Chapter 2

Solutions

Solutions

SECTION - A
School/Board Exam. Type Questions
Very Short Answer Type Questions :
1. What is the physical state of solvent in Na2SO4 10H2O(s)?

Sol. Solid

2. Identify solvent in Na2SO4 10H2O(s).

Sol. Na2SO4(s)

3. In moist air solvent is .

Sol. Air (Gas)

4. What is the effect of temperature on the molality of a solution?

Sol. No effect

5. If (molar mass)obs = (molar mass)calc. and if the solvent is water then predict whether the solute is electrolytic
or non-electrolytic.

Sol. Non-electrolyte

6. Can we say that for non-electrolytic solutes observed v.p. of solution is equal to its calculated value?

Sol. No, solute may associate.

7. For reverse osmosis how much pressure should be applied?

Sol. Greater than osmotic pressure.

8. Which type of solutes show colligative properties, volatile or non-volatile?

Sol. Non-volatile

9. What is the sign of (G)sol for a non-ideal solution?

Sol. Negative

10. What is the sign of (S) for ideal solutions?

Sol. Positive
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12 Solutions Solution of Assignment (Set-1)

Short Answer Type Questions :

11. What is sign of Hmix, Vmix and Gmix for ideal solution?
Sol. Hmix = 0, Vmix = 0, Gmix < 0

12. Name same concentration terms which are independent of temperature.

Sol. Molality, mole fraction, mass percentage.

13. In a solution with positive deviation v.p. of solution is greater than v.p. of pure solvent. Explain.
Sol. See text, graphical representation.

14. In a solution with negative deviation v.p. of solution is less than v.p. of pure solute. Explain.
Sol. See text.

15. RCOOH dimerises in benzene upto 50% and it ionises upto 10% in water. Determine ratio of vant Hoff factors
in dimerisation versus ionisation.

0.5
i1 1 0.5 0.75 i1 0.75
Sol. 2
i 1.1
i2 1 0.1 2 0.1 1.1 2

16. For two solvents Kf is 2 and 8 respectively, which one will be preferred in a depression of freezing point method
and why?
Sol. Second one, greater the Kf easier will be measurement.

17. From 2 L 0.1 M aq. solution of sugar 0.5 L water is evaporated, determine final concentration of solution in
molarity.
Sol. 2 0.1 = 1.5 M

0.2 2
M
1.5 15
18. On dilution or on concentration of a solution what does not change?
Sol. Moles of solute

19. As per Dalton's law of partial pressure how to represent vapour pressure of a solution?
Sol. psol. = pA + pB

20. A solution with both volatile components is boiled and condensate is collected in another vessel, which
component will be major and why?

Sol. Component with greater volatility.

21. If poA 400 mm Hg, pBo 360 mm Hg , xA = 0.8, determine xB and psol.

Sol. xB = 0.2
psol. = 400 0.8 + 360 0.2 = 80(5 0.8 + 0.9)
= 80 4.9 = 392.0

22. With reference to question 21, determine vapour phase composition in equilibrium with solution.

Sol. x A 400 0.8 320 0.816 ; xB = 0.1836

392 392

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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) Solutions 13
23. Henry's law constant for CO2 in water is 1.67 108 Pa. Calculate amount of CO2 in a 500 ml soft drinks bottle
packed at 2.5 atm pressure of CO2 at 298 K.

p 2.5 105 2.5 103

Sol. xCO2 8

KH 1.67 10 1.67

2.5 500 103

nCO2 in 500 ml 0.042
1.67 18
24. Determine osmotic pressure of an aqueous solution containing 25 g K2SO4/L at 25C.
25
39 2 96
Sol. 3 0.0821 298
1

3 25
0.0821 298 10.54 atm
174
25. What happens when a plant cell is placed in a (i) hypertonic solution (ii) hypotonic solution?

Sol. (i) It will shrink (ii) It will expand

26. Doctors advises patients of high blood pressure to take less quantity of common salt, why?

Sol. Osmotic pressure increases.

27. A decimolar solution of K4[Fe(CN)6] is 75% dissociated at 27C. Determine its osmotic pressure in atmosphere.

Sol. = (1 0.75 + 5 0.75) 0.1 0.0821 300

= 4 0.1 8.21 3 = 9.85 atm

28. Determine mass of bi-phenyl dissolved in 100 g benzene if rise in boiling point is 2.3.

Kb(benzene) = 2.57 K kg mol1.

m
Sol. 2.3 2.57 77 2 2.57 m 1000
100 77 2 100
1000
2.3 77 2
m 13.78 g
2.57 10

29. Henry's law constant for the solubility of N2 in water at 25C is 105 atm and air is supposed to be 1 : 4 mixture
of O2 and N2. Determine the number of moles of air dissolved in 1 mole water at 5 atm pressure.

4
Sol. pN2 5 xN2 105
5

xN2 4 10 5

30. Tf for 0.002 m aq. solution of Co(NH3)5(NO2)Cl is 0.00732C. Determine number of ions produced per molecule
in aq. solution. (Kf = 1.86 K kg mol1)

Sol. 0.00732 = i 1.86 0.002

i = 1.97 2

ions/molecule = 2
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14 Solutions Solution of Assignment (Set-1)

Long Answer Type Questions :

31. What is the need and applicability of vant Hoff factor? Explain the conditions where Tb = Kb m can be used.
Sol. See text.
32. Explain the conditions where Tb = i Kbm should be used to set correct results.
Sol. In case of association or dissociation of solutes.
33. Define and relate the terms volatility, vapour pressure and boiling point.
Sol. See text.
34. Give graphical representation for both types of non-ideal solutions.
Sol. See text.
35. Give introduction of reverse osmosis, make labelled diagram for purification of water by this method.
Sol. See text.
36. 10 g of NaOH is added to 50 mL of 0.1 M aqueous solution and volume is finally made 100 ml. Calculate the
molarity of resulting solution.
Sol. 2.25 M
37. Mention characteristics of an ideal solution. What causes them to be non-ideal, discuss in detail.
Sol. See text.
38. After removing the shell of egg, one is placed in distilled water while the other is placed in saturated solution
of NaCl. What will you observed and why?
Sol. Egg in water will swell while that in NaCl will shrink because of osmosis.
39. Calculate osmotic pressure of 0.1 M dibasic strong acid of pH = 4 at 27C.

Sol. 
 2
H2 A  2H A

0.1(1 ) 0.2 0.1
pH = 4 log[H+] = 4 [H+] = 104 = 0.2
= 5 104
= (1 5 104 + 3 5 104) 0.1 0.0821 300
= (1 + 103) 0.0821 30 = 2.46 atm
40. Calculate boiling point of solution containing 30 g urea and 38 g thiourea in 800 g chloroform. Boiling point of
chloroform = 61.2C, Kb = 3.63 K kg mole1.

30 38

60 76 3.63 1 1000
Sol. Tb 61.2 3.63
800 1 800
1000

Tb = 65.73C
41. Mention the conditions in which a solute becomes solvent and solvent becomes solute.
Sol. Component of greater mass % is solvent.
42. What is molal elevation constant? What are its units?
Sol. Molal elevation constant is the elevation in boiling point when molality of solution is 1.
Unit of Kb = K . kg mol1

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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) Solutions 15
43. 1 mole A2 is dissolved in 1 mole solvent (polar), in another case 1 mole A+B is added to 1 mole same solvent.
Determine mole fraction of solvent in both the cases.
1 1
Sol. (x solvent )1 , x(solvent)2
2 3
44. In 10 L water 1 mole of Ca(OH)2 is added with 1 mole of H2SO4. Determine vant Hoff factor (i) of final solution.



Sol. Ca(OH)2 H2 SO 4 
 CaSO 4 2H2O

vant Hoff factor for CaSO4 = 2

45. 1 mole urea and 1 mole NaCl are added to water. Kf = 1.86, Kb = 0.52 (ln K kg mole1) determine the ratio
of Tb vs Tf for the solution (Urea : NaCl).

3 2
Sol. Tb 0.52 (i)
2 w
3 2
Tf 1.86 (ii)
2 w
Tb 0.52 26

Tf 1.86 93

SECTION - B
Model Test Paper

Very Short Answer Type Questions :

1. What is the meaning of 0.1 m solution?
Sol. 0.1 m 0.1 mole of solute/kg of solvent
2. Under what conditions a solution shows negative deviation?
Sol. When (psol)obs < (psol)cal
3. What are isotonic solutions?
Sol. For which osmotic pressures are equal.
4. State Raoult's law for volatile solutes and for non-volatile solutes.

Sol. psol poA x A pBo xB (for volatile solute and solvent)

psol poA x A (for volatile solvent and non-volatile solute)

5. Show that relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to the mole fraction of non-volatile solute.
Sol. Vapour pressure of solution containing non-volatile solute
pS = p

pS
and solvent
p

pS
or 1 1 solvent
p

p pS
solvent
p

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16 Solutions Solution of Assignment (Set-1)

Short Answer Type Questions :

6. Distinguish between ideal and non-ideal solutions.

Sol. The solution which obey Raoults law at all concentration are called ideal solution.

pS A poA BpBo
Solution which do not obey Raoults law are called non-ideal solution. These solutions are of two types.

(i) Solution showing positive deviation

pS A poA BpBo

(ii) Solution showing negative deviation

pS A poA BpBo

7. Explain azeotropic solutions.

Sol. The solution whose components cannot be separated by fractional distillation are called azeotropic solution.

8. Why constant boiling mixtures behave like one single component?

Sol. Constant boiling mixture or azeotropic solution have same mole fraction of component in liquid state and in
the vapour phase so their composition remain same upon distillation.

9. Define colligative properties.

Sol. Those properties of dilute solution which depends upon number of particles instead of nature of particles are
called colligative properties.

10. Define osmosis and the conditions for isotonic solutions.

Sol. Osmosis is spontaneous flow of solvent molecules from a solution of lower concentration to higher
concentration, when both are separated through a SPM. Isotonic solutions have same osmotic pressure, it
means under similar conditions of temperature and pressure both solution must have similar concentration.

Short Answer Type Questions :

11. Vapour pressure of dilute aq. solution of urea is 740 mm Hg at 373 K. Calculate (i) molality and (ii) xsolute.

760 740 nurea 2 1

Sol. xurea
760 nurea nH2O 76 38

1 1000 500
molality 3

37 18 10 37 18 333

12. Decimolar solution of K4[Fe(CN)6] dissociates by 60% at 27C. Determine osmotic pressure in N/m2.

Sol. = iCRT

Calculation of i

KH Fe CN6 4K Fe CN6
4

1 4

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Solution of Assignment (Set-1) Solutions 17
i = 1 + 4 +

= 1 + 4

= 60% = 0.6

i = 1 + 4 0.6

= 3.4

1
= 3.4 0.08 300
10

= 2.82 bar = 2.82 105 Nm2

13. What is vant Hoff factor? Derive it for non-ideal solutions.

Sol. Vant Hoff factor is correction term which is used to calculate number of particle actually present in the
solution, if solute is undergoing association or dissociation. i = 0 for non-electrolyte and it is i > 0 for solute
undergoing dissociation and i < 0 for solute undergoing association.

14. Why molar mass observed on the basis of colligative properties become abnormal in some cases?

Sol. In some cases solute may undergo dissociation or association so number of particles in the solution may
be different from ideal value in such cases abnormal molecular masses are observed.

15. Differentiate between the terms molarity and molality.

Sol. Molarity is number of moles of solute in one litre solution and can be calculated

nsolute
M=
Vol.of solution(L)

Molarity is number of moles of solute in one kg of solvent

nsolute
m=
mass of solvent (kg)

16. 200 ml 0.1 M K2SO4 is added with 300 ml 0.2 M KCl. Determine molar concentration of K+ in solution.

2 0.1 200 0.2 300 100 2(0.2 0.3)

Sol. [K ] 0.2
500 100 5

17. 180 g glucose is dissolved in 1 kg water, determine the boiling temperature. (KbH2O = 0.52)

180 / 180
Sol. Tb 100 1 0.52
1

Tb = 100.52C

18. Arrange the following aq. solutions in increasing order of their freezing points

(i) 0.1 M KCN (ii) 0.2 M Na2SO4 (iii) 0.3 M urea

Sol. (Tf)1 = 2Kf 0.1, (Tf)2 = 3Kf 0.2, (Tf)3 = 1 Kf 0.3

(Tf)1 < (Tf)3 < (Tf)2

(Tf)2 < (Tf)3 < (Tf)1

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18 Solutions Solution of Assignment (Set-1)

Long Answer Type Questions :

19. Solution of A and B with mole % of A as 20 is made. If mole % of A in vapour phase of solution in equilibrium
o o
with the solution is 60, then calculate p A /pB .

poA 0.2 0.6 psol

Sol.19. x A 0.6 poA
psol 0.2

pBo 0.8 0.4 psol

xB 0.4 pBo
psol 0.8

poA 6

pBo 1

20. Discuss in detail the solubility of a solid in liquid, also discuss factors influencing the solubility and effect
on vapour pressure.

Sol. See text

  

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