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8.1 Introduction
and its support, for the purpose of levelling, and anchor bolts should be provided to stabilize the
column during erection or to prevent uplift for cases involving large bending moment.
Base plates that support concentrically loaded columns in frames in which the column bases are
assumed pinned are designed with the assumption that the column factored load P u is distributed
uniformly to the area of the concrete under the base plate. As it was mentioned earlier, the
determination of both plate thickness and its plan geometry will constitute the design of the
base plate.
a. Size of plate
The size of the base plate is determined from the limit state of bearing of concrete. The design
bearing strength of concrete is given by:
Ac
c Pu 0.60 0.85 f c Ap (8.1)
Ap
Where:
fc is compressive strength of concrete
Ap is area of base plate
Ac is area of concrete pedestal that is geometrically similar to and concentric with
the loaded are such that Ap Ac 4Ap.
From Eq. (8.1), one can see that the bearing capacity increases when the concrete area is
greater than the plate area. This is due to the beneficial effect of confinement. The upper
limit of the bearing strength is obtained when A c = 4Ap. presumably, the concrete area in excess
of 4Ap is not effective in resisting the load transferred through the base plate.
Setting the column design load P u equal to the bearing capacity of concrete pedestal, cPp, and
solving for Ap from Ea. (8.1), one obtains:
2
1 Pu
Ap (8.2
Ac 0.60 x 0.85 f c
)
The width B1 and length B2 of the plate should be established so that B1x B2 >Ap. For an efficient
design, the length can be determined from the equation:
Where 0.95d and 0.80bf define so-called effective load bearing area as shown cross-hatched in
Fig. 8.2. Once B2 is obtained, B1 can be determined from the equation:
Ap
B1 (8.4)
B2
b. Plate thickness
The required plate thickness, tp, is to be determined from the limit state of yield line formation
along the most severely stressed sections. A yield line develops when the cross-section moment
capacity is equal to its plastic moment capacity. Depending on the size of the column relative to
the plate and the magnitude of the factored axial load, yield lines can form various pattern on
the plate.
Fig. 8.2 shows three models of plate failure in axially loaded plates. If the plates is large
compared to the column, yield lines are assumed to form around the perimeter of the effective
load-bearing area (the cross-hatched area) as shown in Fig. 8.2a. If the plate is small and the
column factored load is light, yield lines are assumed to form around the inner perimeter of the
I-shaped area as shown in Fig. 8.2b. If the plate is small and the column factored load is heavy,
yield lines are assumed to form around the inner edge of the column flanges and both sides of
the column web as shown in Fig. 8.2c. The following equation can be used to calculate the
required plate thickness:
2 Pu
t p , req max (b1 , b2 ) (8.5)
0.90 f y B1 B 2
In
which:
B1 0.80b f
b1
2
B2 0.95d
b2
Design of Steel and Timber Structures CENG 44082 Yirgalem D.
Chapter Eight: Structural Steel Support Plates 4
The design concepts presented thus far, especially as regard to the establishment of failure
models, assumes that the column is built from an I-section. The same concept can also be
applied to the design of base plates for rectangular tubes and circular pipes. In such cases, the
critical section used to determine the plate thickness should be based on 0.95 times the outside
column dimension for rectangular rubes and 0.80 times the outside dimension for circular pipes.
For columns in frames designed to carry moments at the base, base plates must be designed to
support both axial forces and bending moments. Under such conditions, two types of axial
moment interaction may be exhibited depending on the relative magnitude of the direct force
and that of the moment.
If the moment is small compared to the axial force, the base plate can be designed without
consideration of the tensile force that may develop in the anchor bolts. However, if the moment
is large, this effect should be considered. To quantify the relative magnitude of this moment, an
eccentricity e = Mu/Pu is used. The general procedures for the design of base plates for
different values of e will be given subsequently.
B2
Small Eccentricity e
6
If the eccentricity e is small, the bearing stress is assumed to distribute linearly over the entire
area of the base plate as shown in Fig. 8.3. The maximum bearing stress is given by:
Pu Mu c
f max (8.6)
B1 x B2 I
Ac
c Pp / Ap 0.60 0.85 f c 0.60 x1.7 f c (8.7)
Ap
Subsequently, the thickness of the plate t p will be
determined from: Fig. 8.3. Eccentrically loaded
column base plate- small e.
4M plu (8.8)
tp
0.90 f y
Design of Steel and Timber Structures CENG 4408 Yirgalem D.
Chapter Eight: Structural Steel Support Plates 5
Where Mplu is the moment per unit width of critical section in the plate. M plu is determined by
assuming that the potion of the plate projecting beyond the critical section acts as an inverted
cantilever loaded by the bearing pressure. The moment calculated at the critical section divided
by the length B1 of the critical section gives Mplu.
For plates subjected to moderate moments, only a portion of the plate will be subjected to
bearing stress as shown in Fig. 8.4. Ignoring the tensile force in the anchor bolt in the region of
the plate where no bearing occurs, and denoting A as the length of the plate in bearing, the
maximum bearing stress can be calculated from
consideration of force equilibrium conditions as:
2P (8.9)
f max u
B2 B1
B 2 3 B2 / 2 e Where
is determined from moment
equilibrium.
f max B1 x B 2
T Pu (8.10)
and moment 2
equilibrium requires that
B f x B 2 x B1
Pu B2 2 M ma B2 B 2 (8.11)
2 2 3
The foregoing equations can be used to solve for 2 and T. The
size of the plate, which should be chosen such that f max does not
exceed the value calculated, using Eq. (8.7), is to be determined by
trial-and-error 2 should be smaller then B2 and T should not
exceed the tensile capacity of the bolts.
plate and the other on the tension side of the plate. Two value of M plu are then to be calculated,
and the larger value should be used to calculate tp.
Under normal circumstances, the design column base shear is adequately resisted, in addition to
the shear resistance provided by the anchor bolts, by the frictional force developed between
the plate and its underlying pedestal support. For cases in which exceptionally high shear force
is expected, such as in a bracing connection or a connection in which uplift reduces the frictional
resistance, the use of shear lugs may be necessary. Shear lugs can be designed based on the
limit states on concrete does not exceed 0.60 x (0.85f c). The thickness of the lug can be
determined from Eq. 8.8. M plu is the moment per unit width at the critical section of the lug. The
critical section is taken to be at the junction of the lug and the plate.
ANCHOR BOLTS
Anchor bolts are provided for two main purposes to stabilize the column during erection and to
prevent uplift for cases involving large moments. Anchor bolts can be cast-in-place bolts or
drilled in bolts. The latter are placed after the
concrete is set and are not often used; their
design is governed by the manufacturers
specifications. Cast-in-place bolts are hooked
bars, bolts, or threaded rods with nuts (Fig.8.7)
placed before the concrete is set.
Failure is also considered to occur when a cone of concrete is pulled out from the pedestal. This
cone pullout type of failure is depicted schematically in Fig. 8.7. The failure cone is assumed to
radiate out from the bolt head or not at an angle of 45 0 with tensile failure occurring along the
surface of the cone at an average stress of where f y is the compressive strength of concrete in
4 fc psi. The load that will cause the cone pullout failure is given by the product of this
average stress and the projected area of the cone A. The design of anchor bolts is thus
governed by one of the two conditions- the limit states of tensile fracture of the anchors or
Tu
Ag (8.12)
t 0.75 f u
Where Ag is the required gross area of the anchor, f u is the minimum specified tensile strength
and t is the resistance factor for tensile fracture, which is equal to 0.75.
L
A T 4
u t
fu (8.13)
Where A is the projected area of the failure cone. T u is the required bolt force in pound, f e is
the compressive strength of concrete in psi; and t is the resistance factor, assumed to be equal
to 0.75. If failure cones from adjacent anchors overlap one another or intersect with the
pedestal edge as shown in Fig. 8.9, the projected area p must be adjusted accordingly.
The length calculated using Eq. (8.13) should not be less than the recommended values given in
Table 8.1. Also shown in the table are the recommended minimum edge distance for the anchors
Table 8.1. Minimum recommended embedded length and edge distance for anchors.
Beam bearing plates are provided between the beam and the supporting media that cab be
concrete pedestals, to distribute the reaction to the support. Accordingly, they are provided
between main girders and concrete pedestals to distribute the girder reactions to the concrete
supports (Fig. 8.9a) or between
cross beams and girders if the
cross beams are designed to sit on
the girders as shown in Fig. 8.9b.
in Chapter Four under Concentrated Load Criteria. The dimension B 1 of the plate is determined
from Eq. (8.4) with Ap
Ap
B1 (8.14)
B2
Wherein
2
1 Ru
Ap
Ac 0.6 x 0.85 f c
In which Pu in Eq. (8.2) is replaced by R u, which is the reaction
at the support.
Once the size B1 x B2 is determined, the plate thickness tp can be calculated using equation:
2
2 Ru B
tp (8.15)
0.9 f y B1 B2
Where Ru is the factored girder reaction, f y is the yield stress of the plate, and B = (B 1 = 2k)/2,
in which k is the distance from toe of web fillet to the outer surface of the flange. This
equation was developed based on the assumption that the critical sections for plastic bending in
the plate occur at a distance k from the centerline of the web.
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ADDITIONAL READING