Introduction: Below is the current specification for the first year of the OCR A Chemistry

A-Level (Which is the same as the AS-level). I have individualised each point and made
them into a learning objective. Modules 2-4 are in order and Module 1 and information on
the practical endorsement (PAG), how science works (HSW) and the mathematical
requirements (M) are also at the bottom.

The codes are matched against questions in the OCR Chemistry A-1st Year-AS Testbank so
you can use them to search for specific questions.

Module 2: Foundations in chemistry (FC)

(HSW = How science works, PAG = Practical endorsement, M =

Mathematical requirement)

Section Code Learning objectives Additional guidance

Atomic Identify isotopes as atoms of the
structure same element with different
FC1i
and numbers of neutrons and different
isotopes masses
Describe atomic structure in HSW1 Different models for atomic structure can be
terms of the numbers of protons, used to explain different phenomena, e.g. the Bohr
neutrons and electrons for atoms model explains periodic properties. HSW7 The
FC1ii
and ions, given the atomic changing accepted models of atomic structure over
number, mass number and any time. The use of evidence to accept or reject
ionic charge particular models.
Explain the term relative isotopic
FC2i mass mass compared with 1/12th mass of carbon-12

Explain the term relative atomic weighted mean mass compared with 1/12th mass of
FC2ii
mass carbon-12
Explain the use of mass
spectrometry in the determination Knowledge of the mass spectrometer not required.
FC2iii
of relative isotopic masses and Limited to ions with single charges.
relative abundances of the isotope
Explain the use of mass
spectrometry in the calculation of
Relative the relative atomic mass of an
FC2iv
mass element from the relative
abundances of its
isotopes
For simple molecules, the term relative molecular
mass will be used.
Use the terms relative molecular
For compounds with giant structures, the term
FC2v mass, Mr, and relative formula
relative formula mass will be used.
mass
Definitions of relative molecular mass and relative
formula mass will not be required.
Calculate relative molecular
FC2vi mass, Mr, and relative formula
mass from relative atomic masses
Formulae Predict ionic charge from the Note that nitrate and sulfate should be assumed
and FC3i position of an element in the to be NO3 and SO42.
equations periodic table Charges on other ions will be provided.
Recall the names and formulae for
the
FC3ii
following ions: NO3, CO32, SO42,
OH,NH4+, Zn2+ and Ag+
Construct balanced chemical
equations (including ionic
equations), including state
FC3iii M0.2
symbols, for reactions studied and
for unfamiliar reactions given
appropriate information
The mole Explain and use the term amount
FC4i
of substance
FC4ii Explain and use the term mole (symbol mol), as the unit for amount of substance
Dr A. Johnston, Southampton 2015
 NA (the number of particles per mole, 6.02 1023
Explain and use the term the mol1)
FC4iii
Avogadro constant The value for NA and the molar gas volume at RTP
are provided on the Data Sheet.
Explain and use the term molar
FC4iv mass per mole, units g mol1
mass
Explain and use the term molar Gas volume per mole,
FC4v
gas volume (units dm3 mol1)
Determinati Definition not required.
on of FC5i Use the term empirical formula The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each
formulae element present in a compound
Definition not required.
FC5ii Use the term molecular formula The number and type of atoms of each element in a
molecule
Calculate empirical and molecular
formulae from composition by M0.2, M2.2, M2.3, M2.4
FC5iii mass or percentage compositions To include calculating empirical formulae from
by mass and relative molecular elemental analysis data (see also 6.3.2 e).
mass
Use the term anhydrous, hydrated
FC5iv M0.2, M2.2, M2.3, M2.4
and water of crystallisation
Calculate the formula of a
hydrated salt from given
FC5v percentage composition, mass PAG1
composition or based on
experimental results
Calculation Calculate mass using amounts of
FC6i
of reacting substance in mol
masses, Calculate number of mols using
FC6ii
gas amounts of substance in grams
volumes Calculate solution volume and
and mole FC6iii concentration using amounts of Express concentration in mol dm3 and g dm3.
concentrati substance in mol
ons M0.0, M0.1, M0.4, M1.1, M2.2, M2.3, M2.4
Use the ideal gas equation pV = The value for R is provided on the Data Sheet.
FC6iv
nRT Learners will be expected to express quantities in SI
units
Use stoichiometric relationships in
FC6v M0.2
calculations
Percentage Calculate the percentage yield of
FC7i M0.2, M1.1, M2.2, M2.3, M2.4
yields and a reaction or related quantities
atom Calculate the atom economy of a
FC7ii
economy reaction
Describe the techniques and
procedures required during PAG1
FC7iii experiments requiring the HSW4 Many opportunities to carry out experimental
measurement of mass, volumes of and investigative work.
solutions and gas volumes
Describe the benefits of
sustainability of developing HSW10 Use of processes with high atom economy in
FC7iv
chemical processes with a high chemical industry and other areas.
atom economy
Acids, Recall the formulae of the
bases, common acids (HCl, H2SO4, HNO3
FC8i
alkalis and and CH3COOH) and the common
neutralisati alkalis (NaOH, KOH and NH3)
on Explain that acids release H+ ions
in aqueous solution and alkalis
FC8ii
release OH ions in aqueous
solution
Qualitatively describe strong and
FC8iii weak acids in terms of relative
dissociations
Describe neutralisation as the
FC8iv
reaction of H+ and OH to form H2O
Including carbonates, metal oxides and alkalis
Describe neutralisation as the
FC8v (water-soluble bases), to form salts, including full
reactions of acids with bases
equations

Dr A. Johnston, Southampton 2015

 Acidbase Describe the techniques and
titrations procedures used when preparing a PAG2
FC9i standard solution of a required HSW4 Many opportunities to carry out experimental
concentration and carrying out and investigative work.
acidbase titrations
Calculate the results of titrations
based on experimental results of
FC9ii M0.1, M0.2, M1.1, M1.2, M2.2, M2.3, M2.4
familiar and non-familiar acids and
bases.
Oxidation Recall rules for assigning and
number calculating oxidation number for Learners will be expected to know oxidation
FC10i
atoms in elements, compounds numbers of O in peroxides and H in metal hydrides.
and ions
Write formulae using oxidation HSW8 Appropriate use of oxidation numbers in
FC10ii
numbers written communication.
Examples should include, but not be limited to,
Use Roman numerals to indicate iron(II) and iron(III).
the Learners will be expected to write formulae from
magnitude of the oxidation number names such as chlorate(I) and chlorate(III) and vice
FC10ii
when versa.
i
an element may have Note that 'nitrate and sulfate, with no shown
compounds/ions with oxidation number, are assumed to be NO3 and
different oxidation numbers SO42.
HSW8 Systematic and unambiguous nomenclature.
Describe oxidation and reduction Should include examples of s-, p- and d-block
FC11i
in terms of electron transfer elements
Describe oxidation and reduction
FC11ii in terms of changes in oxidation
number
Metals should be from s-, p- and d-blocks
Redox Use equations to describe redox e.g. Mg, Al, Fe, Zn.
FC11ii
reactions reactions of metals with acids to Ionic equations not required.
i
form salts Reactions with acids will be limited to those
producing a salt and hydrogen.
Interpret redox equations to
FC11i make predictions in terms of
M0.2
v oxidation numbers and electron
loss/gain.
Recall the number of electrons HSW1,7 Development of models to explain electron
FC12i
that can fill the first four shells structure.
Define an orbital as a region
around the nucleus that can hold
FC12ii
up to two electrons, with opposite
spins
FC12ii Describe the shapes of s- and p-
Energy i orbitals
levels, State the number of orbitals
shells, sub- FC12i making up s-, p- and d-sub-shells, Learners are expected to be familiar with the
shells, v and the number of electrons that 'electrons in box' representations.
atomic can fill s-, p- and d-sub-shells
orbitals, Describe electrons filling the first
electron three shells and the 4s and 4p
FC12v
configuratio orbitals in order of increasing
n energy
State that electrons fill orbitals
FC12v
with the same energy singly before
i
pairing
FC12v Recall electronic configuration of
ii atoms up to atomic number Z = 36
FC12v Recall electronic configuration of Learners should use sub-shell notation, i.e. for
iii ions up to atomic number Z = 36 oxygen: 1s22s22p4.
Ionic Describe ionic bonding as
bonding FC13i electrostatic attraction between
positive and negative ions
FC13ii Construct 'dot-and-cross'
diagrams to show ionic bonding

Dr A. Johnston, Southampton 2015

 Explain that the solid structures of
FC13ii giant ionic lattices result from
i oppositely charged ions strongly
attracted in all directions e.g. NaCl
Explain the effect of structure and
bonding on the physical properties
of ionic
FC13i HSW1 Use of ideas about ionic bonding to explain
compounds, including melting and
v macroscopic properties.
boiling points, solubility and
electrical conductivity in solid,
liquid and aqueous states
Covalent Describe covalent bonds as the
bonding strong electrostatic attraction
Dot-and-cross diagrams of up to six electron pairs
FC14i between a shared pair of electrons
(including lone pairs) surrounding a central atom.
and the nuclei of the bonded
atoms
Construct 'dot-and-cross'
FC14ii diagrams to show a single covalent
bonding
Construct 'dot-and-cross'
FC14ii
diagrams to show multiple
i
covalent bonding
Construct 'dot-and-cross'
FC14i
diagrams to show dative covalent
v
(coordinate) bonding
Use the term average bond
Learners should appreciate that the larger the value
enthalpy as a
FC14v of the average bond enthalpy, the stronger the
measurement of covalent bond
covalent bond.
strength
The shapes M4.1, M4.2
of simple Describe the bond angles of Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams to
molecules FC15i molecules and ions with up to six illustrate shapes of molecules and ions.
and ions electron pairs HSW1,2 Using electron pair repulsion theory to
predict molecular shapes.
Use electron pair repulsion to linear, non-linear,
FC15ii explain the shapes of molecules trigonal planar, pyramidal, tetrahedral and
and ions. octahedral
Explain that electronegativity is Learners should be aware that electronegativity
the ability of an atom to attract the increases towards F in the periodic table.
FC16i
bonding electrons in a covalent HSW1,2 Using ideas about electronegativity to
bond predict chemical bond type.
Interpret Pauling
FC16ii
electronegativity values
Electronega
Explain that a polar bond is a
tivity and A polar molecule requires polar bonds with dipoles
permanent dipole within molecules
bond FC16ii that do not cancel due to their direction. E.g. H2O
containing covalently-bonded
polarity i and CO2 both have polar bonds but only H2O has an
atoms with different
overall dipole.
electronegativities
Explain in terms of permanent
FC16i dipole(s) and molecular shape that
v a polar molecule has an overall
dipole
Intermolecu Permanent dipoledipole and induced dipoledipole
lar forces interactions can both be referred to as van der
Describe intermolecular forces
Waals forces.
based on permanent dipoledipole
FC17i Induced dipoledipole interactions can also be
interactions and induced dipole
referred to as London (dispersion) forces.
dipole interactions
HSW1,2 Dipole interactions as a model to explain
intermolecular bonding.
Describe hydrogen bonding as
intermolecular bonding between
FC17ii Including the role of lone pairs.
molecules containing N, O or F and
the H atom of NH, OH or HF
FC17ii Use hydrogen bonding to explain (i) the density of ice compared with water
i the anomalous properties of H2O (ii) its relatively high melting and boiling points

Dr A. Johnston, Southampton 2015

 Use intermolecular bonds to
FC17i explain the solid structures of
e.g. I2, ice
v simple molecular covalent lattices

Explain differences in the melting

and boiling points, solubility and
FC17v
electrical conductivity of covalent
compounds.

Dr A. Johnston, Southampton 2015

 Module 3: Periodic table and energy (PTE)

(HSW = How science works, PAG = Practical endorsement, M =

Mathematical requirement)

Section Code Learning objectives Additional guidance

State that periodic table is
PTE1i ordered in order of increasing
The atomic number HSW1,7,11 The development of the Periodic Law and
structure of Explain that elements in the same acceptance by the scientific community.
the periodic PTE1ii group have similar chemical HSW7,11 The extension of the periodic table through
table properties. discovery and confirmation of new elements.
PTE1ii Describe the repeating trends in
i physical and chemical periodicity.
State the periodic trends in
PTE2i electron configurations across
periods 2 & 3.
Classify the elements into s-, p-
PTE2ii and
d-blocks
Periodic (removal of 1 mol of electrons from 1 mol of gaseous
trend in PTE2ii Describe first ionisation energy atoms)
electron i and successive ionisation energy. Definition required for first ionisation energy only.
configuratio M3.1
n and Explain the trend in first ionisation
ionisation energies across Periods 2 and 3, Explanation to include the small decreases as a result
PTE2i
energy and down a group, in terms of of s- and p-sub-shell energies (e.g. between Be and
v
attraction, nuclear charge and B) and p-orbital repulsion (e.g. between N and O).
atomic radius
Predict using successive
ionisation energies the number of HSW1,2 Trends in ionisation energy support the Bohr
PTE2v
electrons in each shell of an atom model of the atom.
and the group of an element
Explain metallic bonding as strong
electrostatic attraction between
PTE3i No details of cubic or hexagonal packing required.
cations (positive ions) and
delocalised electrons
Explain a giant metallic lattice
PTE3ii e.g. all metals
structure
Explain the solid giant covalent
HSW1,9
lattices of carbon (diamond,
Periodic PTE3ii Use of ideas about bonding to explain the strength
graphite and graphene) and silicon
trend in i and conductive properties of graphene, and its
as networks of atoms bonded by
structure potential applications and benefits.
strong covalent bonds
and melting
Explain the physical properties of Explanations should be in terms of the types of
point
giant metallic and giant covalent particle present in a lattice, the relative strength of
PTE3i lattices, including melting and forces and bonds, and the mobility of the particles
v boiling points, solubility and involved, as appropriate.
electrical conductivity in terms of HSW1 Use of ideas about bonding to explain
structure and bonding macroscopic properties.
Explain the variation in melting M3.1
PTE3v points across Periods 2 and 3 in Trend in structure from giant metallic to giant
terms of structure and bonding covalent to simple molecular lattice.
Describe the outer shell s2
electron configuration and the loss
PTE4i
of these electrons in redox
Redox reactions to form 2+ ions
reactions Describe the relative reactivities
and of the Group 2 elements Mg to Ba Reactions with acids will be limited to those
PTE4ii
reactivity of shown by their redox reactions producing a salt and hydrogen.
Group 2 with oxygen, water & dilute acids
metals Describe the trend in reactivity in M3.1
PTE4ii terms of the first and second Definition of second ionisation energy is not required,
i ionisation energies of Group 2 but learners should be able to write an equation for
elements down the group the change involved.

Dr A. Johnston, Southampton 2015

 Describe the action of water on
Group 2 oxides and the
PTE5i approximate pH of any resulting
solutions, including the trend of
Reactions
increasing alkalinity
of Group 2
Include equations
compounds
Describe the use of some Group 2 for example (but not limited
PTE5ii compounds as bases to): (i) Ca(OH)2 in agriculture to neutralise acid soils
(ii) Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3 as antacids in treating
indigestion.
State that halogens exist as
PTE6i
diatomic molecules
Characteris
Explain the trend in the boiling
tic physical
points of
properties PTE6ii
Cl2, Br2 and I2, in terms of induced
dipoledipole interactions
Throughout this section, explanations of redox
Describe the outer shell s2p5 reactions should emphasise electron transfer and
PTE7i
electron configuration and the oxidation number changes and include full and ionic
equations
State that halogens gain one
PTE7ii electron in many redox reactions to
form 1 ions
Describe the trend in reactivity of
PTE7ii the halogens Cl2, Br2 and I2, Including colour change in aqueous and organic
i illustrated by reaction with other solutions.
halide ions
Redox Explain the trend in reactivity as
reactions PTE7ii the decreasing ease of forming 1
and i ions, in terms of attraction, atomic
reactivity of radius and electron shielding
halogens Examples include:
and their i) the reaction of chlorine with water as used in water
Explain the term
compounds PTE7i purification
disproportionation as oxidation and
v (ii) the reaction of chlorine with cold, dilute aqueous
reduction of the same element
sodium hydroxide, as used to form bleach
(iii) analogous reactions
(killing bacteria) contrasted with associated risks (e.g.
hazards of toxic chlorine gas and possible risks from
formation of chlorinated hydrocarbons)
Explain the benefits of chlorine HSW9,10,12 Decisions on whether or not to
PTE7v
use in water treatment chlorinate water depend on balance of benefits and
risks, and ethical considerations of peoples right to
choose. Consideration of other methods of purifying
drinking water.
Characteris Describe precipitation reactions,
tic including using ionic equations, of
Complexes with ammonia are not required other than
reactions of the aqueous anions Cl , Br and I
observations.
halide ions PTE8i with aqueous silver ions, followed
PAG4 (see also 3.1.4 a)
by aqueous ammonia, and their
HSW4 Qualitative analysis.
use as a test for different halide
ions.
Describe qualitative analysis of Sequence of tests required is carbonate, sulfate then
ions on a test-tube scale & halide. (BaCO3 and Ag2SO4 are both insoluble.)
PTE8ii processes and techniques needed PAG4
to identify ions in an unknown HSW4 Qualitative analysis.
compound
Write equations and predict the
PTE8ii products of CO3 2, by reaction with
i H+(aq) forming
CO2(g)
Write equations and predict the
PTE8i
products of SO42, by precipitation
v
with Ba2+(aq)
PTE8v Write equations and predict the
products of Cl , Br, I

Dr A. Johnston, Southampton 2015

 Write equations and predict the
PTE8v
products of NH4+, by reaction with
i
warm NaOH(aq) forming NH3
Explain that some chemical
reactions are accompanied by
PTE9i enthalpy changes that are
exothermic (H, negative) or
endothermic (H, positive)
Construct enthalpy profile
diagrams to show the difference in
PTE9ii M3.1
the enthalpy of reactants
Enthalpy compared with products
changes: PTE9ii Use a qualitative explanation of
Including use of enthalpy profile diagrams
H of i the term activation energy
Explain and use of the term
reaction,
PTE9i standard conditions and standard
formation,
v states (physical states under
combustion
standard conditions)
and
Explain and use of the term Enthalpy change associated with a stated equation,
neutralisati PTE9v
enthalpy change of reaction rH
on
PTE9v Explain and use of the term Formation of 1 mol of a compound from its elements,
i enthalpy change of formation fH
PTE9v Explain and use of the term
Complete combustion of 1 mol of a substance, cH
ii enthalpy change of combustion
PTE9v Explain and use of the term Formation of 1 mol of water from
iii enthalpy change of neutralisation neutralisation, neutH
Calculate enthalpy changes Including use of the relationship: q = mcT
PTE9i
directly from appropriate M0.0, M0.2, M2.2, M2.3, M2.4
x
experimental results PAG3
Breaking of 1 mol of bonds in gaseous molecules
PTE10 Explain the term average bond M0.0, M0.2, M2.2, M2.3, M2.4
i enthalpy Definition of average bond enthalpy not required.
Definition of average bond enthalpy not required.
Explain exothermic and
Bond endothermic reactions in terms of
PTE10 Learners are expected to understand that an actual
enthalpies enthalpy changes associated with
ii bond enthalpy may differ from the average value.
the breaking and making of
chemical bonds
Use average bond enthalpies to
PTE10
calculate enthalpy changes and
iii
related quantities
M0.0, M0.2, M1.1, M2.2, M2.3, M2.4, M3.1
Definition of Hess law not required.
Unfamiliar enthalpy cycles will be provided.
HSW2 Application of the principle of conservation of
Use Hess law for construction of energy to determine enthalpy changes.
PTE11
enthalpy cycles to calculate Learners should be able to calculate:
Hess law i
enthalpy changes (i) an enthalpy change of reaction from enthalpy
and
changes of combustion
enthalpy
(ii) an enthalpy change of reaction from enthalpy
cycles
changes of formation
(iii) enthalpy changes from unfamiliar enthalpy cycles
Describe the techniques and M3.1, M3.2.
PTE11 procedures used to determine PAG3
ii enthalpy changes directly and HSW4 Opportunities for carrying out experimental
indirectly. and investigative work.
Describe the effect of
concentration, including the
PTE12
pressure of gases, on the rate of a
i
reaction, in terms of frequency of
Simple
collisions
collision
Calculate reaction rate from the
theory
gradients M3.1, M3.2, M3.5
PTE12
of graphs measuring how a Suitable physical quantities to monitor could include
ii
physical quantity changes with concentration, gas volume, mass, etc.
time

Dr A. Johnston, Southampton 2015

 Explain the role of a catalyst in
PTE13 increasing reaction rate without
Details of processes are not required.
i being used up by the overall
reaction
Explain the role of a catalyst in
allowing a reaction to proceed via
PTE13
a different route with lower
ii
activation energy, as shown by
enthalpy profile diagrams
PTE13 Explain the terms homogeneous
iii and heterogeneous catalysts
Explain that catalysts have great
Catalysts
economic importance and benefits
for increased sustainability by
HSW9,10 Benefits to the environment of improved
PTE13 lowering temperatures and
sustainability weighed against toxicity of some
iv reducing energy demand from
catalysts.
combustion of fossil fuels with
resulting reduction in CO2
emissions
Explain the techniques and
procedures used to investigate PAG9
PTE13
reaction rates including the HSW4 Many opportunities to carry out experimental
v
measurement of mass, gas and investigative work.
volumes and time
Explain qualitatively the
PTE14
Boltzmann distribution and its M3.1
i
relationship with activation energy
Explain using Boltzmann
The
distributions the qualitative effect
Boltzmann
on the proportion of molecules M3.1
distribution PTE14
exceeding the activation energy HSW1,2,5 Use of Boltzmann distribution model to
ii
when reaction temperature explain effect on reaction rates.
changes or when a catalyst is
used.
Explain that a dynamic
equilibrium exists
in a closed system when the rate
PTE15 of the forward reaction is equal to
i the rate of the reverse reaction
and the concentrations of
reactants and products do not
change
Use le Chateliers principle and its
application for homogeneous
equilibria to deduce qualitatively Definition for le Chatelier's principle not required.
PTE15
the effect of a change in HSW1,2,5 Use of le Chateliers principle to explain
ii
temperature, pressure or effect of factors on the position of equilibrium.
Dynamic concentration on the position of
equilibrium equilibrium
and le Explain that a catalyst increases
Chateliers the rate of both forward and
principle PTE15 reverse reactions in an equilibrium
iii by the same amount resulting in
an unchanged position of
equilibrium
Describe the techniques and
procedures used to investigate Qualitative effects only.
PTE15
changes to the position of HSW4 Opportunities to carry out experimental and
iv
equilibrium for changes in investigative work.
concentration and temperature.
Explain the importance to the
chemical industry of a compromise HSW6 Balancing the effects of equilibrium, rate,
PTE15
between chemical equilibrium and safety and economics to determine the conditions
v
reaction rate in deciding the used in industrial reactions e.g. Haber process.
operational conditions
The Create expressions for the
PTE16 M0.2, M1.1, M2.3, M2.4
equilibrium equilibrium constant, Kc , for
i Learners will not need to determine the units for Kc.
constant, Kc homogeneous reactions
Dr A. Johnston, Southampton 2015
 Calculate the equilibrium
PTE16
constant, Kc , from provided
ii
equilibrium concentrations
Estimate the position of
PTE16 M0.3
equilibrium from the magnitude of
iii A qualitative estimation only is required.
Kc

Dr A. Johnston, Southampton 2015

 Module 4: Core organic chemistry (CO)

(HSW = How science works, PAG = Practical endorsement, M =

Mathematical requirement)

Section Code Learning objectives Additional guidance

Naming and
representin Nomenclature will be limited to the functional groups
g the within this specification.
formulae of E.g. CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2OH has the systematic name:
organic 2-methylbutan-1-ol.
compounds Apply IUPAC rules of nomenclature Learners will be expected to know the names of the
CO1i for systematically naming organic first ten members of the alkanes homologous series
compounds and their corresponding alkyl groups.
HSW8 Use of systematic nomenclature to avoid
ambiguity.
HSW11 The role of IUPAC in developing a systematic
framework for chemical nomenclature.

Interpret and use the term The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a
CO1ii
general formula homologous series. e.g. for an alkane: CnH2n+2
The minimal detail that shows the arrangement of
Interpret and use the term
CO1iii atoms in a molecule e.g. for butane: CH3CH2CH2CH3 or
structural formula
CH3(CH2)2CH3
Interpret and use the term The relative positioning of atoms and the bonds
CO1iv
displayed formula between them
The simplified organic formula, shown by removing
hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a
carbon skeleton and associated functional groups
M4.2
Definitions not required.
In structural formulae, the carboxyl group will be
represented as COOH and the ester group as COO.
The symbols below will be used for cyclohexane and
Interpret and use the term
CO1v benzene:
skeletal formula

HSW8 Communication using organic chemical

structures; selecting the appropriate type of formula
for the context.
Functional A series of organic compounds having the same
groups functional group but with each successive member
differing by CH2
Interpret and use the term
CO2i Definition required for homologous series only.
homologous series
R may be used to represent alkyl groups, but also
other fragments of organic compounds not involved
in reactions.
Interpret and use the term A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic
CO2ii
functional group reactions of a compound
Interpret and use the term alkyl
CO2iii Of formula CnH2n+1
group
a compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined
Interpret and use the term
CO2iv together in straight chains, branched chains or non-
aliphatic
aromatic rings
Interpret and use the term An aliphatic compound arranged in non aromatic
CO2v
alicyclic rings with or without side chains
Interpret and use the term
CO2vi A compound containing a benzene ring
aromatic
CO2vii Interpret and use the term Single carboncarbon bonds only
saturated

Dr A. Johnston, Southampton 2015

 The presence of multiple carbon-carbon bonds,
including C=C, C/C and aromatic rings
The terms saturated and unsaturated will be used to
CO2vii Interpret and use the term
indicate the presence of multiple carboncarbon
i unsaturated
bonds as distinct from the wider term degree of
saturation used also for any multiple bonds and
cyclic compounds.
Use the general formula of a
homologous series to predict the
CO2ix
formula of any member of the
series
M4.2
Compounds with the same molecular formula but
Explain and use the term
CO3i different structural formula and determination of
structural isomers
possible structural formulae of an organic molecule,
given its molecular formula
Use and explain the term In terms of each bonding atom receiving one electron
CO3ii
homolytic fission from the bonded pair, forming two radicals
Use and explain the term In terms of one bonding atom receiving both
CO3iii
heterolytic fission electrons from the bonded pair
CO3iv Use and explain the term radical
Radical mechanisms will be represented by a
Isomerism sequence of equations.
Reaction Use dots to represent species Dots, , are required in all instances where there is a
CO3v
mechanism that are radicals in mechanisms single unpaired electron (e.g. Cl and CH3). Dots
s are not required for species that are diradicals (e.g.
O).
Curly arrow is described as the movement of an
Use curly arrows to show either
electron pair Half curly arrows are not required
CO3vi heterolytic fission or formation of a
HSW1,8 Use of the curly arrow model to
covalent bond
demonstrate electron flow in organic reactions.
Any relevant dipoles should be included.
Use diagrams, to show clearly the
Curly arrows should start from a bond, a lone pair of
CO3vii movement of an electron pair with
electrons or a negative charge. HSW1,2,8 Use of
curly arrows and relevant dipoles.
reaction mechanisms to explain organic reactions.
CO3vii Use partial charges to label a
i dipole
Describe alkanes as saturated
overlap of orbitals directly between the bonding
CO4i hydrocarbons containing single C
atoms
C and CH bonds as bonds
Describe C-C bonds as having
CO4ii
free rotation of the -bond
Explain the tetrahedral shape and
bond angle around each carbon M4.1, M4.2
Properties CO4iii
atom in alkanes in terms of Learners should be able to draw 3-D diagrams.
of alkanes
electron pair repulsion
Explain the variations in boiling
points of alkanes with different
carbon chain length and
CO4iv M3.1
branching, in terms of induced
dipole-dipole interactions (London
forces)
Reactions Explain the low reactivity of
of alkanes alkanes with many reagents in
HSW1 Use of ideas about enthalpy and polarity to
CO5i terms of the high bond enthalpy
explain macroscopic properties of alkanes.
and very low polarity of the -
bonds present
Use balanced equations to
Incomplete combustion from lack of oxygen results in
CO5ii describe the complete and
CO being produced
incomplete combustion of alkanes
CO5iii Explain the potential dangers
from CO

Dr A. Johnston, Southampton 2015

 Including a mechanism involving homolytic fission
and radical reactions in terms of initiation,
Describe the reaction of alkanes propagation and termination
with chlorine and bromine as Learners are not required to use half curly arrows in
CO5iv
radical substitution using this mechanism.
ultraviolet radiation Equations should show which species are radicals
using a single dot, , to represent the unpaired
electron.
Describe the limitations of radical
substitution in synthesis by the
formation of a mixture of organic
CO5v products, in terms of further
substitution and reactions at
different positions in a carbon
chain.
A -bond is a sideways overlap of adjacent p-orbitals
Describe alkenes as unsaturated above and below the bonding C atoms.
hydrocarbons containing a C=C A -bond is an overlap of orbitals directly between
CO6i bond comprising a -bond and a - the bonding atoms
bond Hybridisation is not required.
HSW1 Use of model of orbital overlap to explain
Properties
covalent bonding in organic compounds.
of alkenes
State that there is restricted
CO6ii
rotation of the -bond
Explain the trigonal planar shape
and bond angle around each
CO6iii M4.1, M4.2
carbon in the C=C of alkenes in
terms of electron pair repulsion
Compounds with the same structural formula but with
CO7i Explain the term stereoisomers a different arrangement in space
M4.2, M4.3
An example of stereoisomerism, in terms of
restricted rotation about a double bond and the
requirement for two different groups to be attached
Explain and use the term E/Z
CO7ii to each carbon atom of the C=C group
isomerism
Use of E as equivalent to trans and Z as equivalent to
cis is only consistently correct when there is an H on
Stereoisom
each carbon atom of the C=C bond.
erism in
A special case of E/Z isomerism in which two of the
alkenes Explain and use the term cis
CO7iii substituent groups attached to each carbon atom of
trans isomerism
the C=C group are the same
Use CahnIngoldPrelog (CIP)
Assigning CIP priorities to double or triple bonds
CO7iv priority rules to identify the E and
within R groups is not required.
Z stereoisomers
Determine possible E/Z or cis
trans stereoisomers of an organic
CO7v M4.2, M4.3
molecule, given its structural
formula
Addition Describe the reactivity of alkenes
reactions of CO8i in terms of the relatively low bond
alkenes enthalpy of the bond
Describe the addition reactions of
CO8ii alkenes with hydrogen in the e.g. Ni, to form alkanes
presence of a suitable catalyst
Including the use of bromine to detect the presence
Describe the addition reactions of
of a double C=C bond as a test for unsaturation in a
CO8iii alkenes with halogens to form
carbon chain
dihaloalkanes
PAG7
Describe the addition reactions of
CO8iv alkenes with hydrogen halides to
form haloalkanes
Describe the addition reactions of
CO8v alkenes with steam in the presence e.g. H3PO4, to form alcohols
of an acid catalyst
CO8vi Define and use of the term An electron pair acceptor
electrophile

Dr A. Johnston, Southampton 2015

 For the reaction with halogens, either a carbocation
Describe the mechanism of
or a halonium ion intermediate is acceptable.
CO8vii electrophilic addition in alkenes by
HSW1,2,8 Use of reaction mechanisms to explain
heterolytic fission
organic reactions.
e.g. HBr to propene, in terms of the relative
stabilities of carbocation intermediates in the
Use Markownikoffs rule to predict mechanism
CO8vii formation of a major organic Limited to stabilities of primary, secondary and
i product in addition reactions of H tertiary carbocations. Explanation for relative
X to unsymmetrical alkenes stabilities of carbocations not required.
HSW1,2,5 Use of stability to explain products of
organic reactions.
Describe the addition
CO9i polymerisation of alkenes and
substituted alkenes
Polymers Identify the repeating unit of an
from CO9ii addition polymer from the
alkenes monomer
Identify the monomer of an
CO9iii addition polymer from the
repeating unit
Describe the benefits for
sustainability of processing waste
CO10i
polymers by combustion for
energy production
Describe the benefits for
sustainability of processing waste
CO10i polymers by use as an organic
Waste i feedstock for the production of
polymers plastics and other organic
and chemicals
alternatives Describe the benefits for
CO10i sustainability of processing waste e.g. removal of HCl formed during disposal by
ii polymers by removal of toxic combustion of halogenated plastics (e.g. PVC)
waste products
Describe the benefits to the
HSW9,10 Benefits of reduced dependency on finite
CO10i environment of development of
resources and alleviating problems from disposal of
v biodegradable and
persistent plastic waste.
photodegradable polymers
CO11i Describe the polarity of alcohols
Explain in terms of hydrogen
CO11i bonding, water solubility and the
Properties
i relatively low volatility of alcohols
of alcohols
compared with alkanes
CO11i Classify alcohols into primary,
ii secondary and tertiary alcohols
Describe the combustion of
CO12i
alcohols
CO12i Describe the oxidation of alcohols
e.g. Cr2O72/H+ (i.e. K2Cr2O7/H2SO4)
i by an oxidising agent
Describe the oxidation of primary
CO12i Equations should use [O] to represent the oxidising
alcohols to form aldehydes and
ii agent.
carboxylic acids
Explain the control of the
CO12i
oxidation product using different PAG7
v
reaction conditions
Reactions
CO12 Describe the oxidation of
of alcohols
v secondary alcohols to form ketones
CO12 State the resistance to oxidation
vi of tertiary alcohols
Describe the elimination of H2O
CO12 from alcohols in the presence of an e.g. H3PO4 or H2SO4
vii acid catalyst and heat to form Mechanism not required.
alkenes
Describe the substitution with
CO12 e.g. NaBr/H2SO4
halide ions in the presence of acid
viii Mechanism not required.
to form haloalkanes

Dr A. Johnston, Southampton 2015

 Describe the hydrolysis of
CO13i haloalkanes in a substitution PAG7
reaction by aqueous alkali
Describe the hydrolysis of
CO13i haloalkanes in a substitution
i reaction by water in the presence
of AgNO3 and ethanol
Compare experimentally the rates
CO13i
Substitutio of hydrolysis of different carbon
ii
n reactions halogen bonds
of CO13i Define and use of the term
an electron pair donor
haloalkanes v nucleophile
Describe the mechanism of
CO13 nucleophilic substitution in the HSW1,2 Use of reaction mechanisms to explain
v hydrolysis of primary haloalkanes organic reactions.
with aqueous alkali
Explain the trend in the rates of
CO13 hydrolysis of primary haloalkanes
CF, CCl, CBr and CI
vi in terms of the bond enthalpies of
carbonhalogen bonds
Describe the production of
Simple equations of the breakdown process are
halogen radicals by the action of
required, e.g.
ultraviolet (UV) radiation on CFCs
CO14i C2F2Cl2 C2F2Cl + Cl
in the upper atmosphere and the
Environmen Cl + O3 Cl O + O2
resulting catalysed breakdown of
tal Cl O + O Cl + O2
the Earths protective ozone layer
concerns
CO14i Use equations to represent the
from use of
i production of halogen radicals
organohalo
e.g. NO.
gen
Learners could be expected to construct similar
compounds Use equations to represent the
CO14i equations for other stated radicals.
catalysed breakdown of ozone by
ii HSW9,10,11,12 Benefits of CFCs; acceptance of
Cl and other radicals
scientific evidence explaining ozone depletion leading
to government legislation against CFC use.
Describe the techniques and
procedures for the use of Quickfit PAG5
CO15i apparatus including for HSW4 Opportunities to carry out experimental and
distillation and heating under investigative work
Practical
reflux
skills
use of a separating funnel to remove an organic
Describe the techniques and
CO15i layer from an aqueous layer
procedures for the preparation and
i drying with an anhydrous salt (e.g. MgSO4, CaCl2)
purification of an organic liquid
redistillation
Identify individual functional
Learners will be expected to identify the functional
CO16i groups in a multifunctional organic
groups encountered in Module 4.
molecule
Synthetic
CO16i Predict the properties of a
routes
i multifunctional organic molecule
CO16i Predict the reactions of a
HSW3 Development of synthetic routes.
ii multifunctional organic molecule
Learners will be expected to be able to devise two
stage synthetic routes by applying transformations
Describe two-stage synthetic between all functional groups encountered up to this
CO16i
routes for preparing organic point of the specification. Extra information may be
v
compounds provided on exam papers to extend the learners
toolkit of organic reactions. HSW3 Development of
synthetic routes.
State that infrared (IR) radiation
CO17i causes covalent bonds to vibrate
more and absorb energy
Describe the absorption of HSW9,10,11,12 Acceptance of scientific evidence
Infrared CO17i infrared radiation by atmospheric explaining global warming has prompted
spectrosc
opy i gases containing C=O, OH and C governments towards policies to use renewable
H bonds energy supplies.
Explain the suspected link to
CO17i
global warming and resulting
ii
changes to energy usage

Dr A. Johnston, Southampton 2015

 Use an infrared spectrum of an
organic
CO17i
compound to identify an alcohol
v
from an absorption peak of the O
H bond
Use an infrared spectrum of an
In examinations, infrared absorption data will be
organic
CO17 provided on the Data Sheet.
compound to identify an
v Learners should be aware that most organic
aldehyde or ketone from an
compounds produce a peak at approximately 3000
absorption peak of the C=O bond
cm1 due to absorption by CH bonds.
Use an infrared spectrum of an
organic
CO17 compound to identify a carboxylic
vi acid from an absorption peak of
the C=O bond and a broad
absorption peak of the OH bond
M3.1
Interpret and predict an infrared
CO17 Restricted to functional groups studied in this
spectrum of familiar or unfamiliar
vii specification
substances using supplied data
HSW3,5 Analysis and interpretation of spectra.
Describe the use of infrared
spectroscopy to monitor gases
CO17
causing air pollution and in modern (e.g. CO and NO from car emissions)
viii
breathalysers to measure ethanol
in the breath
M3.1
Limited to ions with single charges.
Learners will not be expected to interpret mass
spectra of organic halogen compounds.
Identify the molecular ion peak in
Limited to organic compounds encountered in this
CO18i a mass spectrum and use it to
specification
Mass determine molecular mass
Learners should be aware that mass spectra may
spectromet
contain a small M+1 peak from the small proportion of
ry
carbon-13.
HSW3,5 Analysis and interpretation of spectra.
Analyse fragmentation peaks in a M3.1
CO18i mass Learners should be able to suggest the structures of
i spectrum to identify parts of fragment ions.
structures HSW3,5 Analysis and interpretation of spectra.

Dr A. Johnston, Southampton 2015

 Module 1: Development of Practical Skills in chemistry (DPS)

(HSW = How science works, PAG = Practical endorsement, M =

Mathematical requirement)

CGP
Revision
Section Code Learning objectives Additional guidance guide
page
number
Part 1: Practical skills for the written assessment
Including selection of suitable apparatus, equipment and
techniques for the proposed experiment.
Design experiments, including be
DPS1i able to solve problems set in a Learners should be able to apply scientific knowledge
practical context based on the content of the specification to the practical
1.1.1 context.
Planning HSW3
Identify variables that must be
DPS1ii
controlled where appropriate
Evaluate that an experimental
DPS1ii
method is appropriate to meet the HSW6
i
expected outcomes.
Explain how to use a wide range of As outlined in the content of the specification and the
DPS2i practical apparatus and techniques skills required for the Practical Endorsement.
1.1.2 correctly HSW4
Implemen Use appropriate units for
DPS2ii M0.0
ting measurements
DPS2ii Present observations and data in
HSW8
i an appropriate format.
Process, analyse and interpret
Including reaching valid conclusions, where appropriate.
DPS3i qualitative and quantitative
HSW5
experimental results
Refer to Section 5 for a list of mathematical skills that
Use appropriate mathematical skills learners should have acquired competence in as part of
DPS3ii
for analysis of quantitative data the course.
HSW3
Use the appropriate number of
DPS3ii
significant figures to display M1.1
1.1.3 i
answers
Analysis
Plot and interpret suitable graphs
from experimental results,
DPS3i
including: selection and labelling of M3.2
v
axes with appropriate scales,
quantities and units
Plot and interpret suitable graphs
from experimental results,
DPS3v M3.3, M3.4, M3.5
including: measurement of
gradients and intercepts.
Evaluate results and draw
DPS4i HSW6
conclusions
Identify anomalies in experimental
DPS4ii
measurements
DPS4ii Identify limitations in experimental
i procedures
1.1.4
Evaluate the precision and
Evaluatio
accuracy of measurements and
n DPS4i
data, including margins of error, M1.3
v
percentage errors and uncertainties
in apparatus
Refine experimental design by
DPS4v suggesting improvements to the HSW3
procedures and apparatus.
Part 2: Practical skills assessed in the practical endorsement A-Level only (PSA)
1.2.1 Practical skills
Independ
Apply investigative approaches and Including how to solve problems in a practical context.
ent PSA1
methods to practical work HSW3
thinking
Dr A. Johnston, Southampton 2015
 Including identification of potential hazards. Learners
Safely and correctly use a range of
PSA2i should understand how to minimise the risks involved.
practical equipment and materials
HSW4
Use and PSA2ii Follow written instructions
applicatio Make and record
SPA2iii HSW8
n of observations/measurements
scientific PSA2i Keep appropriate records of
methods v experimental activities
and Present information and data in a
PSA2v
practices scientific way
Use appropriate software and tools
PSA2v M3.1
to process data, carry out research
i HSW3
and report findings
Use online and offline research
Research skills including websites, textbooks
PSA3i
and and other printed scientific sources
referenci of information
ng Correctly cite sources of The Practical Skills Handbook provides guidance on
PSA3ii
information appropriate methods for citing information.
Instrume
Use a wide range of experimental
nts and
PSA4 and practical instruments, HSW4
equipmen
equipment and techniques.
t
1.2.2 Use of apparatus and techniques
Use appropriate apparatus to
record a range of measurements
PSA5i HSW4
(including mass, time, volume of
liquids and gases, temperature)
Use a water bath or electric heater
PSA5ii HSW4
or sand bath for heating
PSA5ii Measure pH using pH charts, or pH
HSW4
i meter, or pH probe on a data logger
PSA5i Perform a titration, using burette
v and pipette
Describe the differences between
PSA5v
distillation and heating under reflux
PSA5v Use qualitative tests for ions and
HSW4
i organic functional groups
Use laboratory apparatus such as
PSA5v filtration, including use of fluted
ii filter paper, or filtration under
reduced pressure
Use of Use a volumetric flask, including
PSA5v
apparatu accurate technique for making up a HSW4
iii
s and standard solution
technique Use acidbase indicators in
s PSAix titrations of weak/strong acids with HSW4
weak/strong alkalis
Purify a solid product by
PSAx
recrystallisation
Purify a liquid product using of a
PSAxi
separating funnel
PSAxii Use melting point apparatus
PSAxii Use thin layer or paper
i chromatography
PSAxi Set up of electrochemical cells and
v measure voltages
Safely and carefully handle solids
and liquids, including corrosive,
PSAxv
irritant, flammable and toxic
substances
Measure rates of reaction by an
PSAxv initial rate method such as a clock
i reaction a continuous monitoring
method.

Dr A. Johnston, Southampton 2015

 Appendix 1: How science works

Code Description
HSW1 Use theories, models and ideas to develop scientific explanations
HSW2 Use knowledge and understanding to pose scientific questions, define scientific problems,
present scientific arguments and scientific ideas
HSW3 Use appropriate methodology, including information and communication technology (ICT),
to answer scientific questions and solve scientific problems
HSW4 Carry out experimental and investigative activities, including appropriate risk
management, in a range of contexts
HSW5 Analyse and interpret data to provide evidence, recognising correlations and causal
relationships
HSW6 Evaluate methodology, evidence and data, and resolve conflicting evidence
HSW7 Know that scientific knowledge and understanding develops over time
HSW8 Communicate information and ideas in appropriate ways using appropriate terminology
HSW9 Consider applications and implications of science and evaluate their associated benefits
and risks
HSW10 Consider ethical issues in the treatment of humans, other organisms and the environment
HSW11 Evaluate the role of the scientific community in validating new knowledge and ensuring
integrity
HSW12 Evaluate the ways in which society uses science to inform decision making.

Dr A. Johnston, Southampton 2015

 Appendix 2: Mathematical Skills

Example of the mathematical skill in the

context of A Level Chemistry
Code Mathematical skill to be assessed
(assessment is not limited to the examples
below)
M0.0 Recognise and use appropriate units in i) Convert between units e.g. cm3 to dm3 as part of
calculations volumetric calculations
ii) Give units for an equilibrium constant or a rate
constant
iii) Understand that different units are used in similar
topic areas, so that conversions may be necessary
e.g. entropy in J mol1 K1 and enthalpy changes in kJ
mol1.
M0.1 Recognise and use expressions in decimal i) Use an appropriate number of decimal places in
and ordinary form calculations
ii) Carry out calculations using numbers in standard
and ordinary form (e.g. use of Avogadro constant)
iii) Understand standard form when applied to areas
such as (but not limited to) Kw
iv) Understand that significant figures need retaining
when making conversions between standard and
ordinary form, e.g. 0.0050 mol dm3 is equivalent to
5.0 103 mol dm3.
M0.2 Use ratios, fractions and percentages i) Calculate percentage yields
ii) Calculate the atom economy of a reaction
iii) Construct and/or balance equations using ratios.
M0.3 Estimate results i) Evaluate the effect of changing experimental
parameters on measurable values (e.g. how the
value of Kc would change with temperature given
different specified conditions.)
M0.4 Use calculators to find and use power, i) Carry out calculations using the Avogadro constant
exponential and logarithmic functions ii) Carry out pH and pKa calculations
iii) Make appropriate mathematical approximations in
buffer calculations.
M1-Handling data
M1.1 Use an appropriate number of significant i) Report calculations to an appropriate number of
figures significant figures given raw data quoted to varying
numbers of significant figures
ii) Understand that calculated results can only be
reported to the limits of the least accurate
measurement.

M1.2 Find arithmetic means i) Calculate weighted means, e.g. calculation of an

atomic mass based on supplied isotopic abundances
ii) Select appropriate titration data (i.e. identification
of outliers) in order to calculate mean titres.
M1.3 Identify uncertainties in measurements and i) Determine uncertainty when two burette readings
use simple techniques to determine are used to calculate a titre value.
uncertainty when data are combined
M2 Algebra

M2.1 Understand and use the symbols: =, 1, %, &, No exemplification required.

2, \, +, ?
M2.2 Change the subject of an equation i) Carry out structured and unstructured mole
calculations
ii) Calculate a rate constant, k from a rate equation.
M2.3 Substitute numerical values into algebraic i) Carry out enthalpy change calculations
equations using appropriate units for physical ii) Carry out rate calculations
quantities iii) Calculate the value of an equilibrium constant, Kc.
M2.4 Solve algebraic equations i) Carry out Hess law calculations
ii) Calculate a rate constant, k from a rate equation.

M2.5 Use logarithms in relation to quantities that i) Carry out pH and pKa calculations.
range over several orders of magnitude
M3 Graphs
M3.1 Translate information between graphical, i) Interpret and analyse spectra
numerical and algebraic forms ii) Determine the order of a reaction from a graph
and derive rate expression.

Dr A. Johnston, Southampton 2015

M3.2 Plot two variables from experimental or other i) Plot graphs from collected or supplied data to
data follow the course of a reaction
ii) Draw lines of best fit
iii) Extrapolate and interpolate
iv) Construct calibration curves.

M3.3 Determine the slope and intercept of a linear i) Calculate values for Ea and A from the gradient and
graph intercept of a graph using the Arrhenius equation.

M3.4 Calculate rate of change from a graph
showing a linear relationship
M3.5 Draw and use the slope of a tangent to a
curve as a measure of rate of change
i) Calculate the rate constant of a first-order reaction
by determination of the gradient of a rate
concentration graph.
i) Calculate the rate of a reaction from the gradient of
a concentrationtime graph for a first or second order
reaction.

M4 Geometry and trigonometry

M4.1 Use angles and shapes in regular 2-D and 3-D i) Predict/identify shapes of and bond angles in
structures molecules with and without a lone pair(s), for
example NH3, CH4, H2O etc.
M4.2 Visualise and represent 2-D and 3-D forms i) Draw different forms of isomers
including 2-D representations of 3-D objects ii) Identify chiral centres from a 2-D or 3-D
representation.
M4.3 Understand the symmetry of 2-D and 3-D i) Describe the types of stereoisomerism shown by
shapes molecules/complexes
ii) Identify chiral centres from a 2-D or 3-D
representation.

Dr A. Johnston, Southampton 2015

 Appendix 3: Practical activity endorsement
Practical activity group (PAG)
1 Moles determination
2 Acidbase titration
3 Enthalpy determination
4 Qualitative analysis of ions
5 Synthesis of an organic liquid
6 Synthesis of an organic solid
7 Qualitative analysis of organic
functional groups
8 Electrochemical cells
9 Rates of reaction continuous
monitoring method
10 Rates of reaction initial rates
method
11 pH measurement
12 Research skills
Techniques/skills covered Example of a suitable practical
(minimum) activity
i) Measurement of mass Determination of the composition of
ii) Measurement of volume of gas copper(II) carbonate
i) Measurement of volume of a liquid Titration of sodium hydrogencarbonate
ii) Use of volumetric flask, including against hydrochloric acid
accurate technique for making up a
standard solution
iii) Titration, using burette and
pipette
iv) Use of acidbase indicators in
titrations of weak/ strong acids with
weak/strong bases
i) Measurement of temperature Determination of the enthalpy change
of neutralisation
i) Use of apparatus for qualitative Identification of the anions and cations
tests for ions present in a mixture of Group 2 salts
ii) Make and record qualitative
observations
i) Heating under reflux Synthesis of a haloalkane
ii) Purification using a separating
funnel
iii) Distillation
iv) Risk assessment
i) Purification by recrystallisation Synthesis of aspirin
ii) Use of melting point apparatus
iii) Use of thin layer or paper
chromatography
iv) Filtration
v) Heating under reflux
vi) Risk assessment
i) Use of apparatus for qualitative Identifying functional groups in a
tests for organic functional groups series of unknown organic compounds
ii) Heating using water bath or
electric heater
iii) Make and record observations
i) Set up of electrochemical cells and The effect of concentration on the cell
measurement of voltages potential of an electrochemical cell
i) Measurement of rate of reaction by Finding the half-life of a reaction
a continuous monitoring method
ii) Measurement of time
iii) Use of appropriate software to
process data
i) Measurement of rate of reaction by Finding the order and rate constant for
an initial rate method a reaction
ii) Use of appropriate software to
process data
iii) Identify and control variables
i) Measurement of pH Identifying unknown solutions via pH
measurements
i) Apply investigative approaches How long does it take iron tablets to
ii) Use online and offline research break down in the stomach?
skills
iii) Correctly cite sources of
information
Dr A. Johnston, Southampton 2015
 Appendix 4: Practical Assessment Criteria
Competency
(1) Follows written procedures
(2) Applies investigative
approaches and methods when
using instruments and equipment
(3) Safely uses a range of
practical equipment and
materials
(4) Makes and records
observations
(5) Researches, references and
reports
Practical Mastery
Correctly follows instructions to carry out the experimental techniques or
procedures.
Correctly uses appropriate instrumentation, apparatus and materials
(including ICT) to carry out investigative activities, experimental techniques
and procedures with minimal assistance or prompting.
Carries out techniques or procedures methodically, in sequence and in
combination, identifying practical issues and making adjustments when
necessary.
Identifies and controls significant quantitative variables where applicable,
and plans approaches to take account of variables that cannot readily be
controlled.
Selects appropriate equipment and measurement strategies in order to
ensure suitably accurate results.
Identifies hazards and assesses risks associated with these hazards when
carrying out experimental techniques and procedures in the lab or field.
Uses appropriate safety equipment and approaches to minimise risks with
minimal prompting.
Identifies safety issues and makes adjustments when necessary.
Makes accurate observations relevant to the experimental or investigative
procedure.
Obtains accurate, precise and sufficient data for experimental and
investigative procedures and records this methodically using appropriate
units and conventions.
Uses appropriate software and/or tools to process data, carry out research
and report findings.
Sources of information are cited demonstrating that research has taken
place, supporting planning and conclusions.
Dr A. Johnston, Southampton 2015