BIOLOGY MODEL ANSWERS
UNIT 1
The cardiac cycle is controlled by the sinoatrial node
(SAN) and the atrioventricular node (AVN). Describe
how.
SAN initiates heartbeat / acts as a pacemaker /
myogenic;
(SAN) sends wave of electrical activity / impulses
(across atria) causing atrial contraction;
AVN delays (electrical activity / impulses);
(Allowing) atria to empty before ventricles contract /
ventricles to fill before they contract;
(AVN) sends wave of electrical activity / impulses
down Bundle of His / Purkyne fibres;
(Causing) ventricles to contract
(6 Marks)
Many different substances enter and leave a cell by
crossing its cell surface membrane. Describe how
substances can cross a cell surface membrane
(Simple / facilitated) diffusion from high to low
concentration / down concentration gradient;
Small / non-polar / lipid-soluble molecules pass via
phospholipids / bilayer; OR Large / polar / water-soluble
molecules go through proteins;
3 Water moves by osmosis / from high water potential to
low water potential / from less to more negative water
potential;
4 Active transport is movement from low to high
concentration / against concentration gradient;
5 Active transport / facilitated diffusion involves proteins/
What is atheroma and how may it cause
myocardial infarction?
Cholesterol / plaque / lipoprotein / LDL / fatty
material / cells;
In artery wall / under lining / endothelium of
artery / blood vessel;
Atheroma linked to blood clot / thrombosis;
(Blocks) coronary artery / artery supplying heart
muscle / tissue / cells;
Reduces oxygen / glucose supply (to heart
muscle / tissues / cells);
(Heart muscle) is unable to respire and dies
The epithelial cells that line the small intestine
are adapted for the absorption of glucose.
Explain how.
Microvilli;
Large/increased surface area;
Many mitochondria;
(Mitochondria/respiration) produce ATP / release
or provide energy (for active transport);
Carrier proteins for active transport;
Channel / carrier proteins for facilitated
diffusion;
Co-transport of sodium (ions) and glucose or
symport / carrier protein for sodium (ions) and
glucose;
Some white blood cells are
phagocytic. Describe how these
phagocytic white blood cells destroy
bacteria.
Phagocyte attracted to bacteria by
chemicals /recognise antigens on
bacteria as foreign;
Engulf/ingest bacteria;
Bacteria in vacuole / vesicle;
Lysosome fuses with / empties
enzymes into vacuole;
Bacteria digested / hydrolysed;
Pulmonary tuberculosis is a disease of
the lungs. Describe the transmission
and course of infection of pulmonary
tuberculosis
(Bacteria transmitted in) droplets / aerosol;
(Bacteria) engulfed / ingested by
phagocytes /
(Bacteria) encased in named
structure e.g. wall
(Bacteria) are dormant
If immunosuppressed, bacteria
activate / replicate
/ released;
Bacteria destroy alveoli / capillary /
epithelial cells;
(Leads to) fibrosis / scar tissue /
cavities calcification;
(Damage) leads to less diffusion
/less surface area / increases
diffusion distance;
(Activation / damage allows
bacteria) to enter blood / spreads (to
other organs);
Describe and explain how the lungs Vaccines protect people against
are adapted to allow rapid exchange disease. Explain how.
of oxygen between air in the alveoli Vaccines contain antigens /
and blood in the capillaries around antigens are injected;
them. Dead pathogens / weakened
Many alveoli / alveoli walls folded pathogens;
provide a large surface area; Memory cells made;
Many capillaries provide a large On second exposure memory
surface area; cells produce antibodies /
(So) fast diffusion; become active / recognise
Alveoli or capillary walls / pathogens;
epithelium / lining are thin / Rapidly produce antibodies /
short distance between alveoli and produces more antibodies;
blood; Antibodies destroy pathogens;
Flattened / squamous epithelium; Herd effect / fewer people to
(So) short diffusion distance / pass on disease;
pathway;
(So) fast diffusion;
Ventilation / circulation;
Maintains a diffusion /
concentration gradient; fast
Emphysema is another disease of the lungs. People with emphysema may
diffusion;
feel weak and tired. Explain why
Alveoli break down / collapse / rupture / walls thicken;
Less surface area / increases diffusion distance / less diffusion;
Loss of elastin / elastic tissue / elastase involved;
(Alveoli / lungs) cannot recoil / spring back / have reduced elasticity / more
difficult to expel air;
Reduced diffusion gradient / air not replenished /less air leaves lungs;
Less oxygen enters blood / tissues;
Less respiration / less energy released / less ATP produced;
Scientists studied two
UNIT 2
species of North American
seahorse. They thought
that these two species are
Scientists analysis of Describe how gene
closely related. Describe
blood proteins has transmission and selection
how comparisons of
indicated a lack of genetic have increased the difficulty of
biological molecules in
diversity in populations of treating bacterial infections
these two species could be
some organisms. Describe with antibiotics.
used to find out if they are
the processes that lead to (Antibiotic) resistant gene/allele;
closely related.
a reduction in the genetic Vertical (gene) transmission;
(Compare) DNA; diversity of populations of
Sequence of Resistant bacteria (survive and)
organisms
bases/nucleotides; reproduce / population of
Mark for general resistant bacteria increases;
DNA hybridisation; principle of - reduced Increase in frequency of
Separate DNA strands / variety/number of
(resistant) allele/gene (in future
break hydrogen bonds; different alleles/DNA /
generations);
Mix DNA/strands (of reduced gene pool (in
Horizontal (gene) transmission;
different species); new population);
Arteries and arterioles Plasmid;
Temperature/heat Founder effect;
take blood away fromfrom
the Conjugation / pilus (tube);
required to separate A few individuals
(hybrid) strands heart. Explain how the (Horizontal transmission/
indicates relationship; structures of the walls of conjugation) can occur between
Compare same/named arteries and arterioles are bacteria of different species
protein; related to their functions. Succession
Explain how oxygenoccursisin natural
loaded,
Elastic tissue ecosystems.
transported andDescribe
unloadedand in
Sequence of amino
Explain how
acids this mutation
/primary Elastic tissue stretches theexplain
blood how succession
leads structure;
to the formation of under pressure/when occurs.
Haemoglobin carries oxygen /
non-functioning PAH heart
Energy isbeats;
transferred through an has a high
(Colonisation
affinity forby) pioneer
oxygen /
theImmunological
1.InChange light-dependent
in amino acid/ Recoils/springs back;
ecosystem.Describe how and explain why (species);
oxyhaemoglobin;
evidence
reaction not a mark
of amino
(sequence of) the efficiency
Evens out of energy transfer is In red blood
2.Change
cells; in
Inject (seahorse)
photosynthesis,
acids/primary light
structure; different at different
pressure/flow; stages in the environment
Loading/uptake/association/ example
in of
energy protein/serum
generates
2. Change in hydrogen/ionic/ into
ATP. transfer.
Muscle contracts;
animal;
Describebonds;how lungs; change caused by
disulphide
(Obtain)
Light (energy) Reduces
Some light energy
diameter of fails to strike/is organisms
at high p.O2; present;
3. Alters tertiary reflected/not of appropriate wavelength;
antibodies/serum;
excites/raises energy lumen/vasoconstriction/ Enables
Unloads/ other/ species
dissociates releasesto
UNIT 4
structure/active site (of constricts
Efficiency of photosynthesis in plants is
Add level of electrons in vessel; colonise/survive;
to respiring cells/tissues;
enzyme); low/approximately 2% efficient;
chlorophyll;
protein/serum/plasma
4. Substrate not Changes flow/pressure; at low p.O2;
Change in
from other (seahorse)
Electrons
complementary/cannot pass down
bind Epithelium
Respiratory loss / excretion / faeces / not
Unloading diversity/biodiversity;
linked to higher
eaten; smooth;
Epithelium Stability increases / less
(to species;
electron transfer chain; carbon dioxide (concentration);
Loss as heat;
Amount
enzyme/active of precipitate
site)
(Electrons) / no
reduce Reduces friction/blood hostile environment;
enzyme indicates
substrate relationship;
complexes clots/less
Efficiency of transfer to consumers
resistance; Climax community;
carriers/passage
form; involves redox greater than transfer to
In the light-independent
reaction of The concentrations of carbon dioxide in
photosynthesis, the the air at different heights above ground
carbon in carbon dioxide in a forest changes over a period of 24 Describe how tissue fluid is
becomes carbon in triose hours. Use your knowledge of formed and how it is
phosphate. Describe how. photosynthesis to describe these changes returned to the circulatory
Changes
Carbonin ecosystems
dioxide can lead to speciation. and explain
Managed why ecosystems
they occur.such as Describe
system the role of
In Southern
combinesCalifornia 10 000
with ribulos e years ago a wheat fields
High concentration are prone to pest
of carbon dioxide bacteria
Formationin making the
number of interconnecting
bisphosphate/RuBP; lakes contained a infestations. Describe the nitrogen
Highinblood
dead/ hydrostatic
leaves
linked with night/darkness;
single species
produceoftwopupfish.Increasing
To advantages and disadvantages
No photosynthesis of
in dark/night / light available to growing
pressure / pressure
temperatures caused evaporation
molecules of glycerate and the using biological agents to control plantsfiltration;
formation of separate, smallerlakes and required for photosynthesis/light-
3 phosphate/GP; pests
dependent reaction; Saprobionts/saprophyte
Forces water / fluid out;
streams.
Describe This led to the formation of a number
of
the part played (In dark)
Geographical
plants (andisolation;
other organisms) s;
Large proteins remain in
by different
the innerspecies
membrane ofpupfish.
of Explain how Separate gene pools / no Digest/break
capillary;Returndown
these different species evolved. respire;
a mitochondrion in
Advantages In lightinterbreeding
net uptake of(between
carbon dioxide by proteins/DNA/nitrogen-
Low water potential in
producing ATP. Electrons populations); containing substances;
Specificdown
(to one pest); plants/plants use more carbon dioxide capillary / blood;
transferred electron they
Variation due rate
to mutation; Extracellular
than produce/ of Due to (plasma) proteins;
Only chain;
transport needs one application/ reproduces; Different
photosynthesis greater than rate of digestion/release of
Water enters capillary /
Keeps/maintains
Provide energy tolow take
population; environmental/abiotic/biotic enzymes;
respiration; blood;
protons/H+into
Pests spaceresistance;
do not develop conditions / selection Ammonia/ammonium
Decrease in carbon dioxide pressures; (By) osmosis;
between
Does not membranes;
leave chemical in environment/on Selection for produced;
concentration with height; Correct reference to
crop
Protons/H+ pass back,
/no bioaccumulation; different/advantageous, Ammonia converted to
through
Can membrane/into
be used in organic farming; features/characteristics/mutation nitrite to
Disadvantages / /allele; nitrate/ammonia to
Does not get rid of pest completely; Differential reproductive nitrate;
May become a pest itself; success / (selected) organisms Nitrifying (bacteria)/
 Explain how farming practices
increase the productivity of
agricultural crops
Fertilisers/minerals/named ion(added
to soil);
Clearing the forests and burning the Role of named nutrient or element
Explain why it is important
for plants to produce ATP vegetation affects the carbon dioxide e.g. nitrate/nitrogen for proteins /
during respiration in concentration in the atmosphere. phosphate/phosphorus for ATP/DNA;
addition to during Describe how and explain why. Pesticides/biological control prevents
photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide concentration increases; Describe
damage/consumption
how ATP is made of crop;
in
In the dark no ATP Clearing Pesticides/weed
mitochondria.
production in No/Less vegetation so no/less Substrate level
killers/herbicides/weeding remove
photosynthesis; photosynthesis / photosynthetic competition;
phosphorylation / ATP
Some tissues unable to organisms; Selective produced
breedingin Krebs
/ geneticcycle;
photosynthesise/produc No/Less carbon dioxide removed (from Krebs cycle/link
modification (of crops);reaction
e ATP; the atmosphere);Burning produces
Glass/greenhouses reduced
enhance
coenzyme/reduced
temp/CO2/ light;
Ploughing NAD/reduced FAD;
aerates soil/improves
Electrons
drainage; released from
reduced/coenzymes/
Ploughing/aeration NAD/FAD;
ATP is useful in many allowsbiological
(Electrons) pass denitrification;
nitrification/decreases along
processes. Explain why.
carriers/through electron
1. Releases
Benefit energy
of crop in
rotation
small /inmanageable
terms of
soil transport chain/through
nutrients/fertility/pest series
reduction;
amounts;
of redox reactions;
2. (Broken
Irrigation/watering
down) in a one to step
remove /single

bondlimiting Energy
broken; factor;released;
ADP/ADP
3. Immediate
11.Protection
energyof + Pi; from
crops
compound/makes
energy Protons
birds/pests/frost move
available rapidly; into
by covers/netting
etc. intermembrane
4. Phosphorylates/adds space;
phosphate;
5. Makes (phosphorylated
ATP synthase; substances)
more reactive /lowers activation energy;
Describe how the action of
microorganisms in the soil produces
a source of nitrates for crop plants.
Protein/amino acids/DNA into
ammonium compounds /
ammonia;
By saprobionts;
Ammonium/ammonia into nitrite;
Nitrite into nitrate;
By nitrifying
bacteria/microorganisms;
Nitrogen to ammonia/ammonium;