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American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)3 Type 316 stainless and the distance between the inner ends of the gauge studs shall
steel or other corrosion-resistant metal of similar hardness. be 10.00 6 0.10 in. and 10 in. shall be considered the gauge
Gauge studs of Invar or similar metal shall be used when length for calculating length change.
specimens are tested at widely different temperatures. To
prevent restraint of the gauge studs before demolding of the 5.3 Length Comparator, for determining length change of
specimen, the device for holding the gauge studs in position specimens, shall be designed to accommodate the size of
shall be so arranged that, if necessary, it can be partially or specimen employed and to provide or permit a positive means
completely released after the compaction of the paste or mortar of contact with the gauge studs and the convenient and rapid
into place in the mold. The gauge studs shall be set so that their obtaining of comparator readings (Note 1).
principal axes coincide with the principal axis of the test 5.3.1 The comparator for determining length changes of
specimen. For the molds shown in Fig. 1, gauge studs shall specimens produced in the molds shown in Fig. 1 shall provide
extend into the specimen 17.5 6 0.5 mm and the distance a dial micrometer or other measuring device graduated to read
between the inner ends of the gauge studs shall be 250.0 6 2.5 in 0.002-mm units or less, accurate within 0.002 mm in any
mm and 250 mm shall be considered the gauge length for 0.020-mm range, and within 0.004 mm in any 0.200-mm
calculating length change. For the molds shown in Fig. 2, range, and sufficient range (at least 8.0 mm) in the measuring
gauge studs shall extend into the specimen 0.625 6 0.025 in. device to allow for small variations in the actual length of
various specimens. The terminals of the comparator shall be
3
plane, polished and heat-treated. They shall be fitted with
Details on this material are available from American Iron and Steel Institute
(AISI), 1140 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 705, Washington, DC 20036, http:// collars held in place with set screws. The collars shall extend
www.steel.org. 1.5 6 0.1 mm beyond the plane face of the terminal. The
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C490/C490M 111
collars shall allow free rotation of the gauge stud tips that fit than the average diameter of that portion of the gauge stud tips
inside the collars and have an inside diameter no more than 0.5 that fit into the collars.
mm larger than the average diameter of that portion of the 5.3.3 The design shall provide a means for checking the
gauge stud tips that fit into the collars. measuring device against a reference bar at regular intervals.
NOTE 1One type of instrument that has been found satisfactory for
use with small prisms is shown in Fig. 3. A horizontal comparator should
5.4 Reference Bar, shall have an overall length of 295 6 3.0
be used with prisms with a cross section greater than 9 in.2 or 58 cm2. mm or 170 6 3.0 mm [11 58 6 18 in. or 6 58 6 18 in.],
5.3.2 The comparator for determining length changes of whichever is appropriate for the specimen in use. The bar shall
specimens produced in the molds shown in Fig. 2 shall provide be of a steel alloy having a coefficient of thermal expansion not
a dial micrometer or other measuring device graduated to read greater than two millionths per degree Celsius. Each end of the
in 0.0001-in. units, accurate within 0.0001 in. in any 0.0010-in. reference bar shall be fitted with heat treated, hardened, and
range, and within 0.0002 in. in any 0.0100-in. range, and polished tips machined to the same shape as the contact end of
sufficient range (at least 0.3 in.) in the measuring device to the gauge studs used in test specimens. That portion of the bar
allow for small variations in the actual length of various that extends into the comparators collar shall have a diameter
specimens. The terminals of the comparator shall be plane, of 6 6 0.25 mm [0.250 6 0.010 in.], and the length of that
polished and heat-treated. They shall be fitted with collars held portion shall extend beyond the depth of the collar. Except for
in place with set screws. The collars shall extend 0.062 6 the tips, which are attached after heat treatment, no part of the
0.003 in. beyond the plane face of the terminal. The collars reference bar shall be heat treated (Note 2). The central 100
shall allow free rotation of the gauge stud tips that fit inside the mm [4 in.] of the length of the reference bar shall be covered
collars and have an inside diameter no more than 0.02 in. larger by a rubber tube with a wall at least 3 mm [18 in.] thick to
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C490/C490M 111
Use the reference bar when the temperature difference is more
than 61.0 C of the previous use of the comparator apparatus,
and at least at the beginning and end of the specimen readings
made within a half day.
NOTE 3The reference bar is used in the comparator to correct for
changes occurring to the comparator apparatus and gauge that affect
length readings. The reference bar is always placed in the same orientation
in the comparator apparatus to minimize changes in reading due to
differences in contact surfaces. Frequent use of the reference bar can result
in significant wear of the tips, which affects the indicated length of the bar.
Appropriate steps should be taken to monitor reference bar condition and
replace as needed.
NOTE 4The equation given in the section on calculation of length
change contemplates that a comparator reading for the reference bar will
be recorded each time the reference bar is used and a difference calculated
for each test specimen reading. Alternatively, the dial gauge setting can be
reset, if necessary, to its original setting with the reference bar in place
each time the reference bar is read. Doing so simplifies the calculation of
length change by canceling the comparator reading of the reference bar
from the values of Lx and Li. If this procedure is used, care should be taken
to ensure that the dial set screw is tightened adequately each time the dial
is reset.
6.3 Obtaining Comparator ReadingsRotate specimens
slowly in the measuring instrument while the comparator
reading is being taken. Record the minimum reading of the dial
if the rotation causes a change in the dial reading. Place
specimens in the instrument with the same end up each time a
comparator reading is taken.
6.3.1 Obtaining Comparator Readings of Specimens Stored
MoistClean the hole in the base of the comparator into which
the gauge stud on the lower end of the bar fits before and after
FIG. 3 Type of Suitable Apparatus for Measurement of Length every reading. Read and record the comparator indication of
Changes the length of the reference bar and temperature of the room in
which the comparator is being used (Note 4). Take one bar out
minimize the effect of temperature change during handling. of immersion, blot only around the pins, put the bar in the
The reference bar shall be provided near one end with a comparator, read, and record the indication (Note 5). Return
positioning mark. the bar to immersion. Take out the second bar and treat it in a
NOTE 2Alloys such as invar lose their low coefficient of thermal like manner. Return the second bar to immersion and record the
expansion properties when heat treated. reading. Continue the procedure until all bars have been read,
5.5 Check and document the bar mold dimensions, gauge returned to immersion, and the readings recorded. After read-
stud projection into the mold interior, length comparator, and ing the last bar, read and record the reference-bar indication
length measuring device for conformance to the design and and temperature of the room in which the comparator was
dimensional requirements of this specification at least every used. Compare the two reference bar readings. If the difference
212 years. in the reference bar readings is greater than 0.010 mm [0.0004
in], then use the average of the beginning and ending values for
6. Procedure the Lx and Li factors in the formula in the calculations section.
6.1 Preparation of MoldsPrior to the molding of Otherwise use the beginning reading only.
specimens, the outside joints of the mold and the contact lines NOTE 5The purpose of the minimal blotting of the pins and no
of the mold and base plate shall be sealed to prevent loss of blotting of the bars is to avoid drying and shrinkage of the bars. It has been
mixing water from a freshly molded specimen. Thinly cover observed that if the pins are blotted, and the bar placed in the comparator
and the dial read, and the bar is then wiped gently with a dry cloth, the bar
the interior surfaces of the mold with mineral oil. After this will shrink measurably. Therefore, drying should be minimized.
operation, set the gauge studs, taking care to keep them clean,
and free of oil, grease, and foreign matter. 7. Calculation of Length Change
6.2 Use of Reference BarFor each reference reading
7.1 Calculate the length change at any age as follows:
taken, place the reference bar into the comparator with the
positioning mark in the same orientation. With the bar in the ~ L x 2 L i!
L5 3 100
comparator, rotate it slowly through at least one complete G
revolution while the gauge reading is being taken. Record the where:
minimum (shortest) gauge reading (Note 3). Monitor and
L = change in length at x age, %,
record the room temperature in which the comparator is used.
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C490/C490M 111
Lx = comparator reading of specimen at x age minus com- The relative humidity shall be not less than 50 %. The
parator reading of reference bar at x age; in millimetres temperature of the mixing water shall be 23.0 6 2.0 C.
when using Fig. 1 apparatus, in inches when using Fig. 8.2 Moist Storage FacilityThe temperature and humidity
2 apparatus,
of the air in the moist storage facility shall conform to the
Li = initial comparator reading of specimen minus compara-
tor reading of reference bar at that same time; in requirements of Specification C511.
millimetres when using Fig. 1 apparatus, in inches 8.3 TimeComparator readings shall be taken at specified
when using Fig. 2 apparatus, and time intervals or ages. All intervals and ages shall be met
G = nominal gauge length, 250 mm when using Fig. 1 within 62 %.
apparatus, 10 in. when using Fig. 2 apparatus.
7.2 Calculate length change values for each specimen to the 9. Keywords
nearest 0.001 % and report averages to the nearest 0.01 %. 9.1 cement paste; comparator; concrete; length change ap-
8. Temperature, Humidity, and Time paratus; molds; mortar
8.1 Molding RoomThe temperature of the molding room
and dry materials shall be maintained between 23.0 6 4 C.
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee C01 has identified the location of selected changes to this practice since the last issue,
C490/C490M10, that may impact the use of this practice. (Approved October 1, 2011)
Committee C01 has identified the location of selected changes to this practice since the last issue,
C490/C490M09, that may impact the use of this practice. (Approved December 15, 2010)
(1) Revised 6.2. Added new Note 3 and 4 and renumbered (2) Revised 6.3.1.
subsequent notes.
Committee C01 has identified the location of selected changes to this practice since the last issue, C49008,
that may impact the use of this practice. (Approved December 1, 2009)
(1) Moved part of 5.3.3 into new 5.4 and renumbered subse-
quent paragraphs.
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