry ice. Latent heat is the energy Thermal expansion presented in the
that is linked to a phase change. This is also experiment is mainly linear expansion.
the heat amount needed to convert solid
Errors may be due to in incorrect
phase of ice to its liquid phase without
reading of the micrometer disc or the length
changing the systems temperature. Latent
of the rod using meter stick.
hear of fusion of ice is known to be 344J/g
and the calculated latent heat of fusion is 5. Conclusion
322.18J/g yielding 6.34% error. Errors may
be due to not drying the ice completely or as In the experiment the determination
temperature was not read correctly. of specific heat of aluminum, the latent heat
of fusion of water and the thermal expansion
Activity 3 Thermal Expansion of Solids of solids was done. The computed values
Table 3 Results for Thermal Expansion of Solids
are: 0.9723J/gC for specific heat, 322.18J/g
for latent heat of fusion and the coefficient
Initial length of rod 0.517m for linear expansion as 2.14x10-5/C.
Initial reading of
1.53x10-3 6. Application
micrometer disc
Final reading of
2.27x10-3 1. Is it possible to add heat to a body
micrometer disc
without changing a temperature?
Elongation of rod 7.4x10-4
Initial temperature of Yes because most substances can
23C
rod exist in three statessolid, liquid, and
Final temperature of gas. The change of state or phase
90C
rod changes usually involve a transfer of
Experimental value heat energy. During a phase change, the
of coefficient of 2.14x10-5/C substance can absorb heat energy
thermal expansion without changing its temperature until
Accepted value of 2.3x10-5/C the phase change is complete. Because

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 this additional heat does not cause a
change in temperature, it is called latent
heat.
2. Explain why steam burns are more
painful than boiling water burns.
5. Cite instances where thermal expansion
Because change of phases requires a
lot more energy than a temperature
change. When steam (water in the gas
phase) hits your skin, a lot of energy will
be released as it condenses into a liquid,
undergoing a phase change. This energy
release causes a much worse burn than if
the same amount of boiling water were
to hit your skin where it would decrease
in temperature (to your skins
temperature) but would not have to go
through a phase change.
3. Early in the morning when the sand in
the beach is already hot, the water is still
cold. But at night, the sand is cold while
the water is still warm. Why?
Sand has the property of getting an
environmental temperature very quickly.
That is why it is warm in the morning
and cold at night.
4. Explain why alcohol rub is effective in
reducing fever.
6. Why is water not used in liquid in glass
As the alcohol evaporates (or any
liquid in fact, but alcohol evaporates
easily, so it feels more cold than say,
water), it goes from a liquid to a gas.
The evaporation process takes energy,
and that energy goes into breaking apart
the liquid alcohol molecules to make
isolated alcohol molecules in the gas
phase. If it's on your skin, it takes energy
from you skin, in the form of heat. If
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something removes heat from your skin,
that feels cold to you. Evaporation is a
process that requires a lot of energy, so it
can feel quite cold in your skin
absorbing heat when you have a fever.
is beneficial to man. Cite also instances
where thermal expansion is a nuisance.
Advantages
1).Fuel used is cheaper.
2).Smaller space is required to hydro
power plant.
3).Economical in initial cost compared
to hydro plants.
4).Thermal plants can be placed near
load centres unlike hydro and nuclear
plants.
5).plants can withstand for certain
extent.
Disadvantages
1).requires higher maintenance and
operational costs.
2).pollution of atmosphere.
3).huge requirement of water.
4).Handling of coal and disposal of ash
is quite difficult.
5).Efficiency of thermal plant is less (30-
35%).
thermometer?
Water has a no linear thermal
expansion (Its thermal expansion
coefficient at 20C is not the same as at
90C). Also, at atmospheric pressure,
water is only liquidous over a narrow
temperature range of 100C which limits
its usefulness. Further it has massive
problems at phase transitions- for
 instance when it turns to a gas it
consumes a lot of energy (latent heat). A
thermometer should have a nice linear
response to a rise in temperature.
Mercury is a better choice since it
doesnt have any phase transitions in the
temperature experience in most everyday
situations
7. The density of aluminum s 2700 kg/m 3
at20C. What is its density at 100C?
Linear thermal expansion coefficient of
Aluminum: 24x10-6 /K Formula to be
used: L/L = T, is linear thermal
expansion coefficient.
Take a cube 1 meter on a side, which at
20C weighs 2700 kg.
What does the length change to at 100 ?
L/L = T L = L T = (1)(24x10-6)
(80) = 0.00192 meter
so the new cube is 1.00192 m on a side
and the volume is that cubed or 1.00577
m
Density is 2700 kg / 1.00577 m = 2685
kg/m The density of aluminum at 100
C is 2685 kg/m or 2.69 g/cm
8. How much heat is needed to change 1 g
of ice at 0C to stem at 100C?
First compute for the amount of heat
needed to turn ice into water by
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multiplying its mass by the latent heat
needed to melt ice into liquid (80 cal/g
0C). The sum will be 720 cal.
9. An aluminum calorimeter has a mass of
150g and contains 250g of water at
30C. Find the resulting temperature
when 60g of copper at 100C is placed
inside the calorimeter.
Mass of Calorimeter
Mass of Water
Mass of Calorimeter and Water
Mass of Copper
Mass of Calorimeter, water, and copper
Initial Temperature of water in the Calorimter
6. References
[1] Second Law of Thermodynamics,
Retrieved on Nov 2, 2015, Retrieved from
http://ceaccp.oxfordjournals.org/content/8/3/
104.full.pdf
[2] Definition of Thermal Expansion,
Retrieved on Nov 7, 2015, Retrieved from
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/
thermo/thexp.html#c3
[3] Definition of Latent heat of Fusion,
Retrieved on Nov 7, 2015, Retrieved from
http://study.com/academy/lesson/latent-heat-
definition-formula-examples.html