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clinical practice
Caren G. Solomon, M.D., M.P.H., Editor
This Journal feature begins with a case vignette highlighting a common clinical problem.
Evidence supporting various strategies is then presented, followed by a review of formal guidelines,
when they exist. The article ends with the authors clinical recommendations.
Abdominal aortic aneurysm is a segmental, full-thickness dilatation of the abdominal From the Department of Surgery, Univer-
aorta exceeding the normal vessel diameter by 50%, although an aneurysm diameter sity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and
Public Health, Madison. Address reprint
of 3.0 cm is commonly regarded as the threshold. The natural history is character- requests to Dr. Kent at 600 Highland Ave.,
ized by progressive expansion; however, the growth rate for individual aneurysms H4/710 CSC, Madison, WI 53792-7375.
can vary considerably, with some remaining stable for years and others growing N Engl J Med 2014;371:2101-8.
rapidly. The best known predictor of rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms is DOI: 10.1056/NEJMcp1401430
aneurysm size.1,2 Aneurysms are usually asymptomatic until they rupture. Rupture Copyright 2014 Massachusetts Medical Society.
is often lethal; mortality is 85 to 90%. Of those persons who reach the hospital,
only 50 to 70% survive.2,3 Thus, the goal is to identify and treat aneurysms before
they rupture.
Abdominal aortic aneurysms are located between the diaphragm and the aortic
bifurcation. An aneurysm is classified as suprarenal if it involves the origin of one
An audio version
or more visceral arteries, pararenal if it involves the origins of the renal arteries, of this article is
and infrarenal if it begins beyond the renal arteries. The more cephalad the aneurysm, available at
the more complex the repair. Approximately 85% of abdominal aortic aneurysms are NEJM.org
infrarenal,4 and the common iliac arteries are often involved.
Although it was previously believed that aneurysms were a form of atherosclero-
sis, aortic aneurysmal disease is now recognized as a distinct degenerative process
involving all layers of the vessel wall. The pathophysiology of aortic aneurysms is
characterized by four events: infiltration of the vessel wall by lymphocytes and
macrophages; destruction of elastin and collagen in the media and adventitia by
proteases, including matrix metalloproteinases; loss of smooth-muscle cells with
thinning of the media; and neovascularization.5 Dissection is a distinct process
that most often involves the ascending, thoracic, or thoracoabdominal aorta and
is rarely the source of aneurysms isolated to the infrarenal aorta.
Nonmodifiable risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysm include older age,
male sex, and a family history of the disorder.6 Starting at 50 years of age for men
and 60 to 70 years of age for women, the incidence of aneurysms increases signifi-
cantly with each decade.7 The risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm is approximately
four times as high among men as among women and four times as high among
people with a family history of the disorder as among those without a family his-
tory.6 Smoking is the strongest modifiable risk factor.6,8,9 Other, less prominent
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendations support screening in men 65 to 75 years of age
with a history of smoking and selective screening in men 65 to 75 years of age without a smoking history,
although the optimal cohort to be screened remains controversial.
The usual threshold for elective repair is an aortic diameter of 5.5 cm in men and 5.0 cm in women.
Endovascular repair results in lower perioperative morbidity and mortality than open repair, but the two
methods are associated with similar mortality in the long term (8 to 10 years).
Patients treated with endovascular repair require long-term surveillance owing to a small risk of aneu-
rysm sac reperfusion and late rupture.
Decisions regarding prophylactic repair whether to pursue it and, if so, what type of repair to perform
must take into account anatomy (not all patients have anatomy amenable to endovascular repair),
operative risk, and patient preference.
studies suggest that there may be subgroups of have been examined in randomized trials, and
women who benefit from screening; however, this angiotensin-convertingenzyme inhibitors, angio-
finding has not been prospectively validated.6 A tensin-receptor blockers, statins, and antiplatelet
scoring system inclusive of multiple recognized agents have been examined in nonrandomized
risk factors has been proposed to identify both studies. Unfortunately, none of these drugs have
men and women whose risk is sufficiently high been shown to provide a benefit.30,31 Doxycycline
to justify screening, but this has also not been inhibits matrix metalloproteinases, a finding that
prospectively validated.6 Even with the foregoing suggests that it might reduce the growth of aneu-
recommendations, screening is often not per- rysms. However, in a placebo-controlled, random-
formed because patients and physicians may be ized trial, doxycycline at a daily dose of 100 mg
unaware of the need.27 did not reduce the growth of small aneurysms over
a follow-up period of 18 months.32 Several medi-
Aneurysm Growth and Surveillance cation regimens, including a higher dose of doxy-
Small abdominal aortic aneurysms (3.0 to 5.4 cm cycline and drugs that inhibit the reninangio-
in diameter), when identified, should be monitored tensin pathway, are currently being evaluated in
for expansion. In accordance with Laplaces law, randomized trials (ClinicalTrials.gov numbers
the larger the aneurysm, the higher the rate of ex- NCT01756833, NCT01904981, and NCT01683084).
pansion. Current guidelines regarding the frequen-
cy of monitoring are as follows: for aneurysms with Indications for Aneurysm Repair
a diameter of 3.0 to 3.4 cm, every 3 years; 3.5 to The goal of elective intervention is to prevent
4.4 cm, yearly; and 4.5 to 5.4 cm, every 6 months.25 rupture. However, there are risks associated with
A recent meta-analysis involving more than 15,000 surgery, and thus it is essential to select patients
patients, which assessed expansion and rupture who are expected to have a long-term benefit
rates as a function of aneurysm size, suggested from elective aneurysm repair. Although the di-
that longer surveillance intervals (several years) ameter of an abdominal aortic aneurysm is the
may be safe, particularly for aneurysms smaller best known predictor of rupture, small aneurysms
than 4.0 cm in diameter.28 occasionally rupture, and some large aneurysms
do not.
Treatment Two large, randomized trials, the U.K. Small
Risk-Factor Modification Aneurysm Trial33 and the Aneurysm Detection and
The prevalence and size of aneurysms are strong- Management (ADAM) Veterans Affairs Cooperative
ly associated with both the amount and duration Study,34 have compared elective open surgery with
of smoking; cessation of smoking can reverse this surveillance by means of ultrasonography or CT
risk and is associated with a reduced rate of an- in patients with asymptomatic abdominal aortic
eurysmal growth.6,8,9 The recognized association aneurysms that were 4.0 to 5.5 cm in diameter.
between either hypertension or hypercholesterol- Elective open surgery did not improve survival in
emia and the occurrence of abdominal aortic an- either trial. The annual risk of rupture for aneu-
eurysm suggests that control of these coexisting rysms that are less than 5.5 cm in diameter is 1%
conditions with medications such as antihyper- or lower,33,34 whereas the risk increases signifi-
tensive agents and statins may decrease the risk, cantly for aneurysms above this threshold (Ta-
although limited data are available to support this ble 1).35 Thus, under most circumstances, aneu-
hypothesis (see below). In any case, many patients rysms should not be prophylactically repaired
with abdominal aortic aneurysm have clinically unless they are at least 5.5 cm in diameter. Results
significant cardiovascular disease; thus, medical of a trial comparing endovascular repair with
management of coexisting conditions is recom- surveillance indicate that the 5.5-cm threshold
mended to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular also applies to patients treated with endovascu-
events in these high-risk patients.29 lar repair.36
Nevertheless, there are occasions when repair
Medical Therapy of small aneurysms should be considered. Symp-
Several drugs have been evaluated for their poten- toms are a harbinger of rupture, and the time
tial to limit abdominal aortic aneurysm. Beta- from the onset of symptoms to rupture and death
blockers, antibiotics, and antiinflammatory agents can be brief and is unpredictable. Consequently,
Covered
stent
Synthetic
graft
Among patients who underwent endovascu- patients who have undergone endovascular re-
lar repair in the three trials, approximately 20 pair require long-term surveillance by means of
to 30% required a secondary intervention dur- CT or ultrasonography (at institutions with ap-
ing the next 6 years. Reintervention is often propriate expertise), which is recommended at
related to the development of endoleaks, which 1 month and 12 months after the intervention
reperfuse the aneurysm and lead to continued and yearly thereafter.25
aneurysm expansion. The vast majority of rein- Patients who have undergone open surgery
terventions for endovascular repair are percuta- may also require other surgical interventions for
neous or require a groin incision; however, complications related to the procedure, such as
conversion to open repair is necessary in 2 to ventral hernia or adhesions. In the DREAM and
4% of patients (Table S1 in the Supplementary OVER trials, which included assessment of these
Appendix). Late ruptures after endovascular complications, approximately 20% of patients who
repair were reported in each of the trials. The underwent open repair required a second opera-
incidence was highest in the trial that began tion. In the DREAM trial, a secondary interven-
the earliest, the EVAR 1 trial (4.0%, vs. 0.6 and tion was significantly less common after open re-
1.4% in the more recent trials). Late ruptures pair than after endovascular repair (17% vs. 28%);
typically occur in patients who have not under- however, in the OVER trial, there was no signifi-
gone postoperative monitoring or those for cant difference between groups (18% open vs.
whom a decision has been made not to reinter- 22% endovascular). After open repair, CT moni-
vene. Because of the potential for reperfusion toring for new or recurrent aneurysmal disease
and the associated risk of aneurysm rupture,47 is recommended at 5-year intervals.25
Guidel ine s
Endovascular repair Open repair
100
Guidelines have been published regarding
90
screening, surveillance, and treatment of abdom-
80
inal aortic aneurysms; however, there are incon-
Elective Repairs (%)
70
60
sistencies, as described in this review. Recom-
50
mendations that are consistent include screening
40
at least once in men 65 to 75 years of age who have
30 ever smoked and repair of aneurysms with an
20 aortic diameter of 5.5 cm or larger in patients with
10 an acceptable risk.20,25,26,49
0
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
C onclusions a nd
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
R ec om mendat ions
Percent
Endovascular 5.5 30.2 33.2 39.8 44.8 51.1 60.3 65.9 69.9 70.0 74.8 78.7 78.6
repair The woman described in the vignette has lower
Open repair 94.5 69.8 66.8 60.2 55.2 48.9 39.7 34.1 30.1 30.0 25.2 21.3 21.4 abdominal pain and a 5.6-cm infrarenal aneu-
rysm. It is essential to prove that the aneurysm is
Figure 2. Annual Proportion of Elective Endovascular and Open Repairs
for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in the United States, 20002012.
not the cause of her abdominal pain. The patient
Data are based on the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, the largest all-payer
should be treated with antibiotics for diverticuli-
database of U.S. inpatient care. It includes a stratified 20% random sample tis and followed for pain resolution (which would
of all nonfederal inpatient hospital admissions. provide support for this disorder as the cause of
the pain). Once the diverticulitis has resolved, the
aneurysm should be expeditiously repaired, be-
A r e a s of Uncer ta in t y cause the risk of rupture for an aneurysm of this
diameter is nearly 10% during the next year. The
Recent technological advances in endovascular re- choice between endovascular repair and open re-
pair have made it an option for a larger proportion pair should be individualized and made after a
of patients; these advances include lower-profile thorough evaluation with consideration of anato-
grafts that can traverse diseased iliac arteries, my, patient age, preoperative risk, and patient
fenestrated grafts (with holes to maintain renal preference. Given this patients age and obesity, I
blood flow) that can be used to treat aneurysms would recommend endovascular repair over open
near the renal arteries (Fig. S2 in the Supplemen- surgery if her anatomy is appropriate. After en-
tary Appendix), and grafts with branches to the dovascular repair, the graft should be monitored
mesenteric and renal vessels for repair of supra- at 1 month and 12 months and on a yearly basis
renal and thoracoabdominal aneurysms. Evalua- thereafter. The patient should be counseled to
tion of long-term outcomes is necessary to deter- stop smoking and offered smoking-cessation treat-
mine the benefit of these newer strategies. More ment. Furthermore, she should be treated for hy-
data are needed to improve the identification of pertension and hypercholesterolemia, especially
patients most likely to benefit from screening because patients with either or both of these con-
and also from surgical intervention. Measures of ditions are at increased risk for other cardiovas-
wall stress by means of CT or MRI have been cular events.
proposed to refine prediction of the risk of rup- Dr. Kent reports receiving consulting fees from Medtronic
ture, but further study is needed to determine and holding a patent on methods for treating aneurysms. No
other potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was
whether these tests are warranted and if so, when reported.
they should be performed.48 Randomized trials Disclosure forms provided by the author are available with the
are in progress to determine whether doxycycline full text of this article at NEJM.org.
I thank Dr. Jason Wiseman for his extensive efforts in the
or other pharmacologic therapies can reduce or preparation and review of an earlier version of this manuscript
prevent the growth of aneurysms. and Dr. Paul Rathouz for his statistical assistance.
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