Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
IN THE
PROVINCIAL MUSEUM
LUCKNOW
r
BY
C. J.
BROWN
PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH, CANNING COLLEGE, LUCKNOW
VOL. I
OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1920
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
LONDON * EDINBUKGH GLASGOW NEW YOKK
TOEONTO MELBOUEXE CAPE TOWN BOMBAY
HUMPHREY MIL FORD
PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY
5126^75
CONTEXTS OF VOLUME I
NUMEEICAL SUMMARY xv
LrST OF PEESIAN COUPLETS USED ON MT'GHAL COINS . 17
....
.
but it seemed to me
would be premature before
that this
numismatists have agreed upon what constitutes a type.
An attempt has, however, been made to furnish data as tar
as possible towards this end by marking alterations in style
and ornament perhaps more minutely than has been done
hitherto. The determination of what constitutes a type, and
the determination of the different t3q3es of the several
emperors, is, as Mr. E. Burn has pointed most neces-
out, a
sary preliminary to the compilation of a corpus. But the
determination mint marks and
of ornaments, and the
allotting of fixed numbers to these, as well as to the couplets,
are equall^'^ necessar}^ and in all these directions I trust that
;
1 The collection in Uie Nagpur Museum has been derived in the same way, but
as no printed Catalogue exists it is impossible to determine how it compares with
other collections.
PREFACE vii
came also the muhr of Bedar Baklit (5300) and one of the
rupees of Bahadur Shfdi.
In 1899 Mr. Burn undertook to arrange and catalogue
the Mughal coins with a view to publication. A large
number and catalogued by him, but
of coins were arranged
as the coins increased and his official duties became more
onerous he was reluctantly compelled to abandon the idea,
and the task in 1914 devolved upon me.
The total number of coins included in this Catalogue is
5,802
224 gold, 4,895 silver, and 683 copper. The silver
alone exceed the total number of coins (3,283) in the Lahore
Mughal collection, but a large number are duplicates. Out of
the 206 known mints 182 are represented here. Except for
the pretenders Dawar Bakhsh and *Azimu-sh-Shan, all the
Mughal emperors are represented. The collection is very
weak in rare gold coins it possesses but three of Jahanglr's
:
> For this find see J.A.S.B., Num. Suppl. XI, p. 323, an article by Col. Vest.
PREFACE ix
'
J.A S.B. N. S. ,
vol. VIII 1912 , No. 11, U, p. 425.
* XI and XXII refer to articles in those numbers of the Numismatic Supplement.
J. A. S.B.
X PREFACE
addition have constantly consulted them on numerous
I
points. Dr. Geo. P. Taylor, of Ahmadfibad, very generously
put at my disposal a manuscript list of Persian couplets
which he had prepared, and thereby considerably curtailed
my labour.
I cannot conclude without mentioning the work of
Lt.-Col. W. Vest, Messrs. W. E. M. Campbell, I.C.S., and
H. Nevill, I.C.S., who have acted as secretaries to the
Luck now Coin Committee their reports on coins derived
:
C. J. BROWN.
LuCKNOw, March, 1920.
xu
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
A. D. .
Xlll
THE LIST OF
MUGHAL EMPEROES OF INDIA
A.H.
I. Baljur, Zahliii-d-dln .
IX. Farrukhsiyar
X. Rafi'u-d-darjat .
Bedar Bakbt .
-^1
XV
AKBAR
Agia.
''^^^ ^*^' i ^
;jO jy'^
j'c* b u^j
The sun of the stamp of Shah Akbar is the glory of this gold
Whilst earth and sky are illuminated by the shining sun,
A^. 49 Azar (B. M, No. 169). Dl (P. M. No. 136), Isfandrumuz (P. M.
No. 137 and B. M.).
50 Khurdad (B. M. No. 174). Amardad (79).
The '
dluiir-i-jalall ' won felicity
Ilahabad.
jU sL 5**
(4) oL)
J j^ y. ^...a
Like the gold of the sun and moon, may ever be current
In the world's east and west, the coin of Ilaliabad.
M. 45-49 E. (307-316).
18 PERSIAN COUPLETS
Eandhu.
Bangala.
JAHANGlR
General Application.
Made the face of money to shine with the hues of the sun and moon
Shah Nuru-d-din Jahanglr, son of Akbar Badsbah.
N.Agra (B.M. No. 290). Dehll (P.M. No. 911). Labor (1196).
JR.Akbarnagar (P. M. No. 950). Agra (1305). Jalnapur (1482). Dehll
Qandahar (1547). Kashmir (1602). Labor (1630).
On Qandahar and Kashmir coins this couplet appears in the years 1019-
1021: 7r. On the rest of the mints from 1015: 1E.-1017: 3 R. The
Jalnapur coin is dateless. Coins of the Labor mint are both square and
round. For silver coins of Dehli, see 1. 31. C, p. xlii (Introduction).
Ajmer.
Except for the mint name identical with the Kashmir couplet, No. 41.
PERSIAN COUPLETS 19
Reverse
(10 a) The couplet on the reverse of No. 10 appears alone on A'. 1023 :
^ ^^ r- ^J-
ijeverse
jV^^ St. oxi ^j Jjl j^^ J J
Ahmadabad.
In the name Sallm.
By the Abjad system of i-eckoning the letters of^^J^^sj and^l 4)1 both
^
make up 288. For the origin of this cf. 3Iemoirs of Jahanglr, Rogers and Beveridgtv
vol. i, p. 253.
B 2
20 PERSIAN COUPLETS
(13) ^jljj^ jb i.i.-^^A j^jl ^^^ vl*Y}
^j
(15 a)
^V. Aquarius 10 1 (B. M. No. 357) with ei;liU=^ for u:;bU jl.
AL 1022-1027 (1228).
A hniadraiii gar."
(18) JJ o-:..J
jb !kSw ^_\ Jkj\j)^^\ j:>
Urdu.
jU
(19) J ji^ :>^, lolJ ^JlJ^ jl)
(20) ji,
J
js?- sUl (^u i\j j:i ^:)^ jj siL-
Struck coin in the camjJ on the road to the Dakkan, the king of sea and land.
The Emperor of the Age, Shah Jahanglr, son of Shah Akbar.
M. 1025: 11 (1280).
Akbarnagar.
M. 1019 (1281).
Agra.
(22) xl:j
kS^ ^J^"^ > J^C^ J^ ^j '^'
Struck coin in the city of Agra, the Chosroes, the refuge of the world,
Shah Nuru-d-dln Jahanglr, son of Akbar Badshah.
With the exception of the mint name this is the same as the Krdnil
(26) j)
ji, :>j '^/^ j^ \ "^ e^J >,^^-' ^-i
*
C / '[- Keverse
(29) Zodiacal.
Ilahabad.
For ever may the light of the gold and" coin of Ilahabad
Abide from the name of Shah Jahanglr, Shah Akbar['s son].
jR. 1033: 19-1037: 22(1339).
Burhanpui'.
The Shall, refuge of the faith, struck coin in the city of Burhanpur
Shah Nuru-d-din Jahanglr, son of Akbar Badshrdi.
M. 1017 (1349).
Patna.
Struck coin in the city of Patna, the Chosroes, the refuge of the Tniverse
Shah Nuru-d-dln .Jahfinglr, son of Akbar Badghah.
DehJ I.
(34) ^\ ^Ji! ^9 ;1
.5J
^Ujj
Qandahar.
May the coin of Kabul fiom the abode of the servants of the
Living Eternal (one) be ever current in the name of Shah Salim.
Kabul.
Struck coin in the city of Kabul, the Chosroes, the refuge of the world.
Shah Nuru-d-din Jahanglr, son of Akbar Badshrdi.
A\. 1020: 6e. (P.M. No. 1072) and 1024: 9e. (LM. No. 689).
Cf. Couplets No. 22 (Agra)and 33 (Patna).
'
(39) '
sli j^fi\^ jli jl Ai; U .
_
^ A tentative reading.
PERSIAN COUPLETS 25
Kaslnnlr.
M. 15 k. Gemini (I.M. No. 6'JG and cf. King and Yost. Some Xovelties,
Lrdior.
(43) ^jil !u
ujrc^-'f'- ''^y ^ jy^'^ J)
The money of Labor in the month Bahman became like the shining moon
In the reign of Shah Nuru-d-dIn Jahaugir, son of Shah Akbar.
(44) j^
ji, :>j .^*il .0 S^ ^j^\ y.j\j.:Ji^ :>
In Farwardin the money of Labor became an object of envy to the shining moon,
Through the light of the coin of Shah Jahanglr, son of Shrdi Akbar.
M. 1020 : 6 Farwardin (P. M. No. 1102).
26 PERSIAN COUPLETS
(46) jj
ji jj ^^A^ ^j -S^ ^;1 ^:>-i-'f^. L?-i,l JiU
(48) )')
J-
jy^"^ *^ \j-^^ ^'j "^^
^^^jf^ j^
MANDU (MANDU)
(oO) slw ^-^KjL_3. ^LS : jXJL* s._A.->
The stamp on the coin of Mandu gives through the name of Jahanglr Shah
Lustre like the sun and moon to the Nur .Tahanl (i. e. the gold coin of one
tola weight).
Coin of victory in the south struck at Mandu by the lord of the sea and land,
King of kings of the age, Sliah Jahaugl.-, son of Shah Akbar.
M. 1026 : 12 (Cabinet of Mr. R. P,. Whitehead).
^ Except the years 1034 : 19-1035 : 20 when the N .r Jahani coins were issued.
PERSIAN COUPLETS 27
j) r -
*^'^'^^.
u'^-t^ ^y ('-^
Lrdior.
Prom the name of Shah .Jahanglr tlie face of the coin of Labor has become
full of light,
It has been increased by (the addition of) the name of Nur Jahan.
M. 1035 : 21 (Cabinet of the late Mr. F. J. Thanawala).
For this couplet see N. S. V, 34, p. 125.
^ y Obverse
SHAH J AH AN
Shahjahanubad.
On this two hundred muhr piece by the grace of God the impress was put
Of Shah Jahiln, the second Lord of the Conjunction, the refuge of the Faith
By the engraving of his impress may the face of the coin give light to the world,
As long as the face of the moon is illumined by the sun's reflection.
N. Shahjabanabad 1064: 28 E.
Note. On the coins of Surat of the 1st year appears the legend
MUEAD BAKHSH
Surat.
(57)
^^'c^
"'^ ^\jsu^\^ j Cjj\ oi/
AURANGZEB 'ALAMGlR
(58) j^ j,^ ^s. jjl^ jj) yj S^
jS Jlc t^j ^jl s'j;,
(58 a) For the silver coinage .jj. (moon) was substituted for^-* (sun).
These couplets came into use at different dates hut they may be said to
have come into general use for all mints after tlie 4th regnal year. The coins of
Akbarabad are, however, an exception. The couplet (58 a) is sometimes found
on gold coins, cf. P.M.C. No. 1486, probably owing to error.
The coujilet (58), for gold, on the other hand, seems to Jiave been regularly
used for silver during the earlier years of the reign, for examples
cf. Nos. 2756
NofjE. Henceforward unless otherwise stated, the couplets are used for all mints
and during the whole reign.
A'ZAM SHAH
(59) sla. 5 oJjJi U^"^ j-^ -^3 *"^*'
KAM BAKHSH
(60) slo ^
y^^jf>- j>.
^J>^
s:> y Sji-
(62) sU ./~o
j\ j^jS ofiji ,.i
^ iii)^W' "^^
Struck auspicious coin in the seven climes on the sun and moon
The second Shah Jahan, Sultan Mu'azzam.
A\. : ahd (P.M. No. 2037).
Multan.
'A^IMU-SH-SHAN
(65) >li
J
J^^. e; V^ j^ y; ^
Struck coin in the world with victory and success
.
I
For this provisional reading cf. P. M. C. note to coin 2015, p. 276. Apparently
there was a rupee of Itawa with this or a similar couplet in the White King Collection,
cf. Sale Catalogue, coin No. 3P60,
PERSIAN COUPLETS 31
JAHANDAR SHAH
(66) isu ji^'^
u?^ L?"^' )* -^j i^^^^^
J
N. (3539). M. (3545).
(67) ^
ul/ '^r'^^'* )rr ^"^
j\ '^^ ^y.
K. (3544). M. (3547).
Both the above couplets appear on the coins of most mints.
FARRUJCHSIYAR
jl J) sX-*
(68) jj J ^-. j\ (Ja. J^9
H. (3567). M. (3580).
RAFrU-D-DARJAT
(69) ^^^/. ij1;1/*
''
'^H ^j "^^
M. .Aluishidabad (3751).
There is another variant of this couplet on a gold coin of Mu'azzamabad
(7i. J/. C. No. 937 ) which has not yet heen elucidated.
SHAH JAHAN II
MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM
(71) ^_,^ J-iiJ ej^^y ^) S^
^*aLj1 Jlvs:* sli. ^JLJill
Struck coin in the world through the grace of the Bountiful One
King of kings, Muhammad Ibrahim.
MUHAMMAD SHAH
(72) J1 e_fikl) ^jl^ j.i i>-j &l-i
Bhakhar.
(73) sJl
J-^ j JiJ \\ 1S..X
'ALAMGIR II
Shahjahanril)afl
Struck coin in the seven climes like the shining sun and moon
King 'AzTzu-d-dln Alamglr, defender of the Faith. Emperor.
A. 1170:4-1173:6(4356). AX. 1170:4-1173:6(4421).
.*rjic sijjjij
ij^-^ 's^'^ ("^ j^
SHAH 'ALAM II
(78) 4.!!
J..^ soLo ^^j-S loi^ /. J; i-^-
Struck coin in the seven climes the shadow of the divine favour.
The defender of the faith of Muhammad, the emperor Shah 'Alam.
1218: 46 11.
Note. Tlie series of Orchha coins begins in 1211 and of Muzaffargarh in 1209.
BEDAR BAKHT.
(80) os-^ J^'i Cj,'^ jjo :>j &-X--
J
e^s:^ ^X-^,\ A-.s.* ijl-^s. T>\^
AKBAR ir
The following is given by the author of the Mnlchtcmr sn- Gulshdn-i-Hind as ji
Father of victory.
yyi y\
^la.11 yl Father of the victorious one.
^^\\ ^^lslil ^e.'3\ ^jlkl--!l The most great Sultan, the illustrious
emperor.
,
,jli .c Jj.c J JC) ^1 J-V--aJ. By the truth of Abu Bakr, and the justice
'Umr; by the modesty of Usmun and the
^ C^ 5 u'
of
wisdom of 'All. A variant of the formula
cited above; and used on the coins of Sliali
Jahan, Murad Bakhsh and Shrdi Shuja'.
Akbar also uses this fornnila, but substitutes
(^jLs.-^. 'by the modesty' for -.J^.-
Ja.^ I )i8trict.
:laU ^ i,\L llJ <ijjl aL* ^fay God Most High perpetuate the kingdom and
sovereignty.
i.s!^il
5.9- ^b The seat of the khalifate. The capital. Applied
to Slifdijahanabad and many other places.
j^Sj^ Government.
(_;jj>U c>JV;* u^j^ ^^-^ The year of the accession associated with pros-
perity.
v^ Province.
Ljy-i Struck.
&
^Ij
District.
Fort.
^jjjl
J
L-jaJI ^Ij Defender of the world and of the faith.
LIST OF DENOMINATIONAL AND OTHER SPECIAL
TERMS USED IN CONNEXION WITH
MUGHAL NUMISMATICS
Aban, see Months.
Amardad, see Months.
Ardibihisht,see Months.
Azar, Months.
see
Bahman, see Months.
Bait = couplet. Persiau couplets are employed by nearly all the Mui^li al
emperors on their coins. Cf. List of Persian Couplets.
Dam. A large thick copper coin first employed by Sher Shah Sur, and
continued by Akbar. Jahangli-, and in some instances by later emperors,
cf. N.S. XXVIII, 175, esp. Note on p. 65. The A'ln-i Akburl gives
the weight of the dam as 1 tolah 8 mashas 7 ratis, and this, taking the
masha = 15'5 grains, gives the standard weight as 323-5 grains. The
same work gives the ratio of 40 danjs = 1 rupee. Mr. S. H. Hodivrda
in the article quoted above has shown that during the early years of
Aurangzeb's reign, owing to a rise in the price of copper, the weight
of the dam was reduced to 14 mashas = 217 grains in certain mints,
but this reduction was not uniformally observed. The name '
dam
occurs only once on a IMughal coin, Akbar's nlm dam of .Srlnagar.
Cf. P.3LC., No. 706.
Damra. Occurs only on certain mintless copper coins of Akbar of the regnal
year 33 = |: dam : so it is e(|ual to the '
Paulah ' of Abu-1-Fazl.
has sliowu fairly conclusively that these coins were issued by Aurangzeh
and Farrukhslyur for use in payment of the Jizya or Poll Tax.
Weight about 44 grains.
These coins are usually square, bearing the name Cyl ^.j on one side
and the name of the mint on the other. One is known of Fiirrukhsiyar'.s
reign [P.M.C, No. 2271). Tlie lullowing mints are kn(jwn to have
struck these coins Agra, llahfibrul, Patna, Shahjahanriljail, Katak, Lfilior,
Multan.
Farwardin. See Months.
Fulus = copper money
'
',
pluial of Arabic '
fals ' : occurs often in the
combination ^wjli y^^ on the copper coins of most emperors. After
the reign of Jahanglr there is great variation in the weight of copper
coins, probably in accordance with local conditions and demand.
Hijri. The Muhammadan era, dating fiom the migration of the Prophet irom
Mecca in A. D. 622. This era is used on the majority of Mughal coins.
Ilahl =
The Divine, an era invented by Akbar, and starting from 27th
Rabi'u-s-sani in the first year of his reign. It was rtgularly employeil
on his coins after the 36th year, and coins are known dated 30 R. It
was computed according to solar reckoning, and along with it were
used the names of the old Persian months. JahangTr, Slifdi Jalian, and
Muiad Bakhsh also sometimes employ the Ilahl era for their regnal years,
often along with the hijrl date; cf. I.M.C.. Apjtendix D, p. 355, and
N. S. XVI, 100, p. 705.
Imam. The four Imams were the four orthodox khalifas, Abu Bakr, 'Umr,
'Usman, and All. Their names with their epithets occur on the obverse
of coins of Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Shah Jahan I, Murad Bakhsh, Shah
Shuja , and on one of Alamglr II.
Jalala. The Ilahl square rupee of Akbar, so called from the formula
inscribed upon it.
'
There is no god but God : Muhammad is the prophet of God.'
The Kalima is used on the coins of Babur, Humayun, Shah Jahan I,
These nanies appear on the coins of Akhar, Jahfinglr, Mnrad Eakhsh, and
some of Shrdi Jahan 1.
Muhr or Ashrafi'. The ordinary term for the yold eoin introduced by
Akbar, and weighing- ordinarily 170 grains. 8onie of Akbar's square
issues rise to 187 grains, and Jahanglr's muhrs during the first five years
of his reign vary between 202-211 grains. All other emperors conform
to the 170-grain standard. The word ..^.* occurs in many of the couplets.
Cf. List of Couplets.
of a dfim ulm ralj occurs on his copper coins of half the weight of a lalj.
Rawani = '
current '. Occurs on copper coins of Jahangir equal in weight to
a dam (323-5 grains).
Rupee or Rupiya. The general term for the silver coin of 180 grains
instituted by Sher Shah, and continued by all Mughal emperors. Jahangir,
however, during the first few years of his leign issued heavy rupees of
220 grains, but soon returned to the original standard. Shah 'Alam
Bahadur also in the first year of liis reign issued an order that the
aslirafi and the lupee should be made equal in weight to a tola, and
theie are a few rupees in the British Museum of Patna mint weighing
184 and 185 grains. This experiment was also unsuccessful and soon
SPECIAL TERMS 41
after the 40th year. The coinage consisted of the full tankfi with its
half, quarter, eighth, and sixteenth parts. The full tanka was double
the weight of the dam,
i.e. about 640 grains. Cf, N. S. ?vXVHI, 181,
The ^luradl Tanka', by S. H. Hodivrda.
'
Tanki. At the end of Akbar's reign pieces (jf four, two, and one tanki or
tank! were issued from the Ahmadabad, Agra, Kabul, and Labor mints.
Mr. S. H. Hodivala in N. S. XXVII, 169, has shown that the tanki
was equal to |tli of a dam or i^g*''
"^ '^ tanka, weight about 64 grains.
Tir. See Months.
DETAILED LIST OF MINTS
KEPRESENTED
ITAWA
MINTS 43
AJMER
.A.^.^^1
Mtistaqirru-l-khilafat.
44 MINTS
Balded occur.s as epithet on some of Shah Jahiln's earliest coins.
Ddra-l-fidli occurs for the first time in Aurano-/.el)'s reign, and with
tlie exception noted above continues throughout tlie reigns of all
succeeding emperors on gold and silver.
The form Ujjainpur occurs on certain small square local copper
coins of Akbar (cf. No, 804). Mr. Hodivala has recently shown that
Akbar's dams hitherto attril)uted to Khairpur are leally coins of
Ujjainpur.
AHMADABAD
G. S. C.
Alsbar 5 153 24
Jahanglr 74 3
JaliJinglr and Nur Jalian 5
Shah Jahan 3 34 2
]\Iurad Bakhsh 3
Aurangzeb 18
A'zam Shrdi 1
Shrdi 'Alam bahadur 1
Jahandai- 1
Fairukhsiyav 4 ~
^hilurnmad Shah 6
Shah Jahan III 2
Sliah 'Alam II _ i i
bedar Bakht 1
The epithet Ddru-l-khtldfat occurs in some silver and gold coins of
the year 980 A. H. From 981 till 1000 a. n. DdrU'S-saltancd appears
on all three metals, and also on rupees of 3/ and 38 k. Ziiiatu-l-
hildd occurs on the coins of Rafi'u-d-darjat.
Certain rupees of 981 a.h. No. 7Q7) with the legend Ddru-s-
(cf.
AHMADNAGAR
46 MINTS
*
ISLAMABAD
Fariukhsiyar 2
Muhammad Slifib 6
Ahmad 8hah Bahadur 1
'Alamglr II 1 -r
Shah 'Alam II 3
ASAFNAGAR
(Locality doubtful)
G. S. C.
Shah 'Alain II . 1
AKBARPUR
(Locality doubtful)
G. S. C.
Akbar 2
MINTS 47
AKBARPUR TAXDA
Ddru-l-khilafat
(i. 8. C.
Akbiir 3 4
AKBARNAGAR (RAJMAHAL)
AGRA AKBARABAD
Lat. 27 10'
G.
Bfibiir
Huniayun
Akhar 1
Jahanglr 1
17
1
2
58
14
48 MINTS
MINTS 49
50 MINTS
ORCHHA
Aiyangzeb
3
4
(Khujista liunyad)
S.
7 (Auraiigabad)
3 (Khujista
1
Bunyad)
C.
1 (A^^langabad)
From 1100 a.h. the form Khujista Bunyacl 'of auspicious founda-
tion '
takes the place of Aurangabacl, though tlie earlier form is found
AUKANGNAGAR
MINTS 51
BALAPtJR
Akbar 1
BALANAGAR GADHA
G. S.
Shah 'Alam II _ 2
BARAR
G.
Akbai-
Jahanglr 1
BURHANPUR
Akbar
Jahanglr
Shah Jahau
Aurangzeb
Shah 'Alam Bahadur
JahSndar
Farrukhsiyar
Muhammad Shah
Shah 'AL-vm II
52 MINTS
Baldat occurs on the silver nisars of Shah Jahau it may also
:
occur on Nos. 360, 361, Ilahi rupees of Akbar. See note to No. 360.
Baldat Fdkkirci, the sumptuous town occurs on the first silver
'
',
BANARAS
54 MINTS
BAHRAICH
Ddru-l-khildfat
BHAKKAR BAKKAR
MINTS 55
BiJAPUR
Ddru-z-zafar
Lat. 1(; -19' Long. 75 4G'
G. 8. C.
Aurangzeb 3 14
From 23 K.-30 R. of Aurang-zel/s reign the mint name appears
without epithet. Tlienceforward Ddru-z-zafar always appears.
BAIRATA
G. S. C.
Akbar 14
Jahanglr 10
Shah Jahau 8
Aixrano'zeb * 2
BiKANER
Baldat
'Alamglr II 1
PANIPAT
Qasha.
Shah 'AUim II 2
G. S.
56 MINTS
PATTAN
o\^. *
MINTS 57
PURBANDAR
G. S. C.
Farrukhsiyar 1 ?
PUNA
y
Muhlahdd
Lat. 18 31' LoDg. 73 51'
G. S. C.
.
Shah'Alamll _ 2
PESHAWAR
G. S.
Muhammad 8hah -^ 1
TATTA
G. S. C.
Akbar 75
Jahanglr 68
Shah Jahan 55
Aurangzeb 32
Farrukhsiyar 2
]\ruliammad Shah 1
58 MINTS
TORAGAL
G. S. C.
Jahanglr
"^
5
JAMMUN
Ddru-l-aiaan
Lat. S2 44' Long. 74 55'
G. S. C.
Shah 'Alam II .2
JODHPUR
Ddru-l-mansur
Lat. 26 19' Long. 73 8'
G. S. 0.
'Alamglr II 1 '
Shah 'Alam II _ i _
JAUNPUR
7
Akbar 3 23 5
JUNAGARH JUNAGADH
60 MINTS
CHHACHRAULI
CHlTOR
CHiNAPATTAN (Madras)
HASANABAD
G. s. a
Shah 'Alam II _ i _
HISAR
Flroza
Lat, 29 10' Long. 75 44'
G. S. C.
Akbar 5 (Hisar Flroza) 2 (Hisar Firoza)
HAIDARABAD
Aurangzeb
Shah 'Alam Bahfidur
16
G.
8.
1
C.
Ddru-l-jihdd occurs on gold and silver coins from 1099 A..H. till
the reiy:n of Shah 'Alam Bahadur. At some time in tliis reiji-n the
epithet was changed to Farkhanda Bunyad. The copper coins are
without epithet.
KHAIRABAD
DOGAON
Ddru-l-khildfat Ddru-s-saldm
they give the form Dokon ^jy>,:>, for which and for the coins of the
Mint see Colonel Yost's article in J.A.^.B. 1895. The tanka pieces
and subse([uent coins bear no epithet.
62 MINTS
DAULATABAD
(j^^\^*o oU^^o
J,.
Ddru - 1- kh ildfa t
Shah Jahaii 13
The form jIjUjj occurs on the earliest coins of Shah Jahan, cf.
No. 2127. The epithet DdrvA-Udldfat occurs on a few rupees of
Shah 'Alani II others of this emperor are witliout any epithet.
;
MINTS 63
DEOGARH
G. S. C.
SMh'Alamll 10
ROHTAS
SRINAGAR (Garhwal)
S'ADNAGAR (Akloj)
Mt>JUo
Lat. 17 53' Long. 75 4'
G. S.
Farrukhsiyar 1
64 MINTS
SlIRAT
Bandar-i-miibdrak
Lat. 31 12' Long. 72 50'
MINTS 65
SiTPUB
SHOLAPUR
SHERGARH
ZAFARABAD
Aurangzeb ^ 8
ZAFAKPtJR
G. S.
Aurangzeb 1
ZAFARNAGAR
^Ki^iij
G. C.
Jahi"mgir
FATHPUR
I) a ru- s- saltanat
QAMARNAGAR (Karnul)
QANDAHAR
QANAUJ
68 MINTS
KALPI
KATAK (Cuttaek)
KORA
70 MINTS
GADRAULA
jJ^^cS^
Lat. 28 50' Long. 78 IG'
G. S. C.
Akbar 1
GULBARGA AHSANABAD
aJ^lf
Lat. 17 18' Long. 76 54'
G. S. C.
Aurangzeb 1 (Gulbarga) j
4 (Gulbarga)
1 1 (Ahsanabacl)
GULKANDA (Golconda)
Lat. 17 23'
MINTS 71
GOBINDPUR
^
Lat. 23 38' Long. 86 9'
G. S.
Akbar
GORAKPUR MU'AZZAMABAD
DarvA-hhildfat
Lat. 26 44' Long. 83 23'
G. S. C.
Akbar 2 (Gorakpur)
Farrukhsiyar 1 (Mu'azzamabad)
The coins of Mu'azzanial:)ad begin with some rare rupees of
Aurangzeb. Ddru-l-hJdldfdt appears on the earlier fuliis type of
Akbar.
^\Syf
Lat. 15 51' Long. 74 31'
G. S. C.
Aurangzeb 1 (A'zamnagar)
Kam Bakhsh 1 (Goka^)
Shuh 'Alam Bahadur 1 (A'zamnagar)
Farrukhsiyar 1 (A'zamnagar Gokak)
GOKULGARH
Shah 'Alam 11 12
72 MINTS
GOHUD
O^S
Lat. 26 2G' Long. 78 27'
G. S.
Shall 'Alam II 1
LAHOR
Ddru-l-Mi ildjat.
MINTS 73
a. S. C.
Shah 'AUim Bahadur 7
Jahandiir 1
Farrukhsiyar 9
liafl'u-d-daijat 1
Shah Jahan II 1
Muhammad Shall 3 -
Ddrii-l-kldldfat occurs first on a dam ot" 975, and with the exception
of one dam of 981 in the collection of Mr. H. Nelson Wri<;ht all
-
LAHRi BANDAR
Akbar 1
MALPUR
Ddric-l-khildfat
The honoritic title appears only on one gold and one sil\er coin of
early type.
Ddru-l-fidils
G.
Shah 'Alain II
MUHAMMADNAGAR TANDA ^
V(J.'A'S S^(J^4SXrO
Sliah 'Alam II
MURADABAD
MINTS 75
MUSTAFA-ABAl) (Rampur)
G. S. C.
Shah 'Alam II _ 4
MUZAFFARGARH
MULTAN
Ddru-l-dma,ii
MANUU MANDU
MiRTHA
20^-0
Lat. 29 1' Long. 77 43'
G. S. C.
Akbar 1
MINTS
78 MINTS
NASRULLANAGAR
G. S.
Shrdi 'Alam II _ 6
NUSRATABAD
HATHRAS
G. S. C.
Sluih 'Alam II _ 2
A NOTE ON ORNAMENTS
Following Mr. H. Nelson Wright in his Catalogue of the Mughal
Coins ill the Indian Museum these marks on Mughal coins have been
In Mr. Thurston's article in the J. A.S. B., 1893, Note on the History
'
of the East India Company Coinage ', p. 66, occurs this passage :
'
It
appears from a report by Mr. Seton that the system of farming the
Baraili mint was abolished in 1802. No alteration was introduced
into the standard of the rupee, except that, to mark the period at
which the change of system took place, the Persian letter ^ (the first
letter of the late Sutah Husain 'All Khan) was discontinued and ^ [w)
substituted in compliment to the Lieutenant-Governor (sic) cf. coins ' ;
Nos. 4643-4645.
Certain marks have long been recognized as relating to special
dynasties or communities. M 80, the ankus, for example, is a Marathi
mark.i M 268, M 102 show the control of the Nawab Wazh-s of
Awadh. Other marks were adopted by certain mints for long periods
irrespective of changes in the mint management, M 96, 97 for example
IjyShahjahanabad, M
81 by 'Azimabad. Another use of these marks
may have been to protect the coinage against forgery by continually
changing them. The East India Company we know employed private
marks for this purpose.^ But without wishing to over-emphasize .the
importance of these ornaments, it has seemed advisable to make the
accompanying list as complete as possible, for the use of the future
student, and also for the general help they give in deciphering-
defective coins.
Owing to the fact that Mughal die-cutters cut each die by hand
there exist numberless varieties of some mint marks ; in long series
of coins bearing the same mark this mark is very liable to degenerate
Mint Mint
Coins Coins
Mark Mark
1. I.M. No. 10. 25. 850, 903.
9 63, 68, 82, 115, 117, 263, 26. 30,- 452, 531, 761, 876, 888,
453, 457, 469, 488, 529, 549, 1031, 1033, 1034, 1163, 1173,
763, 765, 806, 863, 1009, 1053, 3146, 4452, 4555, 4593, 4606,
1415, 1600, 1745, 1871, 2263, 4674, 4857, 4943, 5195, 5247,
2623, 2771. 27. 734, 776, 969, 3932 a, 4313,
9, 13, 16, 24, 27, 59, 84, 4707.
1872, 1906, 2010. 28. 928, 931, 936.
32. 29. 5202, 4610 c.
71, 86, 90, 111, 120, 262, 30. 547.
277, 283, 288, 293, 319, 365a, 31. 755, 771, 1029, 1069.
367, 466, 489. 552 a, 554, 557, 32 484, 545 a, 4554, 4559, 4565,
768, 769, 770, 785, 791, 794, 4616, 4632, 4712, 4804,
849, 857, 860, 904, 907, 919, 5086 b.
930, 935, 962,963,1030, 1032, 33. 902.
1043, 1048, 1070, 1074, 1080, 34. 3215, 4136, 5017, 5019.
1174, 2113. 35. 890, 1154, 1160, 1162, 4096,
74, 289. 4859, 5169.
6. 815. 36. 1294.
7. 62, 113, 805 37. 44, 48, 53, 55, 59, 2996, 3495,
8. I. M. No. 78. 4503, 4861, 4900.
9. I. ^I. No 84. 38. I. M. No. 674.
* Mint-marks 1-149 are identical with the corresponding numbers in the Indian
Museum Catalogue, vol. iii.
INDEX TO PLATP:S OF ORNAMENTS 83
Mint
84 INDEX TO PLATES OF ORNAMENTS
Mint
INDEX TO PLATES OF ORNAMENTS 85
.A lint
86 PLATES OF ORNAMENTS
v>J^ ^ 6^
2a
*
3
X
^
18 19
10
A
^ 20
12
21
6
22
13
3
14
23
15
24
^ o^
25
16
26
17
27
9 -^ 28 29
30 31
32
>
33 34 35
O
36
&
37
4-
38 39 40
4^
41
n bR
44
X>
45
^y-
46 47
^ 48 49 50
t
52.
53
54 55
6
56 57
c
-
58
Q
59 60 61 62
9
/ ^ >I4 4-
63 64 .. 65 66 67 G8 69 70 71
+ J-
c
3 V ^ ^iL/
f
72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81
F 82 83
-*^
84
O f
85 86
II?
87
88
1
89
"4:
90
f
91
;
92
.+.
93
^ 94 95
1^
96 97 98
nrrn
99 100
t C^101 102 103 104 105 106
f
107
{
108
n
u
109
^
110 111
91
126
r '> ^
127 120 129 130
# ft. d
150
/ 15c
^ e e
e
%
162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170
(56 >
-
t
<
<^
172 173 174 175 176 177 179
^ 198
/
199 200
:f:
202
I
^
201 203 204 20!; 206
^^: yi}
^ ')^~">J/-'^ Hi
207 208 209 210 211 213 214 ,
^^V7 )-
^^ 1& A*
217 ?20 221 224
"1'
<#>
CJ ~t'
^ u <:>
88 PLATES OF ORNAMENTS
(^
243
^^
244 245
>e' -^ ^ Y
246 247 248 249 250 251
^-
252 253
t 254
^^
255
y
256
^ 257
y
258 259 260
o
f^ o
6
o
T !^ V-^
261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269
+
270 272 273 274 275
><
276 277-
jk.
278
279
;(
280
^ 281 282 o^
^^^.-^^
02:?
284 285
f #
287.
*
.-^ U5 [
288 289 290 291 292 29i 294 295 296
^^
R '^^
4.* -h.
^ t .p.
^ X
307 309
^
306 308 310 311 312 313 314
l^
315 316
t
317
iz
318 319 320
<i
321
J
322 323
n\^
324^ 325 326 327 328 329 330
^
331 332
e {^
333 334 335 336 337 338
n i T >
89
LIST OF PLATES
I. BABUE, HUM AY ON, AKBAR.
II. AKBAll.
III. AKBAR.
IV. AKBAR.
V. AKBAR, JAHANGIU.
VI. JAHANGlR.
VII. JAHANGlR, JAHANGTR with NOR J AH AN.
VIII. JAHANGlR, SHAH JAHAN.
IX. SHAH JAHAN.
X. SHAH JAHAN, MURAD BAKHSH, SHAH SHUJA'.
XL AURANGZEB.
XII. AURANGZEB.
XIII. AURANGZEB, A'ZAM SHAH, KAM BAKHSH, SHAH 'ALAM
BAHADUR.
XIV. SHAH 'ALAM, BAHADUR, JAHANDAR, FARRUKHSIYAR.
XV. FARRUKHSIYAR, RAFIU-D-DARJAT.
XVI. SHAH JAHAN II, MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM, MUHAMMAD
SHAH.
XVII. MUHAMMAD SJIAH, AHMAD SHAH.
XVIII. AHMAD SHAH, 'ALAMGlR II.
XIX SHAH JAHAN III, SHAH 'ALAM II.
'.
\
-^
\
\
"7
86
^^^bMk^^
AKRAR
PLATE III
709
j^oa
i!^
Q ll:iS.>^r
762
AKBAR
PLATK IV
PLATE V
/".
lO/O 07 1085
1
1165
r*-^ 't\
1170 ilfco
II9S
1
199
AKBARJAHANGlR
PLATK VI
1 2 ;0
1280 1279
i^t;i
1287
1306
^307
1309
1328
JAHANGiR
PLATE VII
,r.ie"-
1545 1539
1545
1793 1794
Ion 1 01:;
.>n
jta5k
p2^
^^^^^^^
1S31
1S6:
1869
^^^i'
1942
2111
2141 a 2172
2234
2262
SHAH TAHAN
PLATE X
w*(0tii!^>
2456
=455 -457 '
2452
2458 ii
^.-^%v jOt
*?t^iii
AURANGZKH
platf: XII
3397
AURANCiZEB
PLATE XIII
3432 3433
347S
3492
-. .j^^^ v^^ \
3499
5599 3f;04
3567"
3750
FARRUKIISIYAR, RAFrU-D-DARJAT
PLATK XVI
4476 4479
449S
4518 4562 a
4512 4534 (J
4559
-\>
;^
;^ jd^JJ^^*^,
PLATE XXI
^i5.:ov
SHAH 'ALAM II
PLATE XXII
^V'' iiv
v^X
5244 5226 5244
5222
525^ 5296
5323 5323