Contents

Introduction......................................................................................................................................1
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS.........................................................................................1
1. Refractive Index~(velocity of light in vacuo, or air)/(velocity of light in medium)..........1
Internal Reflection:......................................................................................................................2
2. Dispersion* and Abbe-number*............................................................................................2
3. Temperature Coefficient of Refractive Index (n/T).......................................................2
4. Stress-Optical Coefficient (B)................................................................................................3
5. Transmittance.........................................................................................................................3
a. Internal Transmittance* ()...................................................................................................3
b. Coloration Code* (80/5).....................................................................................................4

Thermal Properties..............................................................................................................5
1. Transformation Temperature* (Tg).....................................................................................5
2. Sag Temperature (Ts).............................................................................................................5
3. Strain Point (T1014.5).................................................................................................................5
4. Annealing Point (T1013)...........................................................................................................6
5. Softening Point (T107.6)............................................................................................................6
6. Thermal Conductivity ()......................................................................................................6
7. Specific Heat (Specific Heat Capacity) (cp).........................................................................6
References................................................................................................................................6
 GLASS
Introduction
A glass is an inorganic non metallic material that does not have a crystalline structure. Such materials are
said to be amorphous and are virtually solid liquids cooled at such a rate that crystals have not been able
to form. Typical glasses range from the soda-lime silicate glass for soda bottles to the extremely high
purity silica glass for optical fibers. Glass is widely used for windows, bottles, glasses for drinking,
transfer piping and recepticles for highly corrosive liquids, optical glasses, windows for nuclear
applications etc.

The main constituent of glass is silicon dioxide (SiO 2). The most common form of silica used in
glassmaking has always been sand. Sand by itself can be fused to produce glass but the temperature at
which this can be achieved is about 1700 o C. Adding other chemicals to sand can considerably reduce the
temperature of the fusion. The addition of sodium carbonate ( Na 2CO3 ) known as soda ash, in a quantity
to produce a fused mixture of 75% Silica (SiO 2) and 25% of sodium oxide (Na 2O), will reduce the
temperature of fusion to about 800 o C. However, a glass of this composition is water soluble and is
known as water glass. In order to give the glass stability, other chemicals like Calcium Oxide (CaO) and
magnesium oxide (MgO) are needed. The raw materials used for introducing CaO and MgO are their
carbonates, limestone (CaCO3) and dolomite (MgCO3), which when subjected to high temperatures give
off carbon dioxide leaving the oxides in the glass.

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS

Glasses are among the few solids that transmit visible light
Thin film oxides might, but scattering from grains limit their thickness
Glasses form the basic elements of virtually all optical systems
World-wide telecommunications by optical fibers
Aesthetic appeal of fine glassware- 'crystal' chandeliers
High refractive index/birefringent PbO-based glasses
Color in cathedral windows, art glass, etc.

1. Refractive Index~(velocity of light in vacuo, or air)/(velocity of light in

medium)
Snell's Law:
Note: unit less quantity
n (air) = 1.0003
water = 1.33
sapphire = 1.77
diamond = 2.42
f-SiO2 = 1.458
heavy flint = 1.89

Internal Reflection:
Critical angle (Brewster's angle) c below
which light is totally reflected:

Note: larger n means greater c, and so more light (from a broader distribution of incident
angles) will be internally reflected. High index materials (diamonds, PbO glasses) look 'brilliant'
when facets are cut so that internal reflection returns light from large faces that originally
collected the light.
Note too: internal reflection is important for transmission of light down an optical fiber.

2. Dispersion* and Abbe-number*

The main dispersion is expressed by (nF-nc) and (nF'-nc). The Abbe-number is defined:
 3. Temperature Coefficient of Refractive Index (n/T)

The refractive index of optical glass changes with the temperature. The tem-perature coefficient
of the refractive index, (n/ T) abs., is measured at 20C intervals between 40~80C in a
vacuum, using an interference-dilatometer to detect changes in both optical path length and
dilation of the specimen. The light source used is a He-Ne gas laser (632.8nm).
For calculation of the temperature coefficient of the relative refractive index (n / T) rel. in air
at 101.325 kPa, the following equation is given:

4. Stress-Optical Coefficient (B)

Ideally, the optical properties of glass are isotropic through fine annealing. Birefringence may be
observed, however, when external forces are applied or when residual stresses are present
(commonly the result of rapid cooling).
The optical path difference (nm) associated with birefringence is linearly proportional to both
the applied tensile or compressive stress, (10 5 Pa) and the thickness d (cm) of the specimen and
is given by the following equation:

The proportionality constant, B (10-12 / Pa), in this equation is proper constant of each glass type
and referred to as the stress-optical coefficient.
Stress-optical coefficients are obtained by measuring the optical path difference caused at the
center of a glass disk with He-Ne laser light, when the disk is subject to a compressive load in a
diametral direction.

5. Transmittance
The transmittance characteristics of optical glasses in this catalog are expressed by two terms.
One is "Internal Transmittance" and the other is "Coloration Code".
a. Internal Transmittance* ()
Internal transmittance () refers to transmittance obtained by excluding reflection losses at the
entrance and exit surfaces of the glass. Internal transmittance values over the wavelength range
from 280 to 1,550nm are calculated from transmittance measurements on a pair of specimens
with different thicknesses.
Internal transmittance values obtained for 5mm and 10mm thick glasses are given as 5mm and
10mm.
The internal transmittance for glass with arbitrary thickness d can be obtained from these
values by using:

where 0 refers, to the internal transmittance given in the tables for glass with thickness d0 equal
to either 5 mm or 10 mm.
b. Coloration Code* (80/5)
Optical glasses exhibit almost no light absorption over a wavelength range ex-tending through
the visible to the near infra-red. The spectral transmittance characteristics of optical glasses can
be simply summarized with the coloration code 80/5.
The coloration code is determined in the following way. The internal transmittance of a specimen
with thickness 10 0.1mm is measured from 280nm to 700nm. Wavelengths are rounded off to
the nearest 10nm and expressed in units of 10nm. 80 is the wavelength for which the glass
exhibits 80% transmittance while 5 is the wavelength at which the glass exhibits 5%
transmittance. For example, a glass with 80% transmittance at 398 nm and 5% transmittance at
362nm has a coloration code 40 / 36
The coloration code is generally applied for transmittance control of optical glasses.
 Fig. Designation of the Coloration Code in Spectral Transmittance curve.

Thermal Properties
1. Transformation Temperature* (Tg)
The glass transformation temperature 'T'g refers to the temperature at which the glass transforms
from a lower temperature glassy state to a higher temperature super-cooled liquid state.
This behavior is illustrated in Fig. below which shows thermal expansion measured as a function
of temperature. A differential thermal dilatometer is used for the measurement as it maintains a
uniform temperature distribution within the furnace to 1C. As illustrated in the figure, the
transformation temperature is determined by the intersection point of the two tangents of the high
and low temperature ranges of the thermal expansion curve.
 2. Sag Temperature (Ts)
In the thermal expansion curve shown in Fig. above, the Sag Temperature (Ts) is defined as
temperature at which thermal expansion stops increasing and actually begins to decrease with
increasing temperature. This behavior is not due to an intrinsic property of the glass but is rather
due to deformation of the glass under the load applied in these measurements. The viscosity of
the glass at Ts corresponds to about 1010 to 1011 dPas.

3. Strain Point (T1014.5)

The strain point, T1014.5, represents a temperature at which internal stresses in a glass are
relieved after a few hours. The viscosity of the glass at that temperature corresponds to about
1014.5 dPas.

4. Annealing Point (T1013)

The annealing point, T1013, represents a temperature at which internal stresses in a glass are
relieved after a few minutes. The viscosity of the glass at that temperature corresponds to about
1013 dPas.

5. Softening Point (T107.6)

The softening point, T107.6, represents a temperature at which a glass begins to remarkably soften
and deform under its own weight. The viscosity of the glass at that temperature corresponds
about 107.6 dPas.

6. Thermal Conductivity ()
The thermal conductivity is the quotient obtained by dividing the density of heat flow rate by
the temperature gradient, that is, the quotient obtained by dividing the heat quantity transferring
through a unit area in a unit time, by the temperature difference per unit distance, and expressed
in W / (mK).
Note. 1 W / (mK) = 8.600 0 x 10-1 kcal / (hmC) = 2.388 89x 10-3 cal / (scmC)

7. Specific Heat (Specific Heat Capacity) (cp)

The specific heat, cp, is the quotient obtained by dividing the heat capacity of a substance by the
mass, that is, the heat quantity required for increasing the temperature of a substance of unit mass
by one unit (1K or 1C) and expressed in kJ / (kg K).

References
1. Optical Glass, HOYA CORPORATION USA OPTICS DIVISION
http://www.hoyaoptics.com/
2. Shelby Chapter 10, Optical Properties, Cer103 Notes, R.K. Brow
3. http://www.wikipedia.com/opticalglass