A Natural Monopoly Occurs When The Most Efficient Number of Firms in The Industry Is One

A natural monopoly occurs when the most efficient number of firms in the industry is
one.
A natural monopoly will typically have very high fixed costs meaning that it impractical to
have more than one firm producing the good.
An example of a natural monopoly is tap water. It makes sense to have just one
company providing a network of water pipes and sewers because there are very high
capital costs involved in setting up a national network of pipes and sewage systems. To
have two different companies offering water, wouldnt make sense as the average cost
would be very high compared to just one. There would also be the inconvenience of
having two firms dig up the road to lay a duplicate set of water pipes.
Definition of Natural Monopoly
William Baumol (1977) stated a natural monopoly is
[a]n industry in which multiform production is more costly than production by a

monopoly
Diagram of Natural monopoly
Suppose the industry demand is 10,000 units.

If a firm produces 10,000 units, it will get the lowest possible average costs 9.
If there were three firms producing 3,000 units. The firms would have average
costs of 17.
Therefore, the optimal number of firms in the industry will be one (one firm
producing all 10,000 units)
Examples of Natural Monopolies

Gas network
Electricity grid
Railway infrastructure
Aeroplane manufacture? At the moment, this is a duopoly so it is not a natural

monopoly, but it is close. One manufacture may have even lower average costs than the
current two firms.
Note: In buying gas for domestic use, there is competition. There are several companies
who use the one national network. Therefore, gas is a natural monopoly at the
distribution stage, but at the retail stage, it is possible to have competition.
Regulation of Natural Monopolies

Natural monopolies are uncontestable and firms have no real competition. Therefore,
without government intervention, they could abuse their market power and set higher
prices. Therefore, natural monopolies often need government regulation. For example,
OFWAT and OFGEM regulate the water and energy markets respectively.
Oil & gas[edit]
Petron Corporation
Philippine National Oil Company
Phoenix Petroleum Philippines, Inc.
SEAOIL Philippines
Electricity grid
Electricity pylons in San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija
Sucat Thermal Power Plant in Muntinlupa.
La Electricista[edit]
La Electricista, founded in 1892, was very first electric company to provide

electricity in Manila. It built the first electric generating plant in the country, the
Central Power Plant, on Calle San Sebastian (now R. Hidalgo) in Manila City.[2]
Meralco[edit]
Meralco was established as the Manila Electric Railroad and Light Company in 1903. It was created
to provide light and an electric railway system to Manila.
During World War II the transportation infrastructure of Meralco was destroyed and instead of
rebuilding the railway, the company focused its efforts onto its electric services.
During the 1960s a group of Filipino investors led by Eugenio Lopez Sr. bought Meralco from the
American investors. Meralco proceeded to expand during this time period, it was also during this
period that Meralco became the very first billion peso company in the Philippines.
During the 1970s the Philippine Government made it a state policy for the government to own all
major generating facilities. Meralco sold all of its generating plants to the National Power
Corporation (NPC) and, thus, electric distribution became its core business.[3]
Palinpinon Geothermal Power Plant in Valencia, Negros Oriental
Magat Power Plant
Bangui Wind Farm in Bangui, Ilocos Norte
Electricity line post in Tagaytay
Electricity sector in the Philippines

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Electricity pylons in San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija

Sucat Thermal Power Plant in Muntinlupa.
The electricity sector in the Philippines provides electricity through power generation,
transmission, and distribution to many parts of the Philippines. The Philippines is divided into
three electrical grids, one each for Luzon, the Visayas and Mindanao.[1] As of June 2016, the total
installed capacity in the Philippines was 20,055 megawatts (MW), of which 14,348 MW was on the
Luzon grid. As of June, 2016, the all-time peak demand on Luzon was 9,726 MW at 2:00 P.M. on
May 2, 2016; on Visayas was 1,878 MW at 2:00 P.M. on May 11, 2016; and on Mindanao was 1,593
MW at 1:35 P.M. on June 8, 2016.[1] However only 12% of Filipinos have no access to electricity.
History[edit]
Manila[edit]
La Electricista[edit]
La Electricista, founded in 1892, was very first electric company to provide electricity in Manila. It
built the first electric generating plant in the country, the Central Power Plant, on Calle San
Sebastian (now R. Hidalgo) in Manila City.[2]
Meralco[edit]
Meralco was established as the Manila Electric Railroad and Light Company in 1903. It was created
to provide light and an electric railway system to Manila.
During World War II the transportation infrastructure of Meralco was destroyed and instead of
rebuilding the railway, the company focused its efforts onto its electric services.
During the 1960s a group of Filipino investors led by Eugenio Lopez Sr. bought Meralco from the
American investors. Meralco proceeded to expand during this time period, it was also during this
period that Meralco became the very first billion peso company in the Philippines.
During the 1970s the Philippine Government made it a state policy for the government to own all
major generating facilities. Meralco sold all of its generating plants to the National Power
Corporation (NPC) and, thus, electric distribution became its core business.[3]
Power Generation[edit]
Power generation in the Philippines is not considered as a public utility operation, which means
interested parties do not need to secure a congressional franchise to operate a power generation
company. However, power generation is regulated by the Energy Regulation Commission (ERC)
who must issue a certificate of compliance to interested parties to ensure that the standards set forth
in the Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2011 (EPIRA) are followed.[4] The ERC is also
responsible for determining any power abuse or anti-competitive behavior. Power generation is a
value added tax zero-rated (i.e. not subject to 12% VAT) to ensure lower rates for end-users.
Electricity in the Philippines is produced from various sources such as coal, oil, natural gas,
biomass, hydroelectric, solar, wind, and geothermal sources. The allocation of electricity production
can be seen in the table below, according to data from the Department of Energy Power Statistics:[5]
Source Percentage
Coal 42.8%
Oil-Based 7.4%
Natural Gas 24.2%
Hydro 11.8%
Geothermal 13.3%
Other Renewable Sources (Wind, Solar, Biomass) 0.5%
Table 1. Power generation by source as of 2014
Source Operational
Hydroelectric 29
Geothermal 11
Solar/Photovoltaic 2
Wind 4
Coal 11
Diesel 5
Natural Gas 3
Oil 1
Table 2. Number of operational power plants in the Philippines

Fossil Fuels[edit]
Coal, oil, and natural gas are the most abundant fossil fuels in the Philippines.
Coal[edit]
Coal has the largest reserve and is often the cheapest fossil fuel. There is therefore a high demand
for coal around the globe. Throughout the years the demand for it has become steady despite the
growing environmental concerns. Coal has the highest contribution to the power generation mix but
the local demand for it is not limited to power generation. The Philippines has a vast potential for
coal resources. According to Energy Global, there is potentially an approximate of 270 billion tons of
coal resources.
Oil and natural gas[edit]
In June 2011, the Philippine Department of Energy (DOE) estimated a total of 27.9 billion cubic feet
of oil and a total of 53.9 trillion cubic feet of gas. The estimated total oil production in June 2011 in
the Philippines was 63 million barrels.
Renewable resources[edit]
The government has approved feed-in-tariff (FIT) rates for renewable energy in 2014 for wind, solar,
hydroelectric and biomass energy at a rate lower than those asked for by renewable energy
developers. Hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass, wind power and solar plants operate in the
Philippines.
Geothermal power[edit]
Main article: Geothermal power in the Philippines
Palinpinon Geothermal Power Plant in Valencia, Negros Oriental
Geothermal power is the dominant renewable energy resource in the Philippines. According to DOE,
the Philippines is second largest geothermal power producer in the world behind the United States of
America. DOE estimates a total potential of untapped geothermal resource is about 2,600 MW.
Hydroelectric power[edit]
Magat Power Plant
Hydropower is the second dominant renewable energy resource in the Philippines. There are
various hydropower plants spread out across the country. Large hydropower plants (more than 50
MW generating capacity) are connected directly to the main transmission grid whereas small (10-50
MW generating capacity) and mini (101 kW to 10 MW generating capacity) hydropower plants are
connected to local distribution systems.[6]
Biomass power[edit]
The Philippines has an abundant supply of biomass resources including agricultural crop residues,
forest residues, animal wastes, agro-industrial wastes, municipal solid wastes and aquatic biomass.
The most common agricultural wastes are rice hull, bagasse, coconut shell/husk and coconut coir.
[citation needed]
According to DOE,[citation needed] based on the information from Department of Agriculture and
the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, the Philippines could produce substantial
volumes of residue which could be used as fuel.
Wind power[edit]
Main article: Wind power in the Philippines
Bangui Wind Farm in Bangui, Ilocos Norte
The Philippines being situated on the fringes of the Asia-Pacific monsoon belt, exhibits a promising
potential for wind energy. Wind power plants are the third most operated renewable energy source in
the country.
Power Transmission[edit]
Power transmission in the Philippines is a common carrier business (i.e. regulated by the
government, serves its franchise area without discrimination, responsible for any losses incurred
during delivery). It is regulated by the ERC who has rate-making powers and the final say in the
valuation of transmission assets. Pursuant to the EPIRA and the Transmission Development Plan or
TDP,[7] maintenance and operations of the nationwide transmission system was subjected to
competitive public bidding conducted by the Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management
(PSALM).[8] The National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP)[9] was the highest bidder. It
assumed control of the national transmission system from the National Transmission
Corporation (TRANSCO),[10] whom assumed the same function from the now defunct National Power
Corporation, by way of RA 9511 its congressional franchise of 25 years renewable for another 25
years for a total of 50 years. Assuming it secures a renewal, NGCP's franchise will end on December
1, 2058. Ownership of transmission assets such as poles, towers, cables, land, substations, etc. still
belong to TRANSCO. TRANSCO is also responsible for making sure that NGCP complies with the
standards set by its congressional franchise.
National Grid Corporation of the Philippines[edit]
Main article: National Grid Corporation of the Philippines
National Transmission Corporation[edit]
Main article: National Transmission Corporation
Power Distribution[edit]
Electricity line post in Tagaytay
The circulation of electricity to end-users is a controlled common carrier business requiring a

national franchise.[11] The power to grant national franchises is exclusively vested to the Congress of
the Philippines. Distribution of electric power to all end-users or consumers of electricity may be
handled by private distribution utilities, cooperatives, local government units presently undertaking
this function and other duly authorized entities, under the regulation of the ERC. [12]
A distribution utility has the task to provide distribution services and connections to its system for any
end-user within its franchise area, as there are different distribution utilities available for different
areas, consistent with the distribution code. They are required to provide open and non-
discriminatory access to its distribution system to all users.
Retail rates charged by distribution utilities are subject to regulation of the ERC under the principle of
full recovery. Under full recovery, distribution utilities subdivide their retail rate into two distinct
categories, namely pass through charges and wheeling charges. Pass through charge follows the
principle of full economic recovery where a distribution utility may pass on all the charges it incurred
in the distribution of power such as the price of the power, transmission charge, systems loss
charge, etc. to its customers. The wheeling charge is an additional premium charged to the customer
akin to a mark-up on the cost of power acquired by the distribution utility. The wheeling charge
follows the principle of reasonable return on base (RORB) which allows the distribution utility to
operate viably as determined by the ERC.
According to the National Electrification Administration (NEA), the distribution sector is composed of
119 electric cooperatives, 16 privately owned utilities and six local government-owned utilities as of
2009.[13] These distribution utilities may acquire electricity from generation companies or the WESM,
when certified as the distribution of electricity requires a national franchise, for distribution to
residential, commercial, industrial and other users. NEA, the government agency in charge of
implementing programs to reinforce the technical capability and financial viability of rural electric
cooperatives, may act as guarantor for purchases of electricity in the WESM by any electric
cooperative or small distribution utility to support their credit standing.
Currently, Meralco is the Philippines' largest distribution utility with a franchise area of 9,337 square
kilometers covering Metro Manila, the entire provinces of Bulacan, Rizal and Cavite, parts of the
provinces of Laguna, Quezon and Batangas, and 17 barangays in Pampanga. The franchise area is
home to 23 million people, roughly a quarter of the entire Philippine population of 89 million.
Power distribution outside the Metro Manila area is handled by private distribution utilities and
electric cooperatives.
Private Distribution Utilities (PDUs)[edit]
Map of Electric Cooperatives and Distribution Utilities
Private Distribution Utilities are electric distribution companies that are owned by private entities. As
of 2012, there are 19 private-investor owned electric distribution companies in the Philippines. [14]
AEC - Angeles Electric Corporation
BELS - Bauan Electric Light System
BLCI - Bohol Light Co., Inc.
CEDC - Clark Electric Distribution Corporation
CELCO - Camotes Island Electric
CELCOR - Cabanatuan Electric Corporation
CEPALCO - Cagayan Electric Power and Light Co., Inc.
COLIGHT - Cotabato Electric Light System
DECORP - Dagupan Electric Corporation
DLPC - Davao Light and Power Co., Inc.
IEEC - Ibaan Electric and Engineering Corporation
ILPI - Iligan Electric Light and Power Company, Inc.

LUECO - La Union Electric Company, Inc.
MECO - Mactan Electric Company, Inc.
MERALCO - Manila Electric Company
PECO - Panay Electric Co., Inc.
SFELAPCO - San Fernando Electric Light and Power Co., Inc.
SUBIC ENER. - Subic Enerzone Company
TEI - Tarlac Electric, Inc.
VECO - Visayan Electric Company

Electric Cooperatives (ECs)[edit]
Electric Cooperatives (ECs) are entities owned by the end-users within the vicinity covered by the
said entity. They are controlled by a board of directors, who were elected by the end-users. As of
2012, there are 120 coops recognized by the ERC.[14]
Abra Electric
ABRECO LUBELCO Lubang Island Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
La Union Electric
LUELCO
Cooperative, Inc.
Aklan Electric
AKELCO MAGELCO Maguindanao Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Albay Electric
ALECO MARELCO Marinduque Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Agusan Del Norte

ANECO Electric MASELCO Masbate Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Antique Electric
ANTECO MOELCI I Misamis Occidental I Electric Cooperative Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Agusan Del Sur

ASELCO Electric MOELCI II Misamis Occidental II Electric Cooperative Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Aurora Electric
AURELCO MOPRECO Mt. Province Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Bantayan Electric
BANELCO MORESCO I Misamis Oriental I Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Basilan Electric
BASELCO MORESCO II Misamis Oriental II Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Batanes Electric
BATANELCO NEECO I Nueva Ecija I Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Batangas I Electric
BATELEC I NEECO II Nueva Ecija II Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Batangas II Electric
BATELEC II NEECO III Nueva Ecija III Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Benguet Electric
BENECO NOCECO Negros Occidental Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Biliran Island
BILECO Electric NORECO I Negros Oriental I Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Busuanga Island
BISELCO Electric NORECO II Negros Oriental II Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Bohol I Electric
BOHECO I NORSAMELCO Northern Samar Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Bohol II Electric
BOHECO II NUVELCO Nueva Viscaya Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Bukidnon II
BUSECO Electric OMECO Occidental Mindoro Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Cagayan I Electric
CAGELCO I ORMECO Oriental Mindoro Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Cagayan II Electric
CAGELCO II PALECO Palawan Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Camiguin Island
CAMELCO Electric PANELCO I Pangasinan I Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Camarines Norte
CANORECO Electric PANELCO III Pangasinan III Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Capiz Electric
CAPELCO PELCO I Pampanga I Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
CASELCO Cagayan De Sulu PELCO II Pampanga II Electric Cooperative, Inc.

Electric
Cooperative, Inc.
Camarines Sur I
CASURECO I Electric PELCO III Pampanga III Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Camarines Sur II
CASURECO II Electric PENELCO Peninsula Electric Cooperative
Cooperative, Inc.
Camarines Sur III

CASURECO III Electric PRESCO Pampanga Rural Electric Cooperative
Cooperative, Inc.
Camarines Sur IV
CASURECO IV Electric PROSIELCO Province of Siquijor Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Cebu I Electric
CEBECO I QUEZELCO I Quezon I Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Cebu II Electric
CEBECO II QUEZELCO II Quezon II Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Cebu III Electric

CEBECO III QUIRELCO Quirino Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Central Negros
CENECO Electric ROMELCO Romblon Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Central Pangasinan
CENPELCO Electric SAJELCO San Jose Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Cotabato Electric
COTELCO SAMELCO I Samar I Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Davao Del Norte

DANECO Electric SAMELCO II Samar II Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Davao Del Sur

DASURECO Electric SIARELCO Siargao Island Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Dinagat Island
DIELCO Electric SIASELCO Siase Island Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Sorsogon II
DORECOORECO
Electric
II
Cooperative, Inc.
South Cotabato
Electric Cooperative, Sultan Kudarat
Guimaras Electric
GUIMELCO SOCOTECO-I Inc. SUKELCO Electric
Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Ifugao Electric Sulu Electric

IFELCO SULECO
Cooperative, Inc. Cooperative, Inc.
Surigao Del Norte

Iloilo I Electric
ILECO I SURNECO Electric Cooperative,
Cooperative, Inc.
Inc.
Surigao Del Sur I

Iloilo II Electric
ILECO II SURSECO I Electric Cooperative,
Cooperative, Inc.
Inc.
Surigao Del Sur II

Iloilo III Electric
ILECO III SURSECO II Electric Cooperative,
Cooperative, Inc.
Inc.
Ilocos Norte
Tarlac I Electric
INEC Electric TARELCO I
Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Ilocos Sur Electric Tarlac II Electric

ISECO TARELCO II
Isabela I Electric Tawi - Tawi Electric

ISELCO I TAWELCO
Cooperative Cooperative, Inc.
Tablas Island
Isabela II Electric
ISELCO II TIELCO Electric Cooperative,
Cooperative
Inc.
Kalinga Apayao
Ticao Island Electric
KAELCO Electric TISELCO
Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Lanao Del Norte

V-M-C Electric
LANECO Electric VRESCO
Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Lanao Del Sur Zamboanga City

LASURECO Electric ZAMCELCO Electric Cooperative,
Cooperative, Inc. Inc.
Leyte I Electric Zambales I Electric
LEYECO I ZAMECO I
Leyte II Electric Zambales II Electric

LEYECO II ZAMECO II
Zamboanga Del Sur

Leyte III Electric
LEYECO III ZAMSURECO I I Electric
Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Zamboanga Del Sur

Leyte IV Electric ZAMSURECO
LEYECO IV II Electric
Cooperative, Inc. II
Cooperative, Inc.
Zamboanga Del
Leyte V Electric
LEYECO V ZANECO Norte Electric
Cooperative, Inc.
Cooperative, Inc.
Table 3. List of Electric Cooperatives in the Philippines.[15]

Municipal Utility (MU)[edit]
MUs are entities that are owned by the local government. The local government officials, who are
elected by the end-users within the municipality, regulates, controls, and manages the utilities. As of
2012, only one municipal utility is recognised by the ERC: Olongapo City.
Supply Sector[edit]
The supply sector are suppliers of electricity to the contestable market. Pursuant to EPIRA, the
implementation of retail competition and open access allows for the establishment of a contestable
market. The contestable market can be serviced by any interested party even without a national
franchise. However, they must be licensed by the ERC. As the supply sector is not considered a
public utility activity, the ERC does not regulate rate-making. However, the ERC still monitors and
determines anti-competitive behavior.
The contestable market are end-users with an average monthly peak demand of 750 kilowatts. The
ERC plans to reduce this level until it reaches average household demand.
Power Supply Shortage 2014-2015[edit]
According to several articles and news sites, the Philippines faced a power supply shortage leading
to rolling blackouts across the country during the years 2014-2015. In late 2014, President
Aquino requested the Congress to pass a resolution giving him emergency power to allow the
government to provide additional supply and prevent a power shortage in 2015. However, the
passing of the resolution was delayed and Aquino admitted that his original plan was no longer
feasible. His proposal was tweaked and the Interruptible Load Program (ILP) was recommended for
use in the Luzon power grid instead. The ILP essentially enrolls large establishments, including
government owned and controlled corporations, with their own generators to voluntarily disconnect
from the main grid and switch to their generators instead when a power outage was predicted. Their
rationale was that a power outage would cause these establishments to run on generators anyway
so it is more beneficial for them to run their generators in an organized fashion. [16][17][18]
Malampaya Shortage[edit]
According to several articles such as from Rappler, the Malampaya gas facility shortage is
responsible for 40-45 percent of Luzon's grid in terms of electricity consumption. Glitches and pipe
leaks play a big role in the shortage of electricity as it affects the gas flow restriction for safe
operations in the deep water gas-to-power project. The restrictions placed in the Malampaya gas
supply greatly impacts the power reserves and the power consumption of the end-users or the
households in the Philippines. Although the facility can be restored to normal operations, there never
is an assurance of the incident not happening again. There is no guarantee that the Malampaya gas
facility will operate perfectly which is why it is advised to practice energy efficiency and conservation
mainly because of power shortage and rate hikes.[19]
National Power Corporation[edit]
NAPOCOR power barge No. 119 in Isabela, Basilan
According to several articles, EPIRA introduced reforms, including the restructuring of the power
sector leaving a heavy dent on the states budget because of the high cost of maintenance.
Menandro Abanes, a researcher on Southeast Asian issues, said, To meet the predicted demand,
5,000 megawatts was needed, translating to necessary government infusion of approximately P38
billion annually into the development of the power industry to curb the shortfall, without which
another power crisis reminiscent of the 1980s and 1990s was expected." The government, however,
was unable to infuse funds into because of a budget deficit that hit P145 billion at the time.
Furthermore, by December 2000, NPC has accumulated a debt of 900 billion pesos, which at that
time was nearly half the government's total debt of 2.179 trillion pesos. To resolve this issue, the
government had no choice but to rely on the option of privatization of the power industry.
One of the solutions implemented by the government is the inclusion of the universal charge in the
end consumer's bill. The universal charge is used to pay part of the stranded costs of the NPC.
Stranded costs are incurred when the selling price of a good is less than the cost to produce it, this
usually results in a net loss to the company. The universal charge is also used to pay part of the
NPC's long term debt obligations.[20]
List of power plants in the Philippines

[show]Map all coordinates using OSM
Map all coordinates using Google
Map up to 200 coordinates using Bing
The following are lists of some of the power plants in the Philippines.
Contents
[hide]
1Renewable
o 1.1Hydroelectric
o 1.2Geothermal
o 1.3Solar/photovoltaic
o 1.4Wind power plants
o 1.5Biomass Power
2Non-renewable
o 2.1Coal
o 2.2Diesel
o 2.3Natural gas
o 2.4Oil
o 2.5Nuclear
3See also
4References
5External links
Renewable[edit]
Total all Renewable Power Source = 6667.28 MW
Hydroelectric[edit]
Location
Capa
Statio city Oper Commiss R
Status
n (MW ator ioned ef
) Communi
Coordinates
ty
Agus 1
Hydroele Marawi
Operatio
ctric 80.00 1994 City, Lanao
nal
Power del Sur
Plant
Location
Capa
Status
n (MW ator ioned ef
) Communi
Coordinates
ty
Ambukla
o
Hydroele Bokod, Operatio
105.00 2011
ctric Benguet nal
Power
Plant
Agus 6
Hydroele Iligan City,
Operatio
ctric 200.00 1953, 1977 Lanao del
nal
Power Norte
Plant
Agusan 2
First Manolo
Hydroele [1]
Gen Fortich, Operatio
ctric 1.60 1957 8219N124468E
Corporat Damilag, nal
Power [2]
ion Bukidnon
Plant
Ampoha Sablan, Operatio

8.00 1991,1997 [3]
w Hydro Benguet nal

Angat 1968, 1978, Norzagaray, Operatio
256.00
Dam 1992 Bulacan nal
Bakun
Alilem, Operatio
AC 70.00 2001 [3]
Ilocos Sur nal

Hydro
Bineng La Trinidad, Operatio
3.20 1991,1994 [3]
Hydro 1 Benguet nal

2.00 1991, 1996 [3]
Hydro 2 Benguet nal

0.75 1992 [3]
Hydro 2b Benguet nal

Bineng 1992, 1994, La Trinidad, Operatio
4.50 [3]
Hydro 3 1996 Benguet nal

Binga 140.00 2013 Itogon, Beng Operatio
Hydroele uet nal
ctric
Location
Capa
Status
n (MW ator ioned ef
) Communi
Coordinates
ty
Power
Plant
Bubunaw
an Run
First
of River Under
Gen Agusan Del
Hydroele 32.00 2021 construct [2][4]
Corporat Norte
ctric ion
ion
Power
plant
Ferdinan
dL Bakun, Operatio
5.90 1993 [3]
Singit Benguet nal

Hydro
Irisan Tuba, Operatio
3.80 2011 [3]
Hydro 1 Benguet nal

Irisan Tuba, Operatio
1.20 1991 [3]
Hydro 3 Benguet nal

Kalayaan
Pumped-
Storage Kalayaan, 14192N1212827 Operatio
685.00 1983
Hydroele Laguna E nal
ctric
Project
Lon-oy, San
Lon-oy Operatio
3.60 1993 Gabriel, La [3]
Hydro nal
Union
Lower
Bakun, Operatio
Labay 2.40 1993 [3]
Benguet nal
Hydro
Magat Ramon, 164903N121271 Operatio
360.00 1984
Dam Isabela 1E nal
Pulangi
Hydroele
Maramag, Operatio
ctric 255.00 1986
Bukidnon nal
Power
Plant
[2]
Pantaban 132.00 First 1977, 1980, Pantabangan, 154840.7268N121 Operatio
gan - Gen 2010 Nueva Ecija 0629.7396E nal
Masiway Corporat
Hydroele ion
Location
Capa
Status
n (MW ator ioned ef
) Communi
Coordinates
ty
ctric
Power
Plant
Sal-
Itogon, Operatio
Angan 2.40 1991 [3]
Benguet nal
Hydro
San
San Manuel and
144300N121050 Operatio
Roque 345.00 2003 San
0E nal
Dam NicolasPang
asinan
Santa Cruz,
Sibulan Operatio
16.50 2010 Davao del [3]
Hydro A nal
Sur
Santa Cruz,
Sibulan Operatio
26.00 2010 Davao del [3]
Hydro B nal
Sur
Brgy.
Talomo Operatio
1.00 1992 Malagos, [3]
Hydro 1 nal
Davao City
Talomo Brgy. Mintal, Operatio
0.60 2005 [3]
Hydro 2 Davao City nal

Talomo
Brgy. Mintal, Operatio
Hydro 0.65 2005 [3]
Davao City nal

2A
Talomo
Brgy. Mintal, Operatio
Hydro 0.30 2005 [3]
Davao City nal

2B
Brgy.
Talomo Catalunan Operatio
1.92 2005 [3]
Hydro 3 Pequeo, nal

Davao City
Under-
Sabangan Sabangan,
14.00 2015 Construc [3]
Hydro Mt. Province

tion
[3]
Linao 3.00 2014 Oriental Operatio
Cawayan Mindoro nal
Mini-
Hydro
Power
Location
Capa
Status
n (MW ator ioned ef
) Communi
Coordinates
ty
Plant
Total
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Geothermal[edit]
Capa
city Commiss R
Station Community Coordinates Status
(MW ioned ef
)
BacMan
Geothermal
Production
FieldEnergy
Development [2]
Sorsogon City, 130316.9160N123
Corporation(Pr 0 1979 Operational
Sorsogon 5755.6333E
oduces steam [5] [6]
for BacMan 1
and 2 power
plants. Total
140 MW)
BacMan 1
Geothermal
Power
Station Energy
Development [2]
Sorsogon City, 130316.9160N123

Corporation(St 120 1993 Operational
Sorsogon 5755.6333E
[5] [6]
eam is
from BacMan
Geothermal
Production
Field)
[2]
BacMan 2 20 1995 Sorsogon City, 130316.9160N123 Operational
Geothermal Sorsogon 5755.6333E [5] [6]
Power
Station Energy
Development
Corporation(St
eam is
from BacMan
Capa
city Commiss R
(MW ioned ef
)
Geothermal
Production
Field)
Leyte
Geothermal
Production
Field Energy
Development
Corporation(pr
oduces steam Kananga, Leyte
for Malitbog, 0 1975 and Ormoc 11830.1693N124 Operational
[2] [5] [6
Mahanagdong, City, Leyte 3711.9608E

Upper Mahiao
and Leyte
Optimization
Power Plants.
588.4 MW
total)
Malitbog
Geothermal
Power
Malitbog, Tong [2]
Station(Steam 1197N1243858
232.5 1996 onan, Kananga, Operational
is from Leyte E
[5] [6]
Leyte
Geothermal
Production
Field)
Upper Mahiao
Geothermal
Power [2]
Station (Steam Limao, 111025.0889N124

125 1996 Operational
is from Leyte Kananga, Leyte 3740.2938E
[5] [6]
Geothermal
Production
Field)
Mahanagdong
Geothermal
Power [2]
Station (Steam Ormoc City, 111025.0889N124

180 1997 Operational
is from Leyte Leyte 3740.2938E
[5] [6]
Geothermal
Production
Field)
[2]
Leyte 50.9 1997 Tongonan and 111025.0889N124 Operational
Optimization Limao, 3740.2938E
Capa
city Commiss R
(MW ioned ef
)
Geothermal
Power
Station (Steam
is from Leyte Kananga, Leyte [5] [6]
Geothermal
Production
Field)
Tongonan
Geothermal
Power
Limao, [2]
Plant (Steam is 111025.0889N124

112.5 1982 Kananga, Operational
from Leyte 3740.2938E
[5] [6]
Leyte, Leyte
Geothermal
Production
Field)
Mindanao
Geothermal
Production
FieldEnergy
Mount [2]
Development
Apo, Kidapawa 70047.9819N125
Corporation(Pr 0 1987 Operational [5] [6] [7
n City, North 1307.6865E ]
oduces steam
Cotabato
for Mindanao
1 and 2 power
plants. Total
106 MW)
Mindanao 1
Geothermal
Power Mount [2]
Plant (Steam is Apo, Kidapawa 70047.9819N125

52 1997 Operational [5] [6] [7
from Mindana n City, North 1307.6865E ]
o Geothermal Cotabato
Production
Field)
Mindanao 2
Geothermal
Power Mount [2]
Plant (Steam is Apo, Kidapawa 70047.9819N125

54 1999 Operational [5] [6] [7
from Mindana n City, North 1307.6865E ]
o Geothermal Cotabato
Production
Field)
[8]
Northern 0 Murcia, Negros 102855.3483N123 decommiss
Negros Occidental 0558.8563E ioned
Capa
city Commiss R
(MW ioned ef
)
Geothermal
Production
Field Energy
Development
Corporation
Southern
Negros
Geothermal
Production
Field Energy
Development [2]
Corporation(Pr 1983, 1993 - Valencia, 91714.6317N123

0 Operational
oduces steam 1994, 1995 Negros Oriental 1420.9170E
[5] [6]
for Palimpinon
1 & 2, Nasulo
geothermal
powerplants.
Total 221.9
MW)
Palinpinon 1
Geothermal
Power
Plant (Steam is [2]
1983, 1993 - Valencia, 91714.6317N123

from Southern 112.5 Operational
1994, 1995 Negros Oriental 1420.9170E
[5] [6]
Negros
Geothermal
Production
Field)
Palinpinon 2
Geothermal
Power
Plant (Steam is [2]
1983, 1993 - Valencia, 91714.6317N123

from Southern 60 Operational
1994, 1995 Negros Oriental 1420.9170E
[5] [6]
Negros
Geothermal
Production
Field)
[2]
Nasulo 49.4 2015 Valencia, 91714.6317N123 Operational
Geothermal Negros Oriental 1420.9170E [5] [6]
Power
Plant (Steam is
from Southern
Negros
Geothermal
Capa
city Commiss R
(MW ioned ef
)
Production
Field)
Tiwi
Geothermal 275 1979 Tiwi, Albay 132756N123385 Operational [9]
Power Plant 5E
Maibarara
Santo Tomas,
Geothermal 20 2014 Operational
Batangas
Power Plant
Makiling-
Banahaw
1979, 1980, Brgy. Bitin, Bay 14517N1211335
(Mak-Ban) 480 Operational
1984, 1996 , Laguna E
Geothermal
Power Plant
Ampiro
Misamis
Geothermal 30 Proposed
Occidental
Power Project
Mt. Sibulan-
Kapatagan
300 Davao del Sur Proposed
Geothermal
Power Project
Balatukan-
Balingasag Balingasag, Mis
40 Proposed
Geothermal amis Oriental
Prospect
Lakewood
Lakewood, Zam
Geothermal 40 Proposed
boanga del Sur
Prospect
Montelgao Oriental
44 2016 Operational
Power Plant Mindoro
Biliran Under
Geothermal 49 2016 Biliran Constructio
Plant n
Solar/photovoltaic[edit]
Capac
Commissi R
Station ity Community Coordinates Status
oned ef
(MW)
Burgos
Solar
Power
Plant(Ener [2]
183058N12038 Operatio
gy 4.1 2015 Burgos, Ilocos Norte
46E nal
Developme [5]
nt
Corporatio
n)
CEPALCO
Cagayan de
Cagayan de
Oro Operatio
1.1 2004 Oro, Misamis [10][11]
Photovoltai nal
Oriental
c Power
Plant
Surallah
Under-
Photovoltai Surallah, South
5 construct [12]
c Power Cotabato
ion
Plant
Philippine
Solar Farm Operatio
30 March 2015 Ormoc City, Leyte [13]
Leyte Inc. nal

(PSFLI)
Badoc-
Vintar
Badoc and Vintar, Ilo Approve
Photovoltai 20 [14]
cos Norte d
c Power
Plant
San Carlos City, Operatio
SaCaSol I 45 2014 [15]
Negros Occidental nal

La Carlota, Negros Operatio
islaSol I 32 [15]
Occidental nal
Manapla, Negros Operatio
islaSol II 48
Occidental nal
Under-
ECOGLO 100 - ZamboEcozone , Zam 70013.37N121
2015 construct
BAL INC. 300 boanga City 5525.63E ion
March 25, Operatio
ADI 2 Batangas
2015 nal
Solar Operatio
63.3 2016 Calatagan Batangas
Philippines nal
Capac
Commissi R
Station ity Community Coordinates Status
oned ef
(MW)
Solar Operatio
1.5 Sept. 20,2014 SM Mall North Edsa
Philippines nal
Solar Central Mall Binan Operatio
0.7 Nov. 24,2015
Philippines Laguna nal
Operatio
Raslag 10 January, 2015 Mexico, Pampanga
nal
Valenzuela
Valenzuela, Metro Operatio
Solar 8.6 Nov.28,2015
Manila nal
Energy, Inc
MIRAE
Asia Curimao, Ilocos Operatio
20 Feb.10,2016
Energy Norte nal
Corp.
Cadiz Solar
Cadiz, Negros Operatio
Power 132.5 2016
Occidental nal
Plant
Sindicatum
Mabalacat Operatio
Renewable 22 2016
City,Pampanga nal
Energy
Enfinity Operatio
28.6 2016 Digos, Davao Del Sur
S.A. nal
Citycor Silay City, Negros Operatio
25 2016
Power's Occidental nal
Wind power plants[edit]
Capaci
Commission Re
Station ty Community Coordinates Status
ed f
(MW)
Burgos
Wind
Farm(Ener
gy Burgos, Ilocos 183058N1203 Operationa
150 2014 [2][5]
Developme Norte 846E l

nt
Corporatio
n)
[16]
Philippine 48 Puerto 183140N1204 Under
Wind Farm Galera, Mindoro constructio
Capaci
Commission Re
ed f
(MW)
250E n
Bangui Bangui, Ilocos 183140N1204 Operationa

33 2005
Wind Farm Norte 250E l
Caparispisa
Pagudpud, Iloco 183617N1204 Operationa
n Wind 81 2014
s Norte 754E l
Farm
San San
Operationa
Lorenzo 54 2014 Lorenzo, Guima [17]
l
Wind Farm ras
Under-
Pililla
54 2015 Pililla, Rizal Constructi
Wind Farm
on
Under-
Sembrano
72 Pililla, Rizal Constructi
Wind Farm
on
Biomass Power[edit]
Capacit Commissione Coordinate Re

Station Community Status
y (MW) d s f
North
Manapla, Negros
Negros 24.9 2018 Proposed
Occidental
BioPower
CLEAN
Under-
GREEN
12 2017 Bagag, Bataan Constructio
Energy
n
Corp.
y (MW) d s f
Green
Under-
Power
35 2016 Mina, Iloilo Constructio
Panay Phil
n
Inc
Green
Under-
Power Maramag, Bukidno
35 2016 Constructio
Bukidnon n
n
Phil Inc
Green
Under-
Power
35 2016 Alcala, Cagayan Constructio
Alcala Phil
n
Inc
Kalilangan
Under-
Biomass
10 2017 TBA, Mindanao Constructio
Energy
n
Corporation
Don Carlos
Under-
Biomass
10 2017 TBA, Mindanao Constructio
Energy
n
Corporation,
Misamis
Oriental Under-
Biomass 12 2017 Misamis, Oriental Constructio
Energy n
Corporatio
Aseagas
8.8 2015 Lian, Batangas Operational
Corporation
San Carlos San Carlos City,

19.9 2015 Operational
BioPower Negros Occidental
y (MW) d s f
Isabela
Biomass
Energy 18 2015 Alicia, Isabela Operational
Corporation
(IBEC)
Asea One
42 2014 Aklan, Panay Operational
Power
Non-renewable[edit]
Coal[edit]
Capaci
Commissio R
ned ef
(MW)
Tokyo
Electric 16624N1205 Operation
1294 1999 Sual, Pangasinan [18]
Power 17E al
Marubeni
Masinloc, Zambal 153402N119 Operation

AES Corp. 600 1998 [18]
es 5522E al
141345N121 Operation
EGCO Group 511 2000 Mauban, Quezon [18]
4518E al
Tokyo
Electric 135335N121 Operation
728 1996 Pagbilao, Quezon [18]
Power 4442E al
Marubeni
Capaci
Commissio R
ned ef
(MW)
Mariveles
Coal-Fired 651.6 2013 Mariveles Bataan [18]
3215E al
Power Plant
DMCI 135549N120 Operation

600 1984, 1995 Calaca, Batangas [18]
Holdings 4719E al
Mabalacat, Pamp 151408N120 Operation

APEC 50 2006 [18]
anga 3637E al
SMC
Consolidated 600 2016 Limay, Bataan [18]
637E al
Power Corp
Toledo Power
Operation
Corp(Metroba 246 1993 Toledo, Cebu [19]
al
nk)
KEPCO-SPC Operation
200 2011 Naga, Cebu [19]
Power Plant al
STEAG Villanueva, Misa Operation

232 2006 [19]
GMBH mis Oriental al
Lanao under
Kauswagan
Kauswagan 552 2017 Constructi [19]
,Lanao Del Norte

power station on
PEDC Coal
Lapaz,Iloilo City, Operation
Fired Power 167.4 [20]
Iloilo al
Plant
Capaci
Commissio R
ned ef
(MW)
Brgy. Binugao,
Therma South Operation
300 2015 Toril District, [21] [22]
Inc. al
Davao City
Sultan Energy Operation

200 2012 Sultan Kudarat
Philippines al
SMI Power Malag, Davao Operation
500 2016
Corp. Del Sur al
7432
Total
MW
Diesel[edit]
Capaci
Commission Re
ed f
(MW)
Bohol
Diesel 1978, 1986, Tagbilaran, Boho Operation
11 [23]
Power 1996 l al
Plant
SPC Cebu
Diesel Operation
43.8 1994 Naga City, Cebu [23][24]
Power al
Plant
Cebu
Private
Operation
Power 43.8 1994 Cebu [23][24]
al
Corporati
on
[23][24]
Panay 74.9 1999 Iloilo City, Iloilo Operation
Diesel al
Power
Capaci
Commission Re
ed f
(MW)
Plant
CELCOR
Cabanatuan, Nue Operation
Power 26.5 1996 [24]
va Ecija al
Plant
Western
Mindanao Brgy.
70458.4N12212 Operation
Power 100 1997 Sangali, Zamboa
56.9E al
Corporati nga City
on
Natural gas[edit]
Capaci
Statio Commissio Commun Re
ty Coordinates Status
n ned ity f
(MW)
Ilijan
Combin Batangas
Operation
ed Cycle 1200 2000 City, Batang [25]
al
Power as
Plant
San
Gabriel
Batangas Under
Combin 134616.7344N121013
414 2016 City, Batang constructi [2][26]
ed Cycle 3.8733E
as on
Power
Plant
[2]
San 500 2002 Batangas 134616.7344N121013 Operation
Lorenzo City, Batang 3.8733E al
Combin as
ed Cycle
Power
Capaci
Statio Commissio Commun Re
ty Coordinates Status
n ned ity f
(MW)
Plant
Santa
Rita
Batangas
Combin 134616.7344N121013 Operation
1000 1997 City, Batang [2]
ed Cycle 3.8733E al
as
Power
Plant
Avion
Open Batangas Under
Cycle 97 2016 City, Batang 134616.7344N121013 constructi [2][27]
Power as 3.8733E on
Plant
Oil[edit]
Capacit Commissione Communit Coordinate Re

Station Status
y (MW) d y s f
Sucat
Decommissioned,
Thermal
850 1986 Muntinlupa For auction for
Power
recommissioning
Plant
Bataan
Combined
Cycle 540 1991 Bataan Operational
Power
Plant
Nuclear[edit]
Statio Capacit Commissione Re
Community Coordinates Status
n y (MW) d f
Bataan Complete
Nuclear Morong, Bataa 143745N12018 d but
621 N/A
Power n 49E Never
Plant Operated
Rail transport in the Philippines

Philippine National Railways (PNR)
Manila Light Rail Transit System (LRT-1 and LRT-2)
Manila Metro Rail Transit System (MRT-3)
Rail transport in the Philippines is used mostly to transport passengers within Metro Manila. The
Philippine railway network consists of one commuter rail service provided by the Philippine National
Railways (PNR), and multiple light rail systems operated by the Light Rail Transit
Authority and Metro Rail Transit Corporation. Within the last century, there were operating intercity
rail lines extending from Manila both north and south, as well as on Panay and Cebu islands.
The Philippine Railway Company, which operated both the Panay and Cebu lines, still exists but
owns no rolling stock or rail, only property. Other shorter lines were built and operated
on Negros island, serving sugar plantations and mills there, as well as elsewhere around the country.
Some of those lines still operate seasonally.
Contents
[hide]
1History
o 1.1Luzon
o 1.2Panay
o 1.3Cebu
o 1.4Rehabilitation
2Commuter rail
3Rapid transit
o 3.1LRTA System
o 3.2MRTC System
o 3.3AGT System
3.3.1Bicutan AGT
3.3.2Davao Monorail
3.3.3Baguio-La Trinidad monorail
o 3.4Proposed subway system
o 3.5Other Proposals
4See also
5References
6Further reading
History[edit]
Luzon[edit]
The "Ferrocarril de Manila a Dagupan" (ca 1885)
There has been rail transport in the Philippines for over 120 years.[1] On June 25, 1875, King Alfonso
XII of Spain promulgated a Royal Decree directing the Office of the Inspector of Public Works of the
Philippines to submit a general plan for railroads on Luzon. [2] The plan, which was submitted five
months later by Don Eduardo Lopez Navarro, was entitled Memoria Sobre el Plan General de
Ferrocarriles en la Isla de Luzn, and was promptly approved. A concession for the construction of a
railway line from Manila to Dagupan City was granted to Don Edmundo Sykes of the Ferrocarril de
Manila-Dagupan on June 1, 1887.[1] The first rail tracks were laid in 1891 and its first commercial run
was in 1892.[1]
At the Tutuban Central Terminal in a bustling district of old Manila was the terminal of the Philippine
National Railways for two lines, to the north and to the south. From the center
of Manila towards Baguio in the north, the line ended in San Fernando, La Union while the south line
stopped in Legazpi City in the Bicol region. To and from these points it carried people and their
goods, their trade and livelihood.
Most of the improvements on the rail network were destroyed during Japanese invasion of the
Philippines during the World War II. Of the more than a thousand route-kilometers before the war,
only 452 were operational after it. For several years after the war, work was undertaken on what
could be salvaged of the railroad system.[2]
Panay[edit]
Engine of the Panay Railways on display in a plaza of Iloilo City

Locomotive No. 109 on a stopover at the Panay Railways' Central Train Station on Railway St., Passi City,
circa 1980s.
From the beginning of the American colonial period of the Philippines, the new American
colonial Insular Government was committed to building new railways. The Philippine Railway
Company, predecessor of the current Panay Railways, was incorporated in Connecticut on March 5,
1906.[3] It was part of a "Manila syndicate", a collection of Philippine infrastructure companies
including the Manila Electric Railway and Light Company, incorporated in New Jersey, the Manila
Construction Company, and the Manila Suburban Railways Company.[4] Later the Philippines
Railways Construction Company was added.[4] Cornelius Vanderbilt and William Salomon, among
other leading American railwaymen sat on the board.
On May 28, 1906, the Philippine Commission granted to the Philippine Railway Corporation a
concession to construct railways on the islands of Panay, Negros and Cebu.[5]
Construction began on a railroad from Iloilo City to Roxas City in Capiz with crews working from both
cities and meeting in the middle in 1907.[3] Operations began immediately upon completion.[3] In 1985
passenger operations ceased and in 1989 freight operations ceased. [6]
Cebu[edit]
The Philippine Railway Company, along with operating the Panay line, operated a line in Cebu from
1911 to 1942, when operations ceased because of the Japanese occupation of the
Philippines during World War II.[7] The line ran from Danao south through Cebu City to Argao.[8] The
line was built by the related Philippine Railways Construction Company.[9]
Rehabilitation[edit]
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo's Administration worked to rehabilitate rail transportation in the country,
including the Philippine National Railways, through various investments and projects.[1][10] Total
reconstruction of rail bridges and tracks, including replacement of the current 35-kilogram (77-
pound) track with newer 50-kilogram (110-pound) tracks and the refurbishing of stations, were part of
the rehabilitation and expansion process. Much of those plans such as the Northrail Project were
controversial and were never completed.
Commuter rail[edit]
A former JR East 203 series hauled by a diesel locomolive at Vito Cruz station.
Main articles: Philippine National Railways and Philippine National Railways Metro Commuter Line
The Philippine National Railways is a state-owned railway system in the Philippines, organized
under the Department of Transportation (DOTr) as an attached agency. Established during
the Spanish colonial period, the modern PNR was developed only in 1984. It formerly operated
around 479 kilometres of track on the island of Luzon, where most Philippine rail infrastructure is
located. Because of this, PNR has become synonymous with the Philippine rail system.
A portion of the PNR network, specifically the Metro Manila portion of the network called as
the Metro Commuter Line, is part of the Strong Republic Transit System (SRTS),[11] and overall public
transport system in the metropolis. It forms the backbone of all of Metro Manila's regional
rail services, which extend to its suburbs and to provinces such as Laguna. However, other than
reducing growing traffic congestion due to the rising number of motor vehicles in Metro Manila,
[12]
PNR also aims to link key cities within the Philippines efficiently and to serve as an instrument in
national socio-economic development.[13]
However, the meeting of that goal has been beset with problems regarding degraded infrastructure
and a lack of government funding,[14] problems that are being rectified with current rehabilitation
efforts. The rehabilitation of PNR, which has been touted by various administrations, seeks to not
only tackle those problems, but also to spur Philippine economic growth through an efficient railway
system. In 2007 the Philippine government initiated a rehabilitation project aiming to remove informal
settlers from the PNR right-of-way, revitalize commuter services in Metro Manila, and restore the
Manila-Bicol route as well as lost services in Northern Luzon. In July 2009, PNR unveiled a new
corporate identity and inaugurated new rolling stock.[15]
Rapid transit[edit]
LRTA System[edit]
Main articles: Manila Light Rail Transit System, Manila Light Rail Transit System Line 1, and Manila
Light Rail Transit System Line 2
An LRT-1 train of the LRTA System at the Blumentritt Station

A LRT-2 train at the platform of the J. Ruiz Station
A MRT-3 train at the platform of the North Avenue Station
UP Diliman AGT
Bicutan AGT
The Manila Light Rail Transit System is the main metropolitan rail system serving the Metro
Manila area of the Philippines. There are two lines to the system: LRT-1, called the Yellow Line, and
LRT-2, called the Purple Line. Although the system is referred to as a "light rail" system, arguably
because the network is mostly elevated, the system is more akin to a rapid transit (metro) system in
European-North American terms. The Manila LRTA system is the second metro system in Southeast
Asia, built after Bangkok Paknam Railway (discontinued since 1960) by 64 years and earlier than
the Singapore MRT by three years. Quick and inexpensive to ride, the system serves
605,000 passengers each day. Every day around 430,000 passengers board the Yellow Line, and
175,000 ride the Purple Line.[16][17]
Its 31 stations along over 31 kilometers (19 mi) of mostly elevated track form two lines. LRT Line 1,
also called the Yellow Line, opened in 1984 and travels a northsouth route. All of the stations of the
LRT-1 and LRT-2 are elevated, except for the Katipunan Stations (which is underground). They
follow one of two different layouts. Most Yellow Line stations are composed of only one level,
accessible from the street below by stairway, containing the station's concourse and platform areas
separated by fare gates.[18]
Many passengers who ride the system also take various forms of road-based public transport, such
as buses, to and from a station to reach their intended destination.[19]A reusable plastic magnetic
ticketing system has replaced the previous token-based system, and the Flash Pass introduced as a
step towards a more integrated transportation system.
The system is not related to the Manila Metro Rail Transit System, or the Blue Line, which forms a
completely different but linked system of the Philippine National Railways.
MRTC System[edit]
Main article: Manila Metro Rail Transit System Line 3
The Manila Metro Rail Transit System has a single line, MRT-3 or the Blue Line. Although it has
characteristics of light rail, such as the type of rolling stock used, it is more akin to a rapid
transit system. It is not related to the Manila Light Rail Transit System, a separate but linked system.
One of its original purposes was to decongest Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA), one of Metro
Manila's main thoroughfares and home to the MRT-3, and many commuters who ride the system
also take road-based public transport, such as buses, to reach the intended destination from a
station. The system has been only partially successful in decongesting EDSA, and congestion is
further aggravated by the rising number of motor vehicles.[12] The expansion of the system to cover
the entire stretch of EDSA is expected to contribute to current attempts to decongest the
thoroughfare and to cut travel times. The single line serves 13 stations on 16.95 kilometres (10.5 mi)
of line.[20] It is mostly elevated, with some sections at grade or underground. The line commences
at North Avenue and ends at Taft Avenue (Taft on the map), serving the cities that EDSA passes
through: Quezon City, Mandaluyong, Makati, and Pasay. By 2004 MRT-3 had the highest ridership
of the three lines, with 400,000 passengers daily.[21]
AGT System[edit]
Main article: University of the Philippines Diliman Automated Guideway Transit System
The automated guideway transit system in UP Diliman will be the first of its kind to be built in
the Philippines. Plans for the system were revealed as early as December 2010. The
groundbreaking ceremony was held on July 18, 2011. It is still currently under construction and it will
be developed within the campus of the University of the Philippines Diliman in Quezon City. It will
serve as test track for the first mass transit system to be built and developed in the country by local
engineers.[22]
Bicutan AGT[edit]
The Bicutan Automated Guideway Transit System is an automated guideway transit (AGT) system
under construction and development as of 2011 within the City of Taguig the Philippines. It will serve
as test track for the second mass transit system to be built and developed in the country by local
engineers.
Davao Monorail[edit]
A 28-kilometer monorail project has been endorsed by the City Government of Davao to the
Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC) and Philippine National Railways
(PNR).[23]
Baguio-La Trinidad monorail[edit]
In December 2013, the Metals, Industry, Research, and Development Center of the DOST and the
Baguio City government entered into a memorandum of understanding for the conduct of a study on
the possible use of mass transport system in the city, particularly tramline and monorail. [24]
The project feasibility study is now on its final stages and that appropriate validation and evaluation
are being undertaken by technical personnel it is finalized and ready for submission to concerned
local governments for approval and consideration. He also said that the DOTC will help in sourcing
out funds for the eventual realization of the new transport project in the city.[25]
Proposed subway system[edit]
MMDA Chairperson Francis Tolentino said that a proposal to build a subway from the Bonifacio
Global City in Taguig to an area near a shopping mall in Quezon City. Tolentino also said that the
proposal has been complete with geological study showing that a subway is feasible, and that the
project is supported by DPWH Secretary Rogelio Singson.[26]
Other Proposals[edit]
During the 2016 presidential debates, former Senator Miriam Defensor-Santiago advocated the
establishment of an entirely new railway system from Manila to Sorsogon.
President Rodrigo Duterte has expressed his support for the establishment of a train system in the
entire island of Mindanao which may be in operation after his term ends. He also expressed support
for the restablishment of train systems in Panay, Negros, and Cebu.
Proposals for the reviving of the central and north luzon railway system have come up due
to Rodrigo Duterte's train system proposals. Advocates have been gearing for the establishment of a
railway that will connect from Manila to Ilocos Norte to Cagayan to Nueva Ecija and back to Manila.
Train system advocates in Palawan have also expressed their liking in the establishment of a
Palawan train system.
See also[edit]
Transportation portal
Trains portal
Philippines portal
Department of Transportation and Communications
Public transport in Manila
Department of Public Works and Highways
Strong Republic Transit System (SRTS)
Transportation in the Philippines
Charles M. Swift, founder of Meralco and Panay Railways
Bicutan Automated Guideway Transit System

This article relies largely or entirely upon a single source. Relevant discussion may be found
on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional
sources. (September 2015)
Bicutan Automated Guideway Transit System
Bicutan AGT System
Overview
Type Automated Guideway Transit (AGT)
Status Under construction
Locale Taguig, Metro Manila, Philippines
Services Taguig C-6 (planned)
Technical
Track length 465 meters (1,526 ft) (test track)
6.9 kilometers (4.3 mi) (planned)[1]
Number of tracks 1
Operating speed 5060 kilometers per hour (3137 mph) (planned)
Manila Metro Rail Transit System

removed. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
MRT3 MRT Line 3
North Avenue station platform area and train Tatra RT8D5
Overview
Type
System
Locale
Termini
Stations
Services
Daily ridership
Website
Operation
Opened
Owner
Operator(s)
Rolling stock
Technical
Track length
Track gauge
Minimum radius
Electrification
Operating speed
The Manila Metro Rail Transit System, also known as the MRT Line 3, MRT-3, or Metrostar
Express, is a rapid transit system of Metro Manila, Philippines, and is composed of a single line that
runs along the north and south lanes of Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA). Although it has the
characteristics of light rail, such as with the type of rolling stock used, it is more akin to a rapid
transit system owing to its total grade separation and high passenger throughput.
Envisioned in the 1970s as part of the Metropolitan Manila Strategic Mass Rail Transit Development
Plan, the thirteen-station, 16.9-kilometer (10.5 mi) line was the second rapid transit line to be built in
Metro Manila when it started full operations in 2000 under a 25-year concession agreement between
its private owners and the Philippine government's Department of Transportation (DOTr).
The line is owned by the Metro Rail Transit Corporation (MRTC), a private company operating in
partnership with the DOTr under a Build-Lease-Transfer agreement. Serving close to 550,000
passengers on a daily basis when MRTC's maintenance provider, Sumitomo Corp. of Japan, was
handling the maintenance of the system, MRT-3 is the busiest among Metro Manila's three rapid
transit lines, built with essential standards such as barrier-free access and the use of magnetic card
tickets to better facilitate passenger access. Total ridership significantly exceeds its built maximum
capacity of 350,000 passengers a day, with various solutions being proposed or implemented to
alleviate chronic congestion in addition to the procurement of new rolling stock.
Since 2006, the system's private owners had been offering various capacity expansion proposals to
the DOTC, but the DOTC never acted on these. Instead, in October 2012, the DOTC unilaterally
took over the train maintenance and removed Sumitomo Corp., putting in its stead unqualified
maintenance providers which led to a rapid deterioration of the MRT-3 system. In 2014, after the
DOTC's handling of the line's maintenance for two years amid questions about the line's structural
integrity owing to the DOTC's poor maintenance and the DOTC's pronouncements that the system in
general was safe, experts from MTR HK were commissioned to review the system. MTR HK made
the opinion that the rail system was compromised due to the DOTC's poor maintenance. [4][5][6]
MRT-3 is integrated with the public transit system in Metro Manila, and passengers also take various
forms of road-based public transport, such as buses, to and from a station to reach their intended
destination. Although the line is aimed at reducing traffic congestion and travel time along EDSA, the
transportation system has only been partially successful due to the DOTC's inaction on the private
sector's proposals to expand the capacity of the system to take up to 1.1 million passengers a day.
Expanding the network's capacity to accommodate the rising number of passengers is currently set
on tackling this problem.
Contents
[hide]
1The MRT-3 line
2History
3Station facilities, amenities, and services
o 3.1Station layout and accessibility
o 3.2Shops and services
4Safety and security
5Fares and ticketing
o 5.1Types of tickets
5.1.1Magnetic tickets (19992015)
5.1.2Beep cards (2015present)
o 5.2Fare adjustment
6Rolling stock
o 6.1Depot
7Plans
o 7.1Capacity Expansion Project
o 7.2North Extension
o 7.3Transfer of operations from MRTC to LRTA
8Controversy
9See also
10References
11External links
The MRT-3 line[edit]
System map of the Manila LRT and MRT (current as of July 2015)
An MRT-3 train Tatra RT8D5M approaching Ayala station.
The line serves 13 stations on 16.9 kilometers (10.5 mi) of line,[2][1] spaced on average around 1,300
metres (4,300 ft) apart.[7] The rails are mostly elevated and erected either over or along the roads
covered, with sections below ground before and after Buendia and Ayala stations, the only
underground stations on the line. The southern terminus of the line is the Taft Avenue station at the
intersection between Epifanio de los Santos Avenue and Taft Avenue, while the northern terminus is
the North Avenue station along Epifanio de los Santos Avenue in Barangay Bagong Pag-
asa, Quezon City. The rail line serves the cities that Circumferential Road 4 (Epifanio de los Santos
Avenue) passes through: Pasay, Makati, Mandaluyong, San Juan and Quezon City.
Three stations currently serve as interchanges between the lines operated by the MRTC, Light Rail
Transit Authority (LRTA), and Philippine National Railways (PNR). Magallanes station is near the
PNR's EDSA station, while Araneta Center-Cubao Station is connected by a covered walkway to
its namesake station of the LRT-2, and Taft Avenue station is connected via a covered walkway to
the EDSA station of the LRT-1.
The MRT-3 is open from 5:30 a.m. PST (UTC+8) until 11:00 p.m. on weekdays, and
5:30 a.m. PST (UTC+8) until 10:00 pm during weekends and holidays. It operates almost every day
of the year unless otherwise announced. Special schedules are announced via the PA system in
every station and also in newspapers and other mass media. During Holy Week, a public holiday in
the Philippines, the rail system is closed for annual maintenance, owing to fewer commuters and
traffic around the metro. Normal operation resumes after Easter Sunday.[8]
The MRT-3 has experimented with extended opening hours, the first of which included 24-hour
operations beginning on June 1, 2009 (primarily aimed at serving call center agents and other
workers in the business process outsourcing sector).[9] Citing low ridership figures and financial
losses, this was suspended after two days, and operations were instead extended from 5:00 a.m. to
1:00 a.m.[10] MRT-3 operations subsequently returned to the former schedule by April 2010, but
services were again extended starting March 10, 2014, with trains running on a trial basis from 4:30
am to 11:30 pm in anticipation of major traffic buildup in light of several major road projects
beginning in 2014.[11]
History[edit]
A northbound MRT-3 train leaving Shaw Boulevard station
Taft Avenue station platform area
During the construction of the first line of the Manila Light Rail Transit System in the early 1980s,
Electrowatt Engineering Services of Zrich designed a comprehensive plan for metro service in
Metro Manila. The planstill used as the basis for planning new metro linesconsisted of a 150-
kilometer (93 mi) network of rapid transit lines spanning all major corridors within 20 years,
[12]
including a line on Epifanio de los Santos Avenue, the region's busiest road corridor.
The MRT-3 (originally LRT-3) project officially began in 1989, five years after the opening of the LRT
Line 1, with the Hong Kong-based EDSA LRT Corporation winning the public bidding for the line's
construction during the term of President Corazon Aquino.[7] However, construction could not
commence, with the project stalled as the Philippine government conducted several investigations
into alleged irregularities with the project's contract. [13] In 1995, the Supreme Court upheld the
regularity of the project (G.R. No. 114222, April 6, 1995) which paved the way for construction to
finally begin during the term of President Fidel V. Ramos. A consortium of local companies, led by
Fil-Estate Management, Ayala Land, and 5 others, later formed the Metro Rail Transit
Corporation (MRTC) in June 1995 and took over the EDSA LRT Corporation.[7]
The MRTC was subsequently awarded a Build-Lease-Transfer contract by the DOTC, which meant
that the latter would possess ownership of the system after the 25-year concession period.
Meanwhile, the DOTC would assume all administrative functions, such as the regulation of fares and
operations, leaving the MRTC responsibility over construction and maintenance of the system as
well as the procurement of spare parts for trains. In exchange, the DOTC would pay the MRTC
monthly fees for a certain number of years to reimburse any incurred costs. [14]
Construction began on the fifteenth of October 1996, with a BLT agreement signed between the
Philippine government and the MRTC.[7] An amended turnkey agreement was later signed on
September 16, 1997 with a consortium of companies (including Mitsubishi Heavy
Industries and Sumitomo Corporation. A separate agreement was signed with CKD Dopravny
Systemy (KD Tatra, now part of Siemens AG), the leading builder of trams and light rail vehicles for
the Eastern Bloc, on rolling stock. MRTC also retained the services of ICF Kaiser Engineers and
Constructors to provide program management and technical oversight of the services for the design,
construction management and commissioning.[15]
During construction, the MRTC oversaw the design, construction, equipping, testing, and
commissioning, while the DOTC oversaw technical supervision of the project activities covered by
the BLT contract between the DOTC and MRTC. The DOTC also sought the services of Systra,
a French consultant firm, with regards to the technical competence, experience and track record in
the construction and operations.[15]
On December 15, 1999, the initial section from North Avenue to Buendia was inaugurated by
President Joseph Estrada,[16]with all remaining stations opening on July 20, 2000, a little over a
month past the original deadline.[17] However, ridership was initially far below expectations when the
line was still partially open, with passengers complaining of the tickets' steep price and the general
lack of connectivity of the stations with other modes of public transportation. [18] Passengers' complaint
of high ticket prices pointed to the maximum fare of 34, which at the time was significantly higher
than a comparable journey on those lines operated by the LRTA and the PNR or a similar bus ride
along EDSA. Although the MRTC projected 300,000-400,000 passengers riding the system daily, in
the first month of operation the system saw a ridership of only 40,000 passengers daily (the ridership
improved quickly, however, when passengers experienced significantly faster and convenient travel
along EDSA, which experience soon spread by word of mouth).[19] The system was also initially
criticized as a white elephant, comparing it to the Manila Light Rail Transit System and the Metro
Manila Skyway.[20] To alleviate passenger complaints, the MRTC later reduced passenger fares to
15, as per the request of then President Joseph Estrada and a subsequent government subsidy.
By 2004, the MRT-3 had the highest ridership of the three lines, with 400,000 passengers daily. By
early 2015, the system was carrying around 550,000 commuters during weekdays and was often
badly overcrowded during peak times of access during the day and night.
On August 13, 2014, a train at the Taft Avenue station became derailed and overshot to the streets.
First the train stopped after leaving Magallanes station (the station before the Taft Avenue station)
due to a technical problem. Later, the train broke down, so that a following train was used to push
the stalled train. During this process, however, the first train was detached from the rails and
overshot towards Taft Avenue, breaking the concrete barriers and falling to the street below. At least
38 people were injured.[21] The accident was blamed on poor maintenance provided by the DOTC-
appointed provider.
Station facilities, amenities, and services[edit]
Buendia station, one of the MRT-3 stations with an island platform.
The entrance to Ayala station as seen from the Ayala Center
Bridge linking the MRT-3 Taft Avenue station to the nearby LRT-1 EDSA station
With the exception of Buendia Avenue and Ayala Avenue stations, and the platform level of Taft
Avenue and Boni Avenue stations, all stations are situated above ground, taking advantage of
EDSA's topology.[22]
Station layout and accessibility[edit]
MRT-3 stations have a standard layout, with a concourse level and a platform level. The concourse
is usually above the platform, with stairs, escalators and elevators leading down to the platform level.
Station concourses contain ticket booths, which is separated from the platform level by fare gates.
[7]
Some stations, such as Araneta Center-Cubao, are connected at concourse level to nearby
buildings, such as shopping malls, for easier accessibility. Most stations are also barrier-free inside
and outside the station, and trains have spaces for passengers using wheelchairs.[7]
Stations either have island platforms, such as Taft Avenue and Shaw Boulevard, or side platforms,
such as Ortigas and North Avenue. Due to the very high patronage of the MRT3 system, part of the
platform corresponding to the front car of the train is cordoned off for the use of women, children,
elderly and disabled passengers.
MRT-3 stations are also designed to occupy the entire span of EDSA, allowing passengers to safely
cross between one end of the road and the other.[7]
Shops and services[edit]
Inside the concourse of all stations are stalls or shops where people can buy food or drinks. Stalls
vary by station, and some have fast food stalls. The number of stalls also varies by station, and
stations tend to have a wide variety, especially in stations such as Ayala and Shaw Boulevard.
Stations such as Taft Avenue and North Avenue are connected to or are near shopping malls and/or
other large shopping areas, where commuters are offered more shopping varieties.
Since November 19, 2001, in cooperation with the Philippine Daily Inquirer, passengers are offered
copies of the Inquirer Libre, a free, tabloid-size, Tagalog version of the Inquirer, which is available at
all MRT-3 stations.[23] In 2014, Pilipino Mirror also started distributing free tabloid newspapers.
Safety and security[edit]

The MRT-3 has always presented itself as a safe system to travel in, which was affirmed in a
2004 World Bank paper prepared by Halcrow describing the overall state of metro rail transit
operations in Manila as being "good".[24] However, in recent years after the DOTC took over
maintenance of the train system in 2012, the safety and reliability of the system has been put into
question, with experts calling it "an accident waiting to happen", and while several incidents and
accidents were reported between 2012 and 2014, that has not deterred commuters from continuing
to patronize the system.[25] The Philippine government, meanwhile, continues to assert that the
system is safe overall despite those incidents and accidents.[26]
With a current daily ridership of around 560,000 passengers, the MRT-3 operates significantly above
its designed capacity of between 360,000 and 380,000 passengers per day.[27] Operating over
capacity since 2004,[6] government officials have admitted that capacity and system upgrades are
overdue,[28] although the DOTC never acted on the numerous capacity expansion proposals of the
private owners. In the absence of major investment in improving system safety and reliability, DOTC
management of the MRT-3 has resorted to experimenting with and/or implementing other solutions
to reduce strain on the system, including crowd management on station platforms, [29] the proposed
implementation of peak-hour express train service. [30] However, some of these solutions, such as
platform crowd management, are unpopular with passengers.[31]
For safety and security reasons, persons who are visibly intoxicated, insane and/or under the
influence of controlled substances, persons carrying flammable materials and/or explosives, persons
carrying bulky objects or items over 1.5 metres (5 ft) tall and/or wide, and persons bringing pets
and/or other animals are prohibited from entering the MRT-3.[32] Products in tin cans are also
prohibited on board the MRT-3, citing the possibility of home-made bombs being concealed inside
the cans.[33]
In 2000 and 2001, in response to the Rizal Day bombings and the September 11th attacks, security
was stepped up on the MRT-3. The Philippine National Police has a special police force on the MRT-
3,[34] and security police provided by private companies can be found in all MRT-3 stations. All MRT-3
stations have a head guard. Some stations may also have a deployed K9 bomb-sniffing dog. The
MRT-3 also employs the use of closed-circuit television inside all stations to monitor suspicious
activities and to assure safety and security aboard the line. Passengers are also advised to look out
for thieves, who can take advantage of the crowding aboard MRT-3 trains. Wanted posters are
posted at all MRT-3 stations to help commuters identify known thieves.
Fares and ticketing[edit]
A sample MRT-3 stored value ticket bearing the face of then-President Joseph Estrada released in 2000.
The design of the single journey ticket prior to introduction of Beep card in 2015.
The design of the P100 stored value ticket prior to introduction of Beep card in 2015.
The MRT-3, like the LRT-1 and LRT-2, uses a distance-based fare structure, with fares ranging from
thirteen to twenty-eight pesos (29 to 63 U.S. cents), depending on the destination. Commuters who
ride the MRT-3 are charged 13 for the first two stations, 16 for 34 stations, 20 for 57 stations,
24 for 810 stations and 28 for 11 stations or the entire line. Children below 1.02 metres
(3 ft 4.4 in) (the height of a fare gate) may ride for free on the MRT-3.
Types of tickets[edit]
Magnetic tickets (19992015)[edit]
Two types of MRT-3 tickets exist: a single-journey (one-way) ticket whose cost is dependent on the
destination, and a stored-value (multiple-use) ticket for 100 pesos. The 200-peso & 500-peso stored-
value tickets were issued in the past, but have since been phased out. The single-journey ticket is
valid only on the date of purchase. Meanwhile, the stored-value ticket is valid for three months from
date of first use.[32]
MRT-3 tickets come in several incarnations: these include tickets bearing the portraits of former
presidents Joseph Estrada and Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo,[35]which have since been phased out, and
one bearing the logos of the DOTC and the MRTC. Ticket shortages are common: in 2005, the
MRTC was forced to recycle tickets bearing Estrada's portrait to address critical ticket shortages,
even resorting to borrowing stored-value tickets from the LRTA[36] and even cutting unusable tickets
in half for use as manual passes. Shortages were also reported in 2012, [37]and the DOTC was
working on procuring additional tickets in 2014.[38] Because of the ticket shortages, it had become
common practice for regular passengers to purchase several stored-value tickets at a time, though
ticket shortages still persist.[39]
Although the MRT-3 has partnered with private telecommunications companies in experimenting
with RFID technology as an alternative ticketing system in the past, [40][41] these were phased out in
2009.[42]
Beep cards (2015present)[edit]
Further information: Beep (smart card)
Currently, inter-operable beep cards with similar-to-the-previous single-journey and stored-value
ticket types are now issued, along with the deployment of brand-new ticketing machines that
replaced the barely-used ticketing machines that has been in place since the line's inauguration. The
beep, tap-and-go tickets, loadable up to 10,000 can be used in all three rail lines since December
2015.
Fare adjustment[edit]
Adjusting passenger fares was ordered by President Joseph Estrada as a means to boost flagging
ridership figures,[43] and the issue of MRT-3 fares both historically and in the present day continues to
be a contentious political issue involving officials at even the highest levels of government.
Current MRT-3 fare levels were set on January 4, 2015 as a consequence of DOTC having to
increase fares for the LRT-1 as per their concession agreement with MPIC-Ayala, with fare hikes
delayed for several years despite inflation and rising operating costs. [44] Prior to the current fares
levels, MRT-3 fares were set on July 15, 2000 under the orders of then President Estrada; this was
intended to have the MRT-3 become competitive against other modes of transport, [45] but had the
effect of causing revenue shortfalls which the government shouldered. While originally set to last
only until January 2001,[45] the new fare structure persisted due to strong public opposition against
increasing fares,[46] especially as MRT-3 ridership increased significantly after lower fares were
implemented.[43] These lower fareswhich are only slightly more expensive than jeepney fares
ended up being financed through large government subsidies amounting to around 45 per
passenger,[46][47] and which for both the MRT and LRT reached 75 billion for the 10-year period
between 2004 and 2014.[48] Without subsidies, the cost of a single MRT-3 trip is estimated at around
60,[47] and a 10 increase in fares would yield additional monthly revenues of 2-3 billion a month. [49]
Passenger fare subsidies are unpopular outside Metro Manila, with subsidy opponents claiming that
their taxes are being used to subsidize Metro Manila commuters without any benefit to the
countryside, and that the fare subsidies should be used for infrastructure improvements in the rest of
the country.[50] In his 2013 State of the Nation Address, President Benigno Aquino III claimed that it
would be unfair for non-Metro Manila residents to use their taxes to subsidize the LRT and MRT.
However, supporters of the subsidies claimed that the rest of the country benefits economically
[51]
from efficient transportation in Metro Manila.[52]
Rolling stock[edit]
MRT-3 train with GE Money Bank (BDO) wrap advertising
Inside an MRT-3 train in 2006.
Tatra RT8D5M (1st Generation) CNR Dalian 8MLB (2nd

Model [53]
0100 Series Generation) 3000 series
Number Built 73 (69 cars in service) 48 cars (28 cars delivered)
Czech Republic KD Transportation

Country of Origin China CNR Dalian
Systems
~33,000 mm (31,720 mm
Length per Car 33,000 mm (31,720 mm w/couplers)
w/couplers)
Width 2480 mm ~2500 mm
Height (pantograph lowered) 3550 mm ~3724 mm

Door Height 1900 mm ~1900 mm
Door Width Middle-End 1255 mm-861 mm ~1255 mm-861 mm
Floor Height 925 mm Unknown
Minimum Turning Radius ~Max. 300 m Mainline 25 m

20 m-20 m
Mainline-Depot Depot
Empty Weight 46800 kg Unknown
Low alloy high tensile steel (aluminum

Body shell material Unknown
for ceiling)
Electrification 750 V DC Overhead Line 750 V DC Overhead Line
8*64 KW IGBT Transistor type with

Traction Power Unknown
Regeneration (2 per Bogie)
Seating Capacity 74 Unknown
Standing Capacity @ 8
320 Unknown
passengers per m^2
Speed 65 Kph 45 kph
Acceleration 1.03 m/s^2 at least 1.03 m/s^2
Deceleration Service Brake-

1.01 m/s^2-1.58 m/s^2 at least 1.01 m/s^2-1.58 m/s^2
Emergency Braking
Max Gradient 5% at least 5%

Configuration 3 car (4 car Planned) 3 car / 4 car
Combined Passenger Capacity 1384 Passengers Unknown
Wheelbase 1900 mm ~1900 mm
The MRT-3 owns 73 light rail vehicles (LRV) made in the Czech Republic by KD (now part
of Siemens AG) in a three-car configuration, majority of which are now broken due to poor
maintenance since 2012 by DOTC.[3] The LRV's were purchased with export financing from
the Czech government.[54] Trains have a capacity of 1,182 passengers,[3] which is smaller than the
normal capacity of LRT Line 1 first generation rolling stock, although MRT-3 trains came with air
conditioning. Despite this, the MRT-3 is designed to carry in excess of 23,000 passengers per hour
per direction (PPHPD), and is expandable to accommodate 48,000 passengers per hour per
direction.[1] However, due to DOTC's poor maintenance, the line currently operates with 415 minute
headways,[55] and the system's passenger volume is presently closer to 14,00018,000 passengers
per hour per direction.
Depot[edit]
The MRT-3 maintains an underground depot in Quezon City, near North Avenue station. On top of
the depot is TriNoma, a shopping mall owned by the Ayala Corporation. The depot occupies 84,444
square meters (908,948 sq ft) of space and serves as the headquarters for light and heavy
maintenance of the MRT-3, as well as the operations of the system in general. It is connected to the
main MRT-3 network by a spur line. The depot is capable of storing 81 light rail vehicles, with the
option to expand to include 40 more vehicles as demand arises. They are parked on nine sets of
tracks, which converge onto the spur route and later on to the main network. However, a lot of rail
tracks for storage inside the depot were taken by DOTC to repair broken rails, as DOTC's appointed
maintenance provider did not purchase spare rails.
Plans[edit]
Capacity Expansion Project[edit]
Due to the high ridership of the line, a proposal under study by the DOTC and NEDA proposed to
double the current capacity by acquiring additional light rail vehicles to accommodate the 520,000
passenger a day requirement.[56]
In line with this need, the DOTC secured the procurement of a total of 48 LRVs (Light Rail Vehicles)
or 16 trains from Chinese firm Dalian Locomotive. Delivery had already commenced last January
2016 and will continue until January of the following year. The introduction of the new LRVs will allow
the MRT to now handle over 800,000 passengers.[57]
The first train was scheduled to be in revenue service before April 2016 [58][59] but delays in its
5,000 km run test had delayed its deployment for Revenue service.[60][61]
North Extension[edit]
Although Phase 1 of the MRT-3 (Taft Ave. to North Ave.) has already been built, the route envisioned
by the DOTC and the government in general was for the MRT-3 to traverse the entire length of
EDSA (from Monumento to Taft Avenue), eventually connecting to Line 1 at Monumento in Caloocan
(MRT-3 Phase 2) to create a seamless rail loop around Metro Manila. The expansion has been
shelved by then President Gloria Arroyo in favor of the LRT-1's extension from Monumento to a
new common station that it will share with the MRT-3 at North Avenue, thus closing the loop.
However, this move of President Arroyo to take away Phase 2 of the MRT-3 had proven to be ill-
advised as the ridership is very low at only about 30,000 passenger a day. The southern terminus of
the MRT-7 (originally LRT-4 along Quezon Blvd., but had since changed route several times), which
will link Quezon City, Caloocan (north), and San Jose del Monte City, Bulacan will be sharing the
same station.
The National Economic and Development Authority as well as then President Arroyo herself have
said that the MRT3-LRT1 link at North Avenue is a national priority, since it would not only provide
seamless service between the LRT-1 and the MRT-3, but would also help decongest Metro Manila.
[62]
It is estimated that by 2010, when the extension is completed, some 684,000 commuters would
use the MRT-3 everyday from the present 400,000, and traffic congestion on EDSA would be cut by
as much as fifty percent.[63] However, this LRT-1 extension was shown as a poor decision as the LRT-
1 extension carries a negligible load and traffic in Metro Manila has gotten worse.
On November 21, 2013, the NEDA board, chaired by President Benigno Aquino III, approved the
construction of a common station within North Avenue between SM North EDSA and TriNoma Mall. It
is estimated to cost 1.4 billion pesos. It will feature head-to-head platforms for LRT-1 and MRT-3
trains with a 147.4-meter elevated walkalator to MRT-7.[64] SM Investments Corporation posted 200
million pesos for the naming rights of the common station. [65] This is inconsistent with the original plan
of having seamless connectivity to Monumento and is also an unusual arrangement of having two
train stations beside each other.
Proposals to fully unite MRT-3 and LRT-1 operations, trains and systems have been pitched but has
not been pursued so far. Feasibility tests for this proposition included LRT-1 trains visiting MRT-3
depot facilities and running them on the entire line. It has since been shelved for undisclosed
reasons.
Transfer of operations from MRTC to LRTA[edit]
Recently, a new study for the Metro Manila Rail Network has been unveiled by DOTC
Undersecretary for Public Information Dante Velasco that LRT 1, LRT 2, and MRT 3 will be under
one management, the Light Rail Transit Authority. This is due to maintenance cost issues for Line 1's
maintenance cost, which is approximately 35 million, along with Line 2's 25 million and Line 3's
54 million maintenance costs. Another reason for this study is for the unification of the LRT 1 and
the MRT 3 lines. According to DOTC Undersecretary for Rails Glicerio Sicat, the transfer was set by
the government in June 2011.[66]However, it is unlikely that the private owners, MRTC, will approve
this plan.
On January 13, 2011, Light Rail Transit Authority Chief Rafael S. Rodriguez took over as officer-in-
charge of MRT-3 in preparation for the integration of operations of the Yellow, Purple, and Blue
Lines.[67] But with the entry of a new leadership into the MRTC that year and in 2012, the transfer was
deemed not likely to happen; however, in April 2012, a LRT-1 trainset made the first trial journey to
the MRT-3 depot.
On May 26, 2014, MRT's general manager Al Vitangcol was sacked by Transportation and
Communication Secretary Joseph Emilio Abaya, and was replaced by LRTA Administrator Honorito
Chaneco as officer-in-charge. The move came after Vitangcol was accused by the ambassador of
the Czech Republic of extortion and for awarding an anomalous deal, the maintenance contract, to
an uncle-in-law.[68] However, DOTC continues to use unqualified maintenance providers and has not
resorted to engaging world class companies for this important facility.
Controversy[edit]
By 2014 the MRT-3 was seen to have significantly deteriorated due to the DOTC's removal of tested
maintenance provider Sumitomo Corp. in 2012 and its persistence in using unqualified maintenance
providers. The government of Benigno Aquino III had been planning to buy the MRT-3 from the MRT
Corporation (MRTC), the company that built the MRT-3, and then bid it out to private bidders. The
Aquino government accused the MRTC of neglecting and not improving the services of the MRT-3
under its watch.[69] Records have shown, however, that there were no incidents prior to 2012 when
MRTC was still handling the system's maintenance.
In February 2016, the Philippine Senate released a report stating that DOTC Secretary Jun
Abaya and other DOTC officials "may have violated" the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act in
relation to questionable contracts with MRT-3's subsequent maintenance providers. [70] In a Senate
report where the MRT's condition was found to be in "poor maintenance" as per studies made by
MTR HK,[71] DOTC officials were reported to be involved in graft in relation to questionable contracts,
especially those for the maintenance of the MRT-3.[72] Aquino himself has not done anything to
address the poor performance of the DOTC since 2011.
BacMan Geothermal Production Field

The Bac-Man Geothermal Production Field, also known as the BacMan Geothermal Power
Plant, is one of the geothermal power stations operated by Energy Development Corporation in the
provinces of Albay and Sorsogon in the Philippines. It is named for its location in the municipalities
of Bacon and Manito.
Current operation[edit]
This geothermal field can produce 140 megawatts of electricity for the island of Luzon. It consists of
two power plants:
BacMan 1 - The Palayang Bayan area consisting 22 production wells and 9 reinjection wells.
[1]
BacMan 2 - The Cawayan and Botong (decommissioned) area consisting 8 production wells
and 7 reinjection wells.[2]
Malitbog Geothermal Power Station


Location of Malitbog Geothermal Power Station in Philippines
Country Philippines
Location Malitbog[disambiguation needed], Kananga, Leyte
110907N 1243858ECoordinates:
Coordinates
110907N 1243858E
Status Operational
Construction began 1993
Commission date 1996
Owner(s) Energy Development Corporation
Power generation
Units operational 3 77.5 MW
Nameplate capacity 232.5 MW
Malitbog Geothermal Power Station[1] is a 232.5 MW geothermal power plant or an earth steam
turbined electric generator and is the world's largest geothermal power plant under one roof located
in Malitbog[disambiguation needed], Kananga, Leyte, Philippines. The power plant is one of four operating in the
Leyte Geothermal Production Field.[1] The power plants served 10 million households in the Visayas
with an average of 160 kiloWatthour per Household of 3 per Month. While the other 7 million
Households is served by the Panlipin-on Geothermal Power of 100 Megawatts.
Formerly owned and operated by the California Energy under a build-operate-transfer scheme
known as CE Luzon. In 2007, it was transferred to PNOC-EDC and since 2009 it is owned and
operated privately by the Energy Development Corporation.
In November 2013 the plant was damaged by Super Typhoon Yolanda and restored to operation in
January 2014.[2]
The smokey mountains in the eastern parts of Kananga and Ormoc is Leyte's pride home of five
major geothermal power plants (former Leyte Geothermal Power Plant of NPC; Upper Mahiao,
Malibog and Mahanagdong A and B) and four optimization geothermal power plant (Tongonan,
Malitbog, Mahanagdong A and B) all privately owned and operated by the Energy Development
Corporation.
External links[edit]
Mindanao Geothermal Production Field
Mindanao Geothermal Production Field
Location within Philippines
Country Philippines
Location Kidapawan City, North Cotabato
7.013N 125.22ECoordinates: 7.013N

Coordinates
125.22E
Status Operational
Construction began 1987
Owner(s) Energy Development Corporation
Geothermal power station
Wells 19
Power generation
Units operational 2 54.24 MW
Nameplate capacity 106 MW
The Mindanao Geothermal Production Field[1] also known as the Mount Apo Geothermal Power
Plant is located in Barangay Ilomavis, Kidapawan City, North Cotabato Near Foot of Mount Apo with
a power output of 106 MW, currently of Kind of Mindanao Grid to supplies electricity to Kidapawan
and Davao Region.
Impounds: Mount Apo
Turbines: Dry Steam Power Plant 54.24 megawatts
Help
Category:Power companies of the Philippines

Energy portal
Electric power production, generation and distribution companies in the Philippines.
Subcategories
This category has only the following subcategory.
Electric power transmission system operators in the Philippines (1 P)
Pages in category "Power companies of the Philippines"

The following 12 pages are in this category, out of 12 total. This list may not reflect recent changes
(learn more).
C
Central Negros Electric Cooperative
Cotabato Light and Power Company

D
Davao Light and Power Company

E
Energy Development Corporation

F
First Philippine Holdings Corporation

M
Meralco
MORESCO 1
N
National Grid Corporation of the Philippines
National Power Corporation
National Transmission Corporation

V
Visayan Electric Company

Z
ZAMCELCO
Media in category "Power companies of the Philippines"

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Categories:
Energy companies of the Philippines
Power companies by country
Power companies of Asia
Electric power in the Philippines
Utilities of the Philippines
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Type Private company
Industry Electric utility
Founded January 15, 2009; 8 years ago
Headquarters Quezon Avenue cor. BIR Road, Diliman, Quezon

City, Metro Manila, Philippines
Key people Du Zhigang (Chairman)

Henry Sy, Jr. (President; 2010 - present)
Website www.ngcp.ph
The National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) is a private company that created on
January 15, 2009 through RA 9511. It is a consortium of 3 corporations, namely Monte Oro Grid
Resources Corporation, Calaca High Power Corporation and the State Grid Corporation of China. As
the franchise holder, it is in charge of the operation, maintenance and improvement of the Philippine
government, state, or National Transmission Corporation-owned national transmission facilities and
system, controls the supply and demand of power by determining the power mix through the
selection of power plants to put online (i.e. to signal power plants to produce power, as power plants
will only produce power or feed their power to the transmission grid when directed by NGCP). As a
common carrier, it must provide non-discriminatory access to its transmission system. It is subject to
the standards set by the Philippine Grid Code and the Transmission Development Plan. It also
updates the daily power situation outlook for Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao by determining the
available capacity, system peak, and gross reserve (all of which are in units of MW or megawatts).
Facade, entrance
Contents
[hide]
1History
2Franchise Law
3Board of Directors
4See also
5References
6External links
History[edit]
On December 12, 2007, 2 consortia bid for a 25-year license to run the Philippine power grid -
privatization of the management of the National Transmission Corporation (TransCo):
the consortium of Monte Oro Grid Resources Corp., led by businessman Enrique Razon, comprising
the State Grid Corporation of China, and Calaca High Power Corp., WON in an auction conducted
by the Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management (PSALM) Corp. as it submitted the highest
offer of $3.95 billion, for the right to operate TransCo for 25 years, outbidding San Miguel Energy, a
unit of San Miguel Corporation (bid of $3.905 billion), Dutch firm TPG Aurora BV and Malaysias TNB
Prai Sdn Bhd. Jose Ibazeta, PSALM president and CEO remarked: We are very happy about the
successful turnout of the bidding for TransCo. PSALM handled the privatization of the governments
transmission business with utmost transparency and judiciousness." [1][2][3]
On December 1, 2008, former president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo signed the RA 9511 which gives it
the franchise to operate and maintain the transmission facilities of TransCo.
On January 15, 2009, it officially started its operations and management over the national
transmission system. It continued to do all transmission projects that were planned or unfinished by
TransCo in its first few years and makes or plans any new projects through the Transmission
Development Plan (TDP).
Franchise Law[edit]
The NGCP's 50-year franchise only covers the operations, management, and maintenance of the
transmission facilities which was given to the private investors and the right of eminent domain
necessary to construct, expand, maintain, and operate the transmission system.
However, concession, unlike outright sale, allowed Philippine government, through TransCo, to
retain or continue the ownership of the country's said facilities or assets such as poles, towers,
cables, substations, land where the facilities are located (the right-of-way or ROW), and many more.
[4][5][6]
It is renewable for another 25 years. The franchise started on January 15, 2009 and will end on
December 1, 2058.
Board of Directors[edit]
Below is a table listing the board of directors of NGCP.[7]
Name Position
Du Zhigang Chairman
Henry Sy, Jr. Vice-Chairman
Robert Coyuito, Jr. Director
Jose Pardo Director
Francis Chua Director
Wen Bo Director
Ma Ruoxin Director
Liu Xinhua Director
Anthony Almeda Director
Paul Sagayo, Jr. Director
Central Negros Electric Cooperative

[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk
page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related
The Central Negros Electric Cooperative, Inc. (CENECO) is one of the 121 electric cooperatives
in the Philippines.[1] It was incorporated on February 24, 1975 in Bacolod City, in the Province
of Negros Occidental.
CENECO distributes power over the Calumangan-San Enrique transmission lines. They have been
reported to rely on supply shutoffs to do maintenance on electrical infrastructure. [2]
They have been criticized for a perceived lack of transparency in their operations. [3]
History[edit]
CENECO initially serviced Silay City; on May 16, 1976, it took over the electric system of the
Municipality of Murcia. On June 1978, with the help of the national government, CENECO purchased
and took over the A. S. Diaz Electric service (ASDES) which served Bacolod City and Talisay. The
following year, on June 1979, CENECO took over the Bago Electric System and Ma-ao Electric
System in Bago City.
At this time, CENECOs generating units were hard-pressed to keep up with the load demand of its
coverage area. CENECO had to resort to load shedding, which included scheduled brownouts. The
power shortage was relieved with the coming of the power barge from the National Power
Corporation on June 16, 1981. This was stationed along Bacolods Reclamation Area Project and
augmented CENECOs electric power supply.
Beginning July 4, 1984, the Palinpinon Geothermal Power Plant started supplying power to
CENECO. The plant, located in Brgy. Palinpinon not far from Dumaguete City, became the main
source of power for Negros Island. It supplied CENECO, VRESCO [clarification needed], NOCECO[clarification needed],
NORECO I[clarification needed] and NORECO II.[clarification needed]
CENECO suffered a major loss in its operations with the coming of Typhoon Ruping in November
1991. Almost half of CENECOs electric poles had to be replaced or repaired due to damage. The
work was so extensive that normal operation was restored the following year in February.
Other typhoons also contributed their share to the damage and to the losses of the
cooperative. Typhoon Puring in 1994 and Typhoon Pepang in 1995 caused setbacks to CENECO's
efforts to recover.
In late 2001, CENECO was padlocked by the Bacolod City government over the cooperatives tax-
exempt status, resulting in non-payment of franchise and other taxes, a dispute that was resolved
with the intervention of the Department of the Interior and Local Government and the National
Electrification Administration, which restored the status quo until the Supreme Court reaches a final
decision.
The passage of R.A. 9136, otherwise known as the EPIRA 2001 or the Electric Power Industry
Reform Act, has restructured the power situation in the country. This act has, among others, allowed
the participation of the Independent Power Producers, the privatization of the National Power
Corporation, and required the cooperatives and private distribution utilities to unbundle their power
rates.
References[edit]
1. Jump up^ The Official Website of the National Electrification
Administration
2. Jump up^ Gelera, Shiela (August 14, 2015). "Water, power

interruptions scheduled in Bacolod City, Negros Occidental". CNN
Philippines. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
3. Jump up^ Honeyman, Neil (September 2, 2015). "Honeyman: An

Independent View". Sun Star. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
Categories:
Power companies of the Philippines
Companies based in Bacolod
Electric cooperatives
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Davao Light and Power Company

Davao Light and Power Company, Inc.
Type Electricity
Founder P. H. Frank
Headquarters Philippines
Number of Davao City/Davao del Norte area

locations
Key people Engr. Rodger Velasco, executive vice president

and COO
Parent Aboitiz Power Corporation
Website www.davaolight.com
Davao Light and Power Company, Inc. is a Davao-based Filipino electricity company and the third
largest[1] privately owned electric utility in the Philippines and is owned by Aboitiz Power Corporation
(AboitizPower).[2] In 2007, the company had 247,341 customers[3] and 290,000 customers in 2012.[4]
The company was originally owned by P. H. Frank but was sold to Jon Ramon Aboitiz in 1941. [5]
References[edit]
1. Jump up^ "Davao Light gets rate hike". Asia Africa Intelligence Wire. 9 January 2004.
Retrieved 18 September 2012.
2. Jump up^ "ERC completes hearings on Davao Light's petition". Philippine Daily

Energy Development Corporation (or simply EDC) is the largest producer of geothermal energy in
the Philippines and the second largest in the world. It is involved
in geothermal, hydroelectric and wind energy projects. The company was formerly owned by
the Philippine National Oil Company, a state corporation owned by the Republic of the Philippines
engaged in the exploration of resources, production of energy and distribution of power supply to
smaller electricity distributor. EDC was privatized and acquired by the Lopez Group as part of its
energy and power supply utility business units.
Contents
[hide]
1History
2Affiliates
3Powerplants
4References
5External links
History[edit]
EDC used to be a subsidiary of Philippine National Oil Company. It was privatized and sold to First
Philippine Holdings Corporation, a Lopez-owned and controlled corporation involved in energy and
power supply generation business.
In 2013, the company registered consolidated net income attributable to equity holders of the parent
of P4.740 billion, lower by 47% than P9.002 billion in 2012. Consolidated revenues decreased by
10% year-on-year to P25.656 billion from P28.369 billion. The attributable net income in 2013
represented 18.5% of total revenue, compared to 31.7% in 2012. Recurring net income attributable
to equity holders of the parent decreased by 23% to P6.565 billion from P8.522 billion.
EDC booked a P1.261 billion foreign exchange loss due to the depreciation of the peso against the
dollar in 2013, compared to a P1.054 billion foreign exchange gain in 2012 when the peso was
stronger. EDC recorded a P625 million loss on damaged assets due to Typhoon Yolanda and a P575
million loss on impairment of exploration and evaluation assets in relation to its Cabalian Project
in Southern Leyte.
The Department of Energy issued in May 2013 the Certificate of Confirmation of Commerciality in
favor of EDCs wind project in Burgos, Ilocos Norte under EDC Burgos Wind Power Corporation
(EBWPC). The DoE certificate, the first to be issued by the DoE for a wind project, confirmed the
Declaration of Commerciality for EBWPC to develop, operate, and maintain a feasible and viable 87
MW wind power project. The certification converts the Burgos wind farms Wind Energy Service
Contract issued in 2009 from the exploration/pre-development to development/commercial stage.
EDC broke ground in April 2013, after selecting Vestas of Denmark, the worlds largest wind turbine
manufacturer, as supplier of the 29 V90-3.0 MW wind turbines. The total cost of the Burgos Wind
Farm will be approximately $300 million covering the costs of the wind farm, substation and
transmission line. Once operational, the Burgos Wind Farm is expected to generate approximately
233 GWh annually and power over a million households. It will augment the Luzon grids dependable
capacity which needs an additional 4,200 MW in the next ten years due to the projected 4.5% annual
increase in electricity demand.[1]
Affiliates[edit]
First Gen Hydro Power Corp.
First Gen is the operator of the 132
megawatts Pantabangan Hydroelectric Powerplant and
Masiway Hydroelectric Powerplant both in Pantabangan, Nueva
Ecija.
Green Core Geothermal, Inc.

Green Core is the operator of the 305 megawatts Tongonan and
the Palinpinon geothermal plants in Leyte and Negros
Oriental respectively.
Powerplants[edit]
Tongonan Geothermal Powerplant (operated by Green
Core)
Palinpinon Geothermal Powerplant (operated by Green

Core)
Pantabangan Hydroelectric Powerplant - 120 MW

(operated by First Gen)
Masiway Hydroelectric Powerplant - 12.5 MW (operated by

First Gen)
BacMan Geothermal Production Field (operated by EDC)
Burgos Wind Farm[2]
References[edit]
1. Jump up^ "Lopez Holdings Corporation investments in
power and energy manages business challenges".
2. Jump up^ Calderon, Justin (25 May 2013). "Philippines

expands wind, geothermal". Inside Investor. Retrieved 28
May 2013.
Energy.com.ph
[hide]
v
Lopez Group
Lopez, Inc.
Parent
Lopez Holdings Corporation
Eugenio Lopez, Sr.
Eugenio Lopez, Jr.

Key figures
Eugenio Lopez III
Fernando Lopez
ABS-CBN Corporation
Media and Telecommunications ABS-CBN Convergence
Sky Cable Corporation
Energy First Philippine Holdings Corporation
First Gen Corporation
First Gas Holdings Corporation
FGP Corp.
Power generation FG Hydro Power Corporation
FG Bukidnon Power Corp.
Bauang Private Power Corporation
Power Distribution Panay Electric Company
Rockwell Land Corporation
First Philippine Industrial Park

Property
First Philippines Realty Corp.
Terraprime Inc.
First Balfour, Inc.

Infrastructure
First Philippine Industrial Corp.
Manufacturing First Philec
Philec
First Electro Dynamics Corporation
First Philippine Power Systems, Inc.
First Sumiden Circuits, Inc.
First Sumiden Realty, Inc.
First Philec Solar Corporation
Asian Eye Institute
Bayad Center
Others Securities Transfer Services, Inc. (STS)
ADTEL
INAEC Aviation Corporation
ABS-CBN Foundation
Social responsibility ABS-CBN Bayan Foundation
Lopez Group Foundation
Bayan Telecommunications (BayanTel)
Maynilad Water Services, Inc.
Meralco
Former Businesses The Medical City
First Philippine Infrastructure Development Corporation
Manila North Tollways Corporation
Philippine Commercial International Bank
ABS-CBN Broadcasting Center
ELJ Communications Center
Other assets Lopez Museum
Power Plant Mall
Rockwell Center
[show]
v
e
PSE Composite Index companies of the Philippines
Categories:
Companies of the Philippines
Power companies of the Philippines
Companies listed on the Philippine Stock Exchange
Companies based in Pasig
Lopez Group of Companies
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ZAMCELCO
Zamboanga City Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Industry Power distributor
Founded February 23, 1974; 42 years ago
Headquarters Zamboanga City, Philippines
Website Official Website

The Zamboanga City Electric Cooperative, Inc., commonly known as ZAMCELCO, is an electrical
power supplier in Zamboanga City in the Philippines. The cooperative organization was established
on February 23, 1974.
Official site
Petron Corporation
removed. (July 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Petron Corporation
Type Public
Industry Oil and Gas
Founded 1933; 84 years ago
Headquarters Petron Megaplaza, Makati, Philippines

Key people Eduardo Cojuangco, Jr. (Chairman)[1]
Ramon S. Ang (President and CEO)[2]
Lubin B. Nepomuceno (General Manager)[3]
Products Oil
Natural gas
Oil refining
Revenue 5.5 billion USD (2014)
Net income 99.0 million USD (2009)
Total assets 2.63 billion USD (2009)
Total equity 872.91 million USD (2009)
Number of employees 9,236 nationwide
Parent San Miguel Corporation(68.26%)[4]
Website www.petron.com
Petron Corp.'s headquarters in Makati City, Philippines.

Petron Corp. (PSE: PCOR) is the largest oil refining and marketing company in the Philippines,
supplying more than a third of the countrys oil requirements.
Petron operates a refinery in Limay, Bataan, with a rated capacity of 180,000 barrels per day
(29,000 m3/d). From the refinery, Petron moves their products mainly by sea to 32 depots and
terminals in the country. They operate a lube oil blending plant at their Pandacan Terminal, where it
manufactures lubes and greases.
Petron is public company listed on the Philippine Stock Exchange. A 51-percent stake is owned by
the Philippine food and beverage giant San Miguel Corporation (SMC) while the Ashmore
Group owns 40 percent. The remaining sharesabout 9 percentare held by the public.
Contents
[hide]
1History
2Products and services
3Headquarters
4Sports team
5References
6External links
History[edit]
Petron's history dates back to September 7, 1933 when the Socony Vacuum Oil Company of New
York and Standard Oil of New Jersey formed the Standard Vacuum Oil Company (Stanvac). The end
of the venture in the early 1960s split the marketing and refining interests of the company between
Mobil (the renamed Socony Vacuum Oil Company) and Esso (the renamed of Standard Oil New
Jersey, soon to be Exxon), with its Philippine branch now named Esso Philippines, with offices
in Manila and later on in Makati.
In 1953, the Philippine national government, partly to promote Claro M. Recto's
national industrialization program and partly to respond to increasing international oil prices,
attempted to launch a national oil company that caters Filipino consumers with cheap oil. FilOil, the
first Philippine oil company was established as a result, becoming the first national oil firm in
Southeast Asia.
In 1973, Esso sold its business to the government which became the Philippine National Oil
Company (PNOC). Subsequently, Mobil also sold its share of the refinery to PNOC.
The oil refining and marketing units in PNOC, along with FilOil, were eventually merged to form
Petrophil, which was later renamed as Petron Corporation in 1988. Today the company's industrial
earnings have never seen such high gains but still trade within the average global yield.
The name Petron used to be a gasoline brand of Petrophil. Launched in 1974, the name came from
petroleum (PET) and research octane number (RON). [5]
As part of the government's privatization program, PNOC sought a strategic partner that would give
Petron a reliable supply of oil, plus access to state-of-the-art refining technology. The result was a
partnership with the world's largest oil producer, Saudi Aramco.
On February 3, 1994, PNOC and Aramco Overseas Co. BV signed a share purchase agreement that
gave both a 40% stake in Petron. The remaining 20% of Petron shares were sold to the public.
On August 11, 2006, a Petron oil tanker, the Solar 1, carrying fuel oil sank, causing the Guimaras oil
spill, the biggest oil spill in Philippine history.
At the beginning of 2008, the Philippine National Oil Company (PNOC) and Saudi Aramco each
owned 40% of the outstanding stock, with the remaining 20% held by thousands of individual
stockholders. In 2008, Saudi Aramco sold its entire stake to the Ashmore Group, a London-listed
investment group. Then Ashmore added 11 percent more when it made a required tender offer to
other shareholders, for a total stake of 51 percent. As of July 2008, Ashmore, through its SEA
Refinery Holdings BV, had a 50.57 percent of Petron's stock.[6] Ashmore's payment was made on
December 2008.[7] In December 2008, Ashmore acquired PNOC's 40-percent stake. On December
2008, San Miguel Corporation said it was in the final stages of negotiations with the Ashmore Group
to buy up to 50.1 percent of Petron.[8]
On March 30, 2012, Petron acquired ExxonMobil's downstream business in Malaysia in with XCEL
Petroleum. In January 2013, Petron officially opened their Malaysian operations, rebranding all Esso
and Mobil stations across Peninsular Malaysia.[9]
Products and services[edit]
Petron oil station located beside the Daily Express building in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
The company's ISO-14001-certified refinery processes crude oil into a full range of petroleum
products, including LPG, gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, kerosene, industrial fuel oil, solvents, asphalts and
mixed xylene.
With their ISO-9000/2000-certified lube oil blending plant, they are also able to produce mechanical
lubricants and grease. These products are also sold through service stations and sales centers, and
directly to industrial customers.
Through their nationwide network, they supply fuel oil, diesel, and LPG to various industrial
customers. Petron's largest client is in the power sector.
They also supply jet fuel at key airports to international and domestic carriers.
Through more than 1,200 service stations, they retail gasoline, diesel and kerosene to motorists and
public transport operators. They also sell their LPG brand Gasul to households and other consumers
through an extensive dealership network.
Petron is expanding to non-fuels businesses which include convenience store brand "Treats". They
have partnered with major fast-food chains, coffee shops, and other consumer services to give
customers a one-stop full service experience. They are also putting up additional company-owned
and operated service stations in strategic locations.
Petron also opened its first fuel additives blending plant in the Asia-Pacific region at the Subic Bay
Freeport Zone in November 2008.
The plant has the capacity to blend 12,000 metric tons (MT) of fuel additives per year. When used
in gasoline, diesel, or fuel oil, fuel additives improve efficiency, boost engine performance, and
benefit the environment by reducing harmful emissions.
The facility was constructed in partnership with Innospec, a leading global fuel additives supplier,
based on an agreement forged in 2006. As part of the agreement, Petron constructed and operated
the plant to serve the requirements of Innospecs customers in the region, including Petron.
Traditionally, Innospec products used in Asia have been sourced from Europe.
In April 2008, Petron also commissioned the country's first petrochemical feedstock units, namely,
the Petro Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (PetroFCC) unit and a Propylene Recovery Unit (PRU) at its
180,000-barrel (29,000 m3)-per-day Bataan refinery.
The PetroFCC, the first "cracking" unit of its kind in the world, converts black products (fuel oil) into
higher-value LPG, gasoline, and diesel, and yields a higher level of the petrochemical feedstock
propylene than typical FCC units.
The PRU further purifies the propylene so that it can be used in making various petrochemical
products that are used to manufacture everyday items such as food packaging, appliances,
suitcases, furniture, DVDs and even car parts.
Headquarters[edit]
Located along Buendia Avenue in Makati, the company's headquarters, the Petron Megaplaza, is a
45-storey building with floor plate area of about 15,512 square meters (166,970 sq ft), which was the
Philippines' tallest building before being topped by the PBCom Tower in Ayala Avenue.
Sports team[edit]
Petron Blaze Spikers
References[edit]
1. Jump up^ http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/business/02/10/15/petron-
appoints-danding-cojuangco-chairman


4. Jump up^ Page 48 |Definitive Information Statement - San Miguel

Corp. | May 13 2011
5. Jump up^ Road Trip. Top Gear Philippines. p. 9.
6. Jump up^ "Ashmore gets majority of Petron". Inquirer.net. 2008-07-

23. Retrieved 2010-08-05.
7. Jump up^ "Ashmore pays P25.7B for stake in Petron". Inquirer.net.

2009-01-05. Retrieved 2010-08-05.
8. Jump up^ "San Miguel tightens grip on Petron". Inquirer.net. 2008-12-
24. Retrieved 2010-08-05.
9. Jump up^ "Introducing Petron Corp. of the Philippines, Now in

Malaysia" (PDF). Petron Corp. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
Official website
Official website (Malaysia)
Petron Mega Plaza details
[show]
v
San Miguel Corporation
[hide]
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Petroleum Companies in the Philippines
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Major Players Petron
Shell
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Flying V
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Phoenix
Independent Players
PTT
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Total
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[show]
v
t
e
PSE Composite Index companies of the Philippines
Categories:
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San Miguel Corporation subsidiaries
Companies based in Makati
Energy companies established in 1933
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1933
Philippine brands
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Seaoil Philippines
(Redirected from SEAOIL Philippines)
This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by
removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic
content written from a neutral point of view. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template
message)
Seaoil Philippines
Industry Oil and gas
Founded 1978
Founder Francis Yu Hua Ting
Headquarters Ortigas Center, Pasig, Philippines
Area served Philippines
Products Fuel
Lubricants
Website SEAOIL.com.ph
Seaoil Philippines, Inc., stylized as SEAOIL Philippines, is a fuel company that started in 1978.
The Filipino-owned company offers fuel products ranging from automobile gasoline to industry-
specific lubricants and services such as storage and shipping. Its two offices are currently located at
Raffles Corporate Center 7th floor and Taipan Place 19th floor and 22nd floor at Ortigas
Center, Pasig, Philippines.
Contents
[hide]
1History
2Products
o 2.1Fuel
o 2.2V.I.P. Card
o 2.3Seaoil Price Lock Fuel Prepaid Card
3References
History[edit]
Seaoil Philippines was founded in 1978 by Francis Yu where it was engaged in offering storage
facilities for petroleum and petrochemical based products. A few years later, it expanded its
operations by creating a niche in the wholesale petroleum market. In 1988, the company partnered
with Paramins to develop lubricants. In anticipation of the oil market deregulation in 1996, Seaoil
Philippines was established, becoming the first independent fuel company to open a retail station.
From one station opened in 1997, Seaoil now has over 300 stations, making it the largest
independent fuel company in the Philippines.[1]
Products[edit]
Seaoil gasoline products are compliant with the Biofuels Act of 2006, which mandates the blending
of 1 percent CME (coco-methyl ester) for all diesels in May 2007 (upgraded to 2 percent in 2009),
and blending of 10 percent ethanol into gasoline and other product lines in 2009.[2]
A gasoline station of Seaoil in Kalibo, Aklan
Fuel[edit]
Extreme 97[3]
G5 Extreme
G5 Unleaded
Bioexceed Diesel[4]
E85 (Available at the Pasig Boulevard Station)

V.I.P. Card[edit]
The Seaoil V.I.P. (Values, Incentives and Privileges) Club is a loyalty program that gives rewards and
incentives to its members through point-per-purchase system.
Seaoil Price Lock Fuel Prepaid Card[edit]
The Price Lock Fuel Prepaid Card was introduced by the company to address the uncontrollable
weekly price increases of oil products in mid-2008.[5] It allowed consumers to buy unleaded gasoline
and for a fixed price.[6] Due to the positive response of the market, the promo validity of the card was
extended.[7] In 2011, Price Lock cards were sold again due to the weekly oil price increase in the
market.[8]
References[edit]
1. Jump up^ "2007 SEAOIL information".
phfranchise.com. Archived from the original on 2011-02-14.
2. Jump up^ "Biofuels Law of 2006" (PDF). senate.gov.ph.
3. Jump up^ "Seaoil launches 97-octane 'clean fuel'". The Manila

Times.
4. Jump up^ "SEAOIL launches BioXCEED Diesel with 1% CME".

Biofuels.ph.
5. Jump up^ "Diesel pump prices to go up three pesos per liter". ABS-
CBN News. Archived from the original on 2011-02-14.
6. Jump up^ "Senator Backs SEAOIL's Prepaid Fuel Cards, Says Big
Three Should Follow". Tsikot.com. Archived from the original on 2011-
02-14.
7. Jump up^ "Seaoil extends price lock fuel card promo". The Philippine
Star. Archived from the original on 2011-02-14.
8. Jump up^ "Seaoil fixes gas price at P52/L with prepaid card promo".
GMA News.
[hide]
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Caltex
Shell
Independent Players Eastern
Flying V
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Companies established in 1978
Companies based in Pasig
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template message)

Type Government-Owned Corporation
Industry Oil, energy
Founded November 9, 1973
Headquarters Taguig, Philippines
Key people Adm. Reuben S. Lista (Ret), President/CEO
Subsidiaries List[show]
Website PNOC Official website
The Philippine National Oil Company (PNOC) was created on November 9, 1973 as
a government-owned and controlled corporation founded under martial law Presidential Ferdinand
Marcos to supply oil to the Philippines. Since then, its charter has been amended several times to
include exploration, exploitation and development of all energy resources in the country.
Contents
[hide]
1History
2Subsidiaries
o 2.1PNOC Exploration Corporation[1]
o 2.2PNOC Renewables Corporation
3See also
4References
5External links
History[edit]
PNOC was created in response to the 1970s oil crises. The Philippine government, then under
martial law and governed by President Ferdinand Marcos, responded to the crises by founding
PNOC and forging oil-supply partnerships with supplier countries. The government later acquired
refineries and petroleum transport and marketing firms with the aim of being a total energy
company. PNOC also initiated the exploration of the countrys oil and non-oil energy resources, such
as geothermal.
PNOC Exploration Corporation concentrates on the oil and gas business. Its Malampaya Deepwater
Gas-to-Power Project is one of the largest and most significant industrial endeavors in Philippine
history [1][2] which "signalled the birth of the natural gas industry in the Philippines".[3] PNOC ECs
is involved with the project with Royal Dutch Shell Exploration (as operator) and Texaco.
In 1993, PNOC also ventured into petrochemicals, setting up the Philippines' first petrochemical
industrial estate in Limay, Bataan.
Subsidiaries[edit]
PNOC currently has 2 subsidiaries working together to realize PNOCs vision: PNOC Exploration
Corporation and PNOC Renewables Corporation.
PNOC Exploration Corporation[1][edit]
PNOC Exploration Corporation is the upstream oil, gas and coal subsidiary of the state-owned
Philippine National Oil Company. A government owned and controlled corporation, the Company
was incorporated on 20 April 1976 and is mandated by the government through the Department of
Energy (DOE) to take the lead in exploration, development and production of the countrys oil, gas
and coal resources. The Company was listed in the Makati Stock Exchange and the Manila Stock
Exchange in 1976 and 1977, respectively.
At present, PNOC EC has seven (7) petroleum Service Contracts (SCs), namely: SC 37 (Cagayan
Basin), SC 38 (Malampaya), SC 47 (Offshore Mindoro), SC 57 (Calamian), SC 58 (West Calamian),
SC 59 (West Balabac) and SC 63 (East Sabina). The Company is the operator in SC 37, SC 47 and
SC 63 and a non-operating partner in SC 38, SC 57, SC 58 and SC 59.
PNOC EC used to operate the very first natural gas facility in the country- the San Antonio Gas
Power Plant within SC 37 before joining the Malampaya consortium (SC 38) in 1999 with a 10%
stake. Malampaya is the countrys single biggest investment of its kind.
PNOC EC also holds six (6) Coal Operating Contracts (COCs), namely: COC 41 (Malangas), COC
122 (Isabela), COC 141 (Isabela), COC 184 (Agusan del Sur), COC 185 (Zamboanga Sibugay) and
COC 186 (Zamboanga Sibugay). As part of its coal business, the company also trades coal from
other sources through its two (2) coal terminals located in Malangas and Cebu.
The company likewise owns and operates a private commercial port the Energy Supply Base
(ESB) in Mabini, Batangas which provides berthing, cargo handling, storage and warehousing
facilities to its clients.
PNOC Renewables Corporation[edit]
PNOC Renewables Corporation (PNOC RC) is a fully owned subsidiary of state-owned Philippine
National Oil Company (PNOC). Organized on March 7, 2008, it is the newest PNOC subsidiary.
PNOC RC will be the primary vehicle of PNOC in promoting, developing and implementing new and
renewable energy sources in the country. Through renewable energy, the country would be able to
reduce its dependence on imported oil, while mitigating climate change. Renewable energy is an
important component in the country's drive towards energy self-sufficiency, security and
independence. Renewable energy projects include Hydropower Projects, Wind Project, Biomass
and/or Waste to Energy Projects, Solar Electrification Projects, Geothermal Projects
See also[edit]
Petron
References[edit]
1. Jump up^ http://pnoc-ec.com.ph/profile/
Philippine National Oil Company Official Website
PNOC Exploration Corporation Official Website
PNOC Alternative Fuels Corporation Official Website
PNOC Development and Management Corporation Official Website
PNOC Renewables Corporation Official Website

Categories:
National oil and gas companies
Government-owned and controlled corporations
Companies based in Taguig
Philippine brands
Department of Energy (Philippines)
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organization.
Phoenix Petroleum
(Redirected from Phoenix Petroleum Philippines, Inc.)
removed. (March 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
For other uses, see Phoenix.
Phoenix Petroleum
Type Public
Industry Oil and Gas
Founded 2002; 15 years ago
Headquarters Phoenix Bulk Depot, Lanang, Davao

City, Philippines
Key people Dennis A. Uy

(Founder, President and CEO)
Products Oil
Natural gas
Services Oil refining
Website www.phoenixfuels.ph
Phoenix Petroleum Philippines, Inc. (PSE: PNX) is the first independent oil company to be listed
in the Philippine Stock Exchange after the Oil Deregulation Law was passed in 1998. It is the first
company from Davao City to be listed in the Philippine Stock Exchange.
Phoenix is engaged in the business of trading refined petroleum products and lubricants, operation
of oil depots and storage facilities, and allied services.
It is described as "one of the countrys most aggressive independent oil companies" having reached
a core net income of P427 million in 2010, compared to its P178 million earnings in 2009. [1]
Contents
[hide]
1History
2Products and Services
3Expansion
4Socioeconomic involvement
5See also
6References
7External links
History[edit]
Phoenix is a home-grown company in Davao City. It was originally incorporated in May 8, 2002 as
Oilink Mindanao Distribution, Inc., and changed its name in January 2004 to Davao Oil Terminal
Services Corporation (DOTSCO). The small family business began operations in its current form
thereon, distributing petroleum products to various commercial entities in Mindanao. Its first big
account was Cebu Pacific. As the airlines exclusive logistics partner since 2004, the oil company
provides Cebu Pacifics refueling requirements in all its Mindanao destinations.
In 2006, the company was renamed Phoenix Petroleum Philippines, Inc. and introduced lubricants
and car care products to its product line.
It became a publicly-listed company in July 11, 2007, offering 25% of its total outstanding shares to
the public. Phoenix Petroleum became the first independent oil company to be listed in the Philippine
Stock Exchange after the Oil Deregulation Law was passed in 1998. Phoenix Petroleum also
became the first company from Davao City to go public.
Phoenix received a certification for ISO 9001:2000 quality system standards for its Davao bulk plant
and aviation fuel tank truck operations in 2008. In the same year, the oil company opened its first
Manila station in Marikina and has jumped to rank 242 in the Philippines Top 10,000 Corporations in
2008 from being in rank 473 in 2007. [2] In 2011, it ranked 53rd.[3]Phoenix is the first petroleum
company to introduce a toll-free number for franchising in 2009.
The Social Security System acquired up to 9.68 percent stake in Phoenix Petroleum in 2009, from its
initial 2.78 percent. "We believe that with its track record and its positive business prospects, our
addition of Phoenix Petroleum to the SSS' list of investments was a good decision," says SSS
President Romulo Neri.[4]
World boxing champion Manny Pacquiao owns the 100th Phoenix station in General Santos City.[5]
In 2012, Phoenix is the seventh top importer in the country having remitted P4.7 billion in import
taxes to the government. [6]Phoenix reportedly ended the first quarter of 2013 with 325 retail
stations. [7] The revenue of Phoenix in the first quarter of 2013 increased from P8.3 billion last year to
P10.3 billion this year. [8]
On February 1, 2013, Phoenix Petroleum signed a marketing partnership with the National
Basketball Association (NBA) as the Official Petroleum Partner of the NBA in the Philippines.
Phoenix Petroleum will be integrated into NBA media and events in the country, including
NBA.com/Philippines and the Jr. NBA presented by Alaska, the leagues
youth basketball development program. As part of the partnership, Phoenix Petroleum will also
conduct NBA themed promotions in 300 service stations nationwide, giving fans in the provincial
areas a chance to win exciting prizes and unique NBA experiences.[9][10]
It is also involved in the golf, as the Philippine Sports Commission commends Phoenix for having the
long-term development program for golf in the country.
In 2016, Phoenix acquired the PBA franchise of Barako Bull Energy in the Philippine Basketball
Association (PBA), aside from the participation in the PBA Developmental League.[11]
Products and Services[edit]

Terminaling, Hauling and Into-Plane Services
These involve leasing of storage space in its terminal depot, hauling, and into-plane services in the
cities of Davao, Cagayan de Oro, Cotabato, Zamboanga, and Ozamis. The Phoenix depots store
variety of chemical and petroleum products and are available as bulk storage facilities. The company
also operates trucks that deliver products to customers 24/7 through Petrologistix Inc., its subsidiary.
Trading, Supply, and Distribution of Fuels
Phoenix offers range of petroleum products for different needs of motorists. The company also
delivers Phoenix fuels to the client's area and for high volume accounts, Phoenix sets up pump
stations within the client's area of operation.
Lubricants & Specialties
Gasoline engine oils, diesel engine oils, motorcycle oils, automotive engine oils, transmission oils,
automotive greases, industrial lubricants are among the lubricants sold by Phoenix Petroleum
Philippines, Inc.[12]
Expansion[edit]
Phoenix Petroleum Philippines, Inc. acquired the 108-hectare Batangas Union Industrial Park in
2007. The Calaca terminal at the industrial park is the largest depot yet of Phoenix and the
company's first in Luzon, with its capacity of 50 million liters. The park is now known as Phoenix
Petroterminals & Industrial Park.[13]
The Board of Investments had also granted tax and fiscal incentives to Phoenix for its petroleum
product facility in Zamboanga City, a P123-million project with a 4.9 million liter-storage facility for
Phoenix petroleum products.[14] Phoenix has other depots in Davao City, Aklan, Surigao, Zamboanga,
Batangas, and Cagayan De Oro. They also plan to build more in Cebu and Bacolod. [15]
Socioeconomic involvement[edit]
Through the Phoenix Philippines Foundation, Inc., the company supports and initiates projects in
education, health, environment, and outreach. Some of its regular activities include the Adopt-a-
School program, book donation, coastal clean-up, blood-letting, tree planting, and annual Christmas
party to children.[16]
See also[edit]
Phoenix Fuel Masters
References[edit]
1. Jump up^ "Phoenix Petroleum core net income soars to P427M in
2010". philstar.com. 2011-01-28. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
2. Jump up^ "Phoenix Petroleum History". phoenixfuels.ph.

Retrieved 2013-07-07.
3. Jump up^ "The Company". phoenixfuels.ph. Retrieved 2013-07-07.
4. Jump up^ "SSS hikes stake in Phoenix Petroleum". abs-

cbnnews.com. 2010-05-19. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
5. Jump up^ "Pacquiao is Now a Gasoline Station Owner".

pinoybusiness.org. 2009-03-09. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
6. Jump up^ "Phoenix Petroleum among top 7 importers".

business.inquirer.net. 2013-02-08. Retrieved 2013-07-08.
7. Jump up^ "Phoenix expansion to continue this year". sunstar.com.ph.

2013-05-19. Retrieved 2013-07-07.
8. Jump up^ "Phoenix expansion to continue this year". sunstar.com.ph.

2013-05-19. Retrieved 2013-07-07.
9. Jump up^ "Phoenix Petroleum enters Marketing Partnership with the

NBA". phoenixfuels.ph. 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
10. Jump up^ "The National Basketball Association (NBA) Teams Up

With Phoenix Petroleum". Marketing-Interactive.com. Retrieved 2013-
07-07.
11. Jump up^ "Phoenix joins PBA after sale of Barako franchise gets
approval". Dugout.ph. 20 January 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
12. Jump up^ "Lubricants and Specialties". phoenixfuels.ph.

13. Jump up^ "Phoenix Petroleum Opens Calaca Terminal".

www.calaca.gov.ph. 2009-08-29. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
14. Jump up^ "Phoenix Petroleum Builds Zamboanga Storage Facility".

Manila Bulletin Publishing Corporation. 2010-10-20. Retrieved 2011-
04-07.
15. Jump up^ "Phoenix to build 100 outlets in '12". Philippine Daily
Inquirer. 2011-12-18. Retrieved 2013-07-08.
16. Jump up^ "Corporate Social Responsibility". phoenixfuels.ph.

Phoenix Petroleum Philippines, Inc. Official Website
History of Phoenix Petroleum Philippines, Inc.
Company profile of Phoenix in the Philippine Stock Exchange
[hide]
v
Caltex
Shell
Eastern
Flying V
Jetti
Phoenix
Independent Players
PTT
SeaOil
Total
UniOil
[show]
v
Phoenix Fuel Masters

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Energy companies established in 2002
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Natural gas distribution systems
Electric power distribution
Trash collection
Pilipinas Shell Petroleum Corp.

(Redirected from Pilipinas Shell Petroleum Corporation)
Shell Pilipinas
Pilipinas Shell Petroleum Corporation, part of the Shell global group of oil, gas and petrochemical
companies, makes a wide range of high quality fuels, lubricants and speciality products. Shell stations also
deliver the merchandise for personal mobility - vehicle fuels, food and drinks, groceries and more - all available
at the same point in a single purchase.
They provide advanced solutions for industrial and commercial customers, ranging from advice on energy
saving to full factory maintenance programmes and developing a wider range of e-commerce solutions to meet
customer's changing needs, such as making travel plans with Shell GeoStar.
History
Shell kerosene first reached the country in 1897. Business then largely involved the importation and sale of
kerosene mainly for household use in Manila and outlying areas.
By 1940,a sizeable range of Shell products was being sold to more areas in the Philippines through
installations and depots set up in strategic points throughout the country.
In 1960, Shell built its first crude refinery in Tabangao, Batangas, which commenced operations in 1962. This
made Shell a complete downstream business engaged not only in trading, transport and distribution, but also in
the manufacture and refining of petroleum products.
In the late 1970s, Shell began its involvement in upstream activities (oil and gas exploration and production) to
reduce the country's dependence on imported oil.
In 1986, Pilipinas Shell took over majority ownership of Philippine Petroleum Corporation, the country's only
lube oil refinery.
Land Bank of the Philippines

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Land Bank of the Philippines
Type State-owned
Industry Finance and Insurance
Founded 1963 in Manila, Philippines

Headquarters Manila, Philippines
Key people Alex B. Buenaventura, President[1]
Carlos G. Dominguez, Chairman
Products Financial Services
Revenue 31.37 billion (2009)
Net income 6.76 billion ( 34%) (2009) [2]
Number of employees 7,954[when?]
Website www.landbank.com
Land Bank of the Philippines (Filipino: Bangko sa Lupa ng Pilipinas, Spanish: Banco Hipotecario
de Filipinas), stylized as LANDBANK or also known by its initials, LBP, is a universal bank in
the Philippines owned by the Philippine government with a special focus on serving the needs
of farmers and fishermen. While it provides the services of a universal bank, it is officially classified
as a "specialized government bank" with a universal banking license.
LANDBANK is the third largest bank in the Philippines in terms of assets and is the largest
government-owned bank. It is also one of the biggest government owned and controlled
corporations in the Philippines.
Unlike most Philippine banks, LANDBANK has an extensive rural branch network with 365
Branches/Units and 1,607 ATMs.[3] It services many rural sector clients in areas where banking is
either limited to rural banks or is non-existent.
In 2015, it was planned to merged with DBP but it had not pushed through.[4]
One year later, on February 4, 2016, President Benigno Aquino III approved the Executive Order
#198 on the merger between Land Bank and the DBP, with the former as the surviving entity.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1History
2Current operations
3Subsidiaries and Affiliates
4See also
5References
6External links
History[edit]
LANDBANK was established on August 8, 1963 as part of the Agricultural Land Reform Code as
part of a program of land reform in the Philippines. It was to help with the purchase of agricultural
estates for division and resale to small landholders and the purchase of land by the agricultural
lessee. In 1965, LANDBANK's by-laws were approved and its first board of trustees was formed,
with the Secretary of Finance as Chairman.
On October 21, 1972, Presidential Decree No. 27, signed by President Ferdinand Marcos,
emancipated all tenant farmers working on private agricultural lands devoted to rice and corn,
whether working on a landed estate or not. The system was implemented through a system
of sharecropping or lease-tenancy. LANDBANK was tasked to collect 15-year
land amortizations from beneficiaries at the cost of the value of the land plus six percent interest per
annum.
By 1973, LANDBANK was in financial distress. It lacked the resources and the capital needed to
implement the land reform programs and lacked the structure to implement the programs efficiently.
On July 21, Marcos signed Presidential Decree No. 251 which revitalized the bank. The decree
granted LANDBANK a universal banking license (the first bank in the Philippines to be issued such a
license) with a social mission to spur countryside development. The decree expanded LANDBANK's
powers to include lending for agricultural, industrial, homebuilding and home-financing projects and
other productive enterprises, as well as lending to farmers' cooperatives and associations to facilitate
production, marketing of crops and acquisition of essential commodities. LANDBANK was also
required by the decree to provide timely and adequate support in all phases involved in the
execution of agrarian reform and also increased its authorized capital to 3 billion pesos. It also
became exempted from all national, provincial, city and municipal taxes and assessments.
LANDBANK was reorganized in 1977 when it was divided into three sectors to better assess the
needs of its customers. It was divided into Agrarian, Banking and Operations sectors to strengthen
operations and ensure long-term viability.
In 1982, the Agricultural Credit Administration (ACA), established under the same law as Landbank,
was abolished and all its assets and functions transferred to Landbank. ACA's function was to
extend credit to small farmers. Also in this year, Union Bank of the Philippines (UnionBank) was
formed, with LANDBANK having a 40-percent stake in the government-owned commercial bank.
LANDBANK became the financial intermediary for the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Program (CARP) in 1988. It was also in that year that UnionBank started a gradual privatization.
The Aboitiz Group of Companies acquired Landbank's 40% share of UnionBank then which it
continues to own. LANDBANK also became the third member of Expressnet, an interbank network in
December 1991 but now a BancNet member.
On February 23, 1995, LANDBANK's charter was once again amended. Its authorized capital was
increased to nine billion pesos and it became an official government depository. The number of
members of the board of trustees was also increased to nine. On August 25, 1998, Landbank's
authorized capital was once again increased to 25 billion pesos, and it then increased to 200 billion
pesos, after the DBP-LANDBANK merger in 2016.
Current operations[edit]
LANDBANK competes against the major banks such as Metrobank, BPI, Banco de
Oro and Philippine National Bank. In rural areas, depending on the situation, it either competes
against or complements rural banks.
On the other end of the spectrum, LANDBANK takes on a dual role with the Development Bank of
the Philippines, which is another government-owned bank. It either competes against or works with
DBP, depending on the situation involved.
Subsidiaries and Affiliates[edit]
LANDBANK has the following subsidiaries and affiliates:
LBP Leasing Corporation
LBP Insurance Brokerage
LBP Resources and Development Corporation (former LB (LANDBANK) Realty

Development Corporation)
Masaganang Sakahan, Inc.
LBP Countryside Development Foundation, Inc.
CIBI Information, Inc

(Redirected from CIBI Information, Inc.)
CIBI Information, Inc
Type Private
Industry Business information Credit Bureau
Headquarters BDO Equitable Bank Tower
Key people Marlo R. Cruz, President & CEO (2007 - present)
Cesar B. Bautista, Chairman of the Board (present)
Services Credit Bureau, Credit Score, Business

Intelligence, Background Check, Credit rating
Website http://www.cibi.com.ph
CIBI Information, Inc. or CIBI, formerly known as Credit Information Bureau, Inc., is the first and
the only local credit bureau in the Philippines. CIBI started as a government entity under the Central
Bank of the Philippines Department of Loans and Credit to initiate a credit information exchange
system in the country. Founded in 1982, CIBI was established through the power of Presidential
Decree 1941 created under Central Bank of the Philippines,[1] now Bangko Sentral ng
Pilipinas (BSP);[2] the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)[3] and the Financial Executives
Institute of the Philippines (FINEX) [4]
In 1997, Credit Information Bureau, Inc. was incorporated and transformed into a private entity and
became CIBI Information, Inc. CIBI is a provider of information to businesses and individuals.[5] The
company also supplies compliance reports before accrediting agencies, industry partners and even
hiring professionals.[6]
In March 2016, CIBI Information, Inc. was one of the four credit bureaus and the only local firm
accredited by the Credit Information Corporation (CIC) as a Special Accessing Entity. [7]
Contents
[hide]
1History
o 1.1Incorporation
o 1.2CIBI Foundation, Inc.
2Network
o 2.1Local
o 2.2Other local affiliates
o 2.3International
3Financial Inclusion in the Philippines
4Strategic Partnership
5See also
6References
History[edit]
In 1981, Ferdinand Marcos, then President of the Republic of the Philippines, issued a Letter of
Instructions No. 1107 mandating the Central Bank of the Philippines to analyze the probability of
establishing and funding the operation of a credit bureau due to the disturbing increase of failures on
corporate borrowers.
In adherence to the order, Central Bank of the Philippines organized the Credit Information
Exchange System under the department of Loans and Credit. It was created to engage in collating,
developing and analyzing credit information on individuals, institutions, business entities and other
business concerns. It aims to develop and undertake the continuing exchange of credit data within
its members and subscribers and to provide an impartial source of credit information for debtors,
creditors and the public. This will also cooperate and guide government agencies in their credit
information requirements.
On April 14, 1982, Credit Information Bureau, Inc. was incorporated as a non-stock, non-profit
corporation. (See: Presidential Decree No. 1941 [8])
Incorporation[edit]
CIBI was created pursuant to LOI No. 1107 dated February 16, 1981 and was further strengthened
by PD No. 1941 which recognizes and supports CIBI as a suitable credit bureau to promote the
development and maintenance of rational and efficient credit processes in the financial system and
in the economy as a whole.[9][10]
In 1997, CIBI Information, Inc. expand its coverage of background checking in national and
international spectrum through groundwork and affiliations with local and foreign information and
credit companies. Commercial operations as a separate entity commenced on April 1, 1999.
CIBI Information, Inc. became the partner of many corporate industries throughout the Philippines in
applying measures for risk management by setting capability, compliance and legitimacy outlines for
trade associates and suppliers.[11] CIBI also validates personal information of their clients current and
potential human resources.
CIBI Foundation, Inc.[edit]
CIBI Foundation, Inc. is a founding member of the ASEAN Forum of Credit Rating Agencies
(AFCRA), established on November 5, 1993 in Bangkok, Thailand.
On April 11, 2008, the Board of Directors (BOD) approved the amendment of the Companys Articles
of Incorporation to include the development and operation of a call center business and similar
services by providing customer management services through various channels and media,
including but not limited to, telephone, cable, facsimile, electronic mail, web chat and all allied or
related services as its primary activities. The BOD also approved for the company to formally
engage in the business of providing services for outsourced business processes.
On June 16, 2008, the SEC approved the Companys Amended Articles of Incorporation. The
company is 75% owned by Go Kim Pah Foundation and 25% owned by CIBI Foundation, Inc. [12] [13]
Network[edit]
Local[edit]
CIBI validates and collects any available information using sources from both private and
government institutions such as SEC, Department of Trade and Industry, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
(BSP), Land Transportation Office (LTO); schools, colleges, universities and other educational
institutions.
CIBI is also a member and affiliate of various organizations and associations under different
industries such as: IT and Business Processing Association of the Philippines (iBPAP); Supply Chain
Management Association of the Philippines (SCMAP); Philippine Retailers Association (PRA) and
Philippine Management Association of the Philippines - Cebu (PMAP-Cebu).
Other local affiliates[edit]
Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Credit Management Association of the Philippines
Cebu Association of Credit Practitioners, Inc.

Mactan Export Processing Zone (MEPZ)
CIBI also holds a seat as Committee Member of Department of Trade and Industry - Export
Marketing Bureau (DTI-EMB). ETCC is an inter-agency committee created to recommended specific
actions on export trade complaints filed with any bureau office of DTI which are referred to the EMB.
International[edit]
CIBI is a member of COFACE Credit Alliance Network, a worldwide trade-credit information and
solutions; ASIAGATE, a company that provides corporate credit information and credit management
services; and BIIA, a trade association among the information-provider entities around the world.
Financial Inclusion in the Philippines[edit]

Four million unbanked Filipinos are seen to benefit from the nascent credit scoring industry, a
development that is seen to provide those at the bottom of the economy an easy access to credit
once the service is available to the public. Marlo R. Cruz, president and chief executive officer of
CIBI Information, Inc. (CIBI), highlighted that this is expected to unlock much economic potential in
sectors of the economy that are crucial for inclusive growth. [14]
As per Cruz, "Many people still do not realize that the value of having a credit opportunity is
synonymous to generating financial power. Creditworthiness is the same as to owning a keycard that
can be used in navigating to the society of better possibilities." [15]
On their submitted 2016 Year-End Report, credit education towards financial inclusion was
conducted by CIBI to 30 out of 71 provinces in the Philippines. A percentage of 69% focuses on
Luzon, 28% on Visayas and 3% on Mindanao or a total of 1,337 attendees, 636 small to large
cooperatives and 117 small to medium enterprise. This corresponds to the impact of data that CIBI is
taking into consideration in order to provide a comprehensive credit report and scores. [16]
CIBI also actively take part on the credit education campaigns facilitated by the Philippine
Cooperative Central Fund Federation (PCF) and the Credit Information Corporation (CIC).
Strategic Partnership[edit]
With CIBI as a data partner, FICOs local scoring service partner, Consumer CreditScores
Philippines (CCS) are together managing the rollout of the Global FICO Score in the Philippines
but with focus on the unbanked and underbanked. [17]
The partnership between Fair Isaac and CIBI promotes financial inclusion in the Philippines, FICO
Senior Vice-President of Scores Andrew Jennings noted, as this allows for the interpretation of
financial data covering a single credit line or small consumer segment. [18]
Global Distribution System Link (GDS Link) in Monaco is the trusted systems partner of CIBI.
See also[edit]
Philippine Rating Services Corp (PhilRatings)
References[edit]
1. Jump up^ http://dirp3.pids.gov.ph/ris/wp/pidswp9024.pdf
2. Jump up^ http://www.usaid.gov.edgekey.net/gsearch/pilipinas%20cibi
%20character%20background%20investigation
3. Jump up^ http://www.philstar.com/business/250938/sec-approves-

credit-rating-accreditation-prsc
4. Jump up^ http://www.cit.edu/v4/2013/08/07/finex-and-cibi-

foundations-hold-finance-education-seminar/
5. Jump up^ http://www.competitive.org.ph/node/715
6. Jump up^ http://www.philstar.com/business/142269/rp%C2%92s-

biggest-credit-research-firms-form-alliance
7. Jump up^ http://news.abs-cbn.com/business/03/14/16/philippines-

oks-6-credit-bureaus
8. Jump up^ Ronald Echalas Diaz. "PHILIPPINE LAWS, STATUTES

AND CODES - CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW
LIBRARY". chanrobles.com.
9. Jump up^ http://business.inquirer.net/144047/centralized-credit-

bureau-seen-to-open-in-dec-14
10. Jump up^ http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/business/06/09/09/pse-

appointments-raise-conflict-interest-concerns
11. Jump up^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
12. Jump
up^ http://www.philstar.com:8080/business/2016/03/14/1562871/philip
pines-oks-first-6-credit-bureaus
13. Jump up^ http://news.abs-cbn.com/business/03/14/16/philippines-

oks-6-credit-bureaus
14. Jump up^ http://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/business/2016/08/23/4-

million-unbanked-filipinos-benefit-credit-scoring-493261
15. Jump up^ http://www.biia.com/philippines-the-road-towards-financial-

inclusion
16. Jump up^ http://www.biia.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/CIBI-

Year-End-Report-2016.pdf
17. Jump up^ http://www.fico.com/en/newsroom/fico-drives-greater-

financial-inclusion-in-the-philippines-with-national-credit-bureau-
scores-10-27-2016
18. Jump up^ http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?

section=Finance&title=fico-credit-scoring-service-launched-in-
phl&id=135591
Categories:
Financial services companies of the Philippines
Companies based in Makati
Credit scoring
Financial data vendors
Financial services companies
Rating systems
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A Natural Monopoly Occurs When The Most Efficient Number of Firms in The Industry Is One

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A Natural Monopoly Occurs When The Most Efficient Number of Firms in The Industry Is One

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Formate disponibile

A natural monopoly occurs when the most efficient number of firms in the industry is

Definition of Natural Monopoly

William Baumol (1977) stated a natural monopoly is

[a]n industry in which multiform production is more costly than production by a

Diagram of Natural monopoly

Suppose the industry demand is 10,000 units.

Examples of Natural Monopolies

Aeroplane manufacture? At the moment, this is a duopoly so it is not a natural

Regulation of Natural Monopolies

Oil & gas[edit]

Philippine National Oil Company

Phoenix Petroleum Philippines, Inc.

Electricity pylons in San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija

Sucat Thermal Power Plant in Muntinlupa.

La Electricista, founded in 1892, was very first electric company to provide

Magat Power Plant

Bangui Wind Farm in Bangui, Ilocos Norte

Electricity line post in Tagaytay

Electricity sector in the Philippines

Electricity pylons in San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija

Table 1. Power generation by source as of 2014

Table 2. Number of operational power plants in the Philippines

Palinpinon Geothermal Power Plant in Valencia, Negros Oriental

Magat Power Plant

The circulation of electricity to end-users is a controlled common carrier business requiring a

Map of Electric Cooperatives and Distribution Utilities

AEC - Angeles Electric Corporation

BELS - Bauan Electric Light System

BLCI - Bohol Light Co., Inc.

CEDC - Clark Electric Distribution Corporation

CELCO - Camotes Island Electric

CELCOR - Cabanatuan Electric Corporation

CEPALCO - Cagayan Electric Power and Light Co., Inc.

COLIGHT - Cotabato Electric Light System

DECORP - Dagupan Electric Corporation

DLPC - Davao Light and Power Co., Inc.

IEEC - Ibaan Electric and Engineering Corporation

ILPI - Iligan Electric Light and Power Company, Inc.

MECO - Mactan Electric Company, Inc.

MERALCO - Manila Electric Company

PECO - Panay Electric Co., Inc.

SFELAPCO - San Fernando Electric Light and Power Co., Inc.

SUBIC ENER. - Subic Enerzone Company

TEI - Tarlac Electric, Inc.

VECO - Visayan Electric Company

Agusan Del Norte

Agusan Del Sur

CASELCO Cagayan De Sulu PELCO II Pampanga II Electric Cooperative, Inc.

Camarines Sur III

Cebu III Electric

Davao Del Norte

Davao Del Sur

Ifugao Electric Sulu Electric

Surigao Del Norte

Surigao Del Sur I

Surigao Del Sur II

Ilocos Sur Electric Tarlac II Electric

Isabela I Electric Tawi - Tawi Electric

Lanao Del Norte

Lanao Del Sur Zamboanga City

Leyte II Electric Zambales II Electric

Zamboanga Del Sur

Zamboanga Del Sur