IEEE 2007 International Symposium on Microwave, Antenna, Propagation, and EMC Technologies For Wireless Communications
Wireless Charging System Based on Switched Beam Smart
Antenna Technique
Zhu Xi Zhang Xiaodong Wu Qingyu
(College of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044 China)
Abstract: This paper presents a scheme for designing
a kind of wireless charging system aimed to provide
power transmission for personal mobile devices such as
cell phone. This scheme consists of three parts:
wireless power transmission design, wireless signal
transmission design and charging manage design. A
circular array consisting of some antenna elements is
employed in the scheme as transmit access of power and
signal. In the supposed indoor condition, the transfer
efficiency can up to 66%. The charging manage adopt a
close-loop optimal charging, charging time can be
reduced by 30%, and the battery' s life can be
lengthened by 20%.
Key words-switched beam antenna array, printed dipole,
close-loop optimal charging, residual capacity estimation.
1. Introduction
As regards to the persistent increase in the scale of
mobile devices, it brings higher requirement to the
convenience of the devices' implement, the
convenience largely depends on the constant and
steady of power supply. The current electric power
storage technology has no breakthrough development,
and normal wire charging mode has restrict in aspects
such as distance and space, each of the charging
frequency, electrical source's location, power transfer
interconnection and the length of transmission line can
bring disadvantage to the implement effect of the
mobile devices. This requires developing a wireless
power supply system to solve such problems, and
provides possibility to develop robust power supply
system in future.
2. Power transmission design
The efficiency of wireless power transmission depends
on the percentage of power received by rectanna, along
with the distance increasing, the power attenuation
grow faster, so the transmission distance should be
optimal calculated by both power efficiency and
implement requirements. The system is designed to
work under indoor condition, so, 5m is enough to fulfill
the implement requirements and won't result in a lot of
waste.
The other element affects the efficiency of power
received is the directional of power beam, the power
1-4244-1044-4/07/S25.00 2007 IEEE.
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attenuate less and the efficiency grows higher with
narrower beam. The smart antenna technology has the
contents of directional narrow beam, detect the user in
the area and radiate power beam to them. This paper
use the switched beam smart antenna technology's
directionalbeam, signal communication, user
management and algorithm design for reference,
because of the user management is not highly required,
so the switched beam smart antenna technology is
sufficient and economical choice.
A. Antenna element design
In this scheme, a coaxial collinear printed dipole
structure is used as the antenna elements to compose
the array antenna. Fig.l shows the structure of the
single antenna element, based on the principle of sleeve
dipole element, the coaxial transmission line feed has
changed to microstrip feed, also substitute planar
structure for solid form with respect to the dipole, and
the planar dipole is attained. And it has been proved the
variations of antenna gain with azimuth is very small,
with the width of printed circuit board far less than the
wavelength of the signal. In this design, the maximal
radiation direction tile is made down with 7 by
optimizing the spacing between the elements [2].
ac
=!L_ K
Fig. 1 The structure of antenna element
B Antenna array design
In the beamforming application, the directional patterns
of a uniform circular array (UCA) can be electronically
rotated throughout the azimuth without significant
change the beam shape, and less sensitive to the
in
mutual coupling effects compared with other array
structures such as uniform planar array, so the UCA is a
more applicable scheme.
In order to maximal the array factor gain, the array
structure is optimized in terms of different N values,
Fig.2 shows the relationship of the UCA diameter and
the array factors, where the optimal diameter of the
UCA is 182mm with respect to N=8.
 IEEE 2007 International Symposium on Microwave, Antenna, Propagation, and EMC Technologies For Wireless Communications
a j
_._I_._I_._I_._I_i_L
ii
Fig.2 Relationship between the UCA diameter and the array
factors
One antenna element is used as the rectenna.
C. Efficiency estimation
The power transfer efficiency depends on the power
attenuation and the incident power density. The vertical
downtilt of the radiation pattern is 6 to 7 maximal
gain G>10.5dBi, according
instances, the transmission efficiency
85% at the distance of 5m.
The conversion efficiency of rectenna is in direct
proportion to incident power density. In this scheme,
the charge object is personal mobile devices such as
cell phone, most of their charging power are below
10W, for example, the cell phone's optimal charging
power can reach about 5W, the rectenna's proportion is
18.6cm and the incident power density is 269mW/
,
cm ,the maximal conversion efficiency of the
rectenna is about 78%. And when the incident power is
down or the charge object's power is smaller, the
conversion efficiency goes down.
The integrate maximal efficiency is above 66%.
3. Optimal charging management
The target battery type is lithium type because it is the
most widely used type in personal mobile devices.
Fig.3 shows the dependency of cyclic battery life on
the charging patterns, in either case of undercharging or
overcharging, the battery life is shortened in
comparison with the case of optimal charging.
II .-^.r ?-ma r g
pig
-*--itt-\-.1-_
JO
.'J
Ti, U-..;'cn*r*; rig
rrU
i:,-n l-i 11 th
Fig.3 Dependency of battery life on charging pattern
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Under the case that the charging condition is not well
coordinated with the internal status of the battery, it is
impossible to make full use of the original battery
capacity. Under the V-taped charging pattern, the total
electricity charged into battery does not significantly
vary with the number of charging cycles after the
frequency service. It can provides both shorter charging
ii :>: _ time and sufficiently long cycle-life of the battery, is
one of the best charging patterns currently [1].
If the service history can be memorized by some means
with an identification of the battery, it is possible to
optimize the V-taped pattern according to the history. If
it can't be memorized, the most promising way to know
the history is an on-line estimation of the resultant
battery residual capacity [6].
Both of the electromotive force and the internal
resistance of the battery are vary with the residual
capacity. Their relationship is given in the equation
, below:
to smart antenna apply (1)
can reach over Cr aVb + fiRi + y.l- + Const
=
Where
Cr is the residual capacity (Ah) to be estimated
Vb is the measured electromotive force (V)
Ri is the measured internal resistance ( )
The first tern related to the electromotive force is
dominant in the higher range of the residual capacity,
while the second one associated with the internal
resistance is influential in the low range. The third term
is dominant only in the lower range close to zero, then
ignored in the discussion below. The last one is a
constant given uniquely to the battery type. Thus, the
parametersa, Pare known from the on-line
measurements on Cr, Vb and Rf As regards the
.
residual capacity Cr is unknown, during the change
of the residual capacity in the short period of time
between the two consecutive measurements, based on
the following equation (2) given for nth sampling
measurement
Crn=aVbn+l3Rin+Const (2)
Where Crn is the nth residual capacity, Vbn is the
~|-; "nial i.l it *ini
nth measured electromotive force and Rin is the nth
measured internal resistance.
For (n+l)th sampling measurement
C-(B+1) aVb{n+l) + pRl{H+1) + Const
= (3)
From (2) and (3)
Crn=ocVbn+(5R (4)
The change of the residual capacity Crn can be
" nfc _i calculated as the short-term integration of charging or
discharging current, from the consecutive (at least three)
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 IEEE 2007 International Symposium on Microwave, Antenna, Propagation, and EMC Technologies For Wireless Communications
measurements aand P can be known according to (4),
on theassumption that these parameters does not vary
during this short time of period. And the residual
capacity Cr can be estimated according to the
parameters and (2).
Fig.4 shows the equivalent circuit of sealed lead-acid
battery, where Rn is the electrolyte resistance
including the electrode resistance, and Ri2 is the
charge transfer resistance at the interface between the
electrode and electrolyte solution, Cb is the
electrostatic double-layer capacitor formed at the
boundary between the electrode and electrolyte
solution. The battery terminal voltage V(t) is given
by (5).
V(t) Vb (Rn+Ri2)I + Ri2Iexp(^;)(5)
=
Where Vc is the voltage across Cb which can not be
measured directly.
Under the steady-state condition, the total internal
resistance Ri is known from the terminal voltage
drop AV and the current I, which are measured at the
same time by sampling under on-line conditions.
R,=Rn+Rl2=-f-
The electromotive force Vb can be measured as the
terminal voltage under zero current condition.
As the electromotive force and the internal resistance
varies with the progress in charging or discharging
process, the best suited V-taped charging pattern needs
to be updated according to the time-by-time calculation
of the parameters a, Punder the on-line conditions. In
this way the residual capacity can be estimated more
accurately than any other methods proposed up to
present.
4. Data transmission design
1.0H 1.00 -.OU J; Ul 2.U.2 _.0y __1M
Fig.4 Computed axial ratio of the proposed antenna
According to Fig.4, the 3dB axial ratio bandwidth
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extends from 1.95 to 2.07 GHz, which is very good for
a single-fed microstrip patch. The antenna is right-hand
circularly polarized for the 2.01 to 2.025 GHz wireless
data communication, while it is circularly polarized for
the 2.04 GHz wireless power transmission scheme.
The data communication includes:
a. Rectenna side sent: the directional measured
results that needed by optimal charging management
such as electromotive force Vb current I.
,
b. Antenna side sent: the control signal to obtain
the results above and control the charging pattern.
C. Rectenna side sent: the protect signal relate to
battery charging condition,
d. Communicate between both sides: the
communication signal in switched beam smart antenna
system [2].
The data transmission scheme concentrates all the
arithmetic and control strategy in the antenna array side,
predigests the structure of rectenna side, improve the
system's compatibility. Because the data needed to be
sent from the rectenna side, most existing charging
systems have already possessed the ability to measure,
it is easy to implement from existing systems and more
economical.
(6) 5. Conclusion
This paper based on the principle of switched beam
smart antenna, gives prominence to it's advantage of
narrow directional beam, adapt it to a wireless power
transmission system. Optimal charging pattern is still
under developing, the presented on-line residual
capacity estimation is a currently advanced method.
This scheme provides a novel convenient method in
personal mobile devices application, and it is practical
one in the developing wireless power transmission
investigation.
6. References
[1] K.W. Klonz, A. Esser, R. R. Bacon, D. M. Divan, D.W.
Novotony, and R D. Lorenz, "An electric vehicle charging
system with universal inductive interface," in Proc. IEEE
PCC-93 Conf. Record, 1993, pp. 227-232.
[2] Xudong Wang, Feng Gao, Qizhong Liu, Design of Antenna
Array Used as Smart Antenna for TD-SCDMA Systems 2004
IEEE..
[3] J. H. Winters, "Forward'Link Smart Antenna and Power.
Control for IS 136". Fifth Stanford Workshop on Srnarf
Anfennas in Mobile Wireless Communications, July 23-24,
1998.
[4] W C. Brown and E. E. Eves, "Beamed microwave power
transmission and its application to space," IEEE Trans. Microw.
Theory Tech., vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 1239-1250, Jun. 1992.
[5] J. O. Mcspadden, T. Yoo, and K. Chang, "Theoretical and
?-0K experimental investigation of a rectenna element for microwave
power transmission," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 40,
no. 12, pp. 2359-2366, Dec. 1992.
[6] Y. Hiraga, J. Hirai, and A. Kawamura, "Decentralized control
of machines with the use of inductive transmission of power and
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 IEEE 2007 International Symposium on Microwave, Antenna, Propagation, and EMC Technologies For Wireless Communications

signal," in Proc. IEEE IAS Annu. Meeting, 1994, pp. 875-881. Transmission," Technical Memo 33-741, JPL, September 1.
[7]Dickinson, RM., 1975, "Evaluation of a Microwave [8]Friedman, H.W. 1994, "Near term feasibility demonstration
High-Power ReceptionConversion Array for Wireless Power of laser power beaming," SP1E Vol. 2121.

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