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Q5. Identify data and choose resources to gather information about the
colour changes of a range of indicators
Q1. Identify oxides of non-metals which act as acids and describe the
conditions under which they act as acids
Q2. Analyse the position of these non-metals in the Periodic Table and
outline the relationship between position of elements in the Periodic
Table and acidity/basicity of oxides
Metals form basic oxides and are positioned on the periodic
tables left side
Non-metals form acidic oxides and are positioned on the periodic
tables right side
The amphoteric oxides are placed in between while the nobel
gases have no oxides
Q4. Identify factors which can affect the equilibrium in a reversible reaction
Concentration
Pressure( of gaseous system which is homogenous)
Temperature
Q6. Identify natural and industrial sources of sulfur dioxide and oxides of
nitrogen
Sulfur Dioxide
Smelting metals.
4FeS2 (s) + 11O2 (g) 2Fe2O3 (s) + 8SO2 (g)
Oxides of Nitrogen
Lightening and in combustion of car engines.
N2 (g) + O2 (g) 2NO (g) then
2NO (g) + O2 (g) 2NO2 (g)
Both oxides of sulfur and nitrogen are soluble in water and are
removed from our atmosphere by rain.
Over the past 100 years, there has been a significant build in the level
of their concentration.
However, one cannot be sure due to the lack of data prior to 1950s
In the past few decades, their concentration has been accurately
measured to be below 0.1 ppm.
Moreover acid rain formation as well as the formation of photochemical
smog indicate rise in the atmospheric concentration of oxides of sulfur
and nitrogen
n=V=24.79
V=0.045x24.79
V=1.127litres
Rain is slightly acidic in nature due to the carbonic acid formed from
CO2
Acid rain is the rain which has a slightly higher concentration of
hydrogen ion
In addition to carbonic acid, sulfuric as well as nitric acids are
present in acid rains and formed from oxides of nitrogen as well as
sulfur dioxide respectively.
FORMATION of acid rain:
Sulfur dioxide reacts with rain to form sulfurous acid:
SO2 (g) + H2O (l) H2SO3 (aq)
Sulfurous acid later reacts with oxygen and this in turn is
catalysed by the particles of air:
2H2SO3 (aq) + O2 (g) 2H2SO4 (aq)
Nitrogen dioxide also reacts with rain, thereby producing nitrous
and nitric acids:
2NO2 (g) + H2O (l) HNO3 (aq) + HNO2 (aq)
Nitrous acid, also reacts with oxygen, and is again catalysed by
the particles of air:
2HNO2 (aq) + O2 (g) 2HNO3 (aq)
EFFECTS of acid rain:
Forests are destroyed by acid rain.
The acidity levels of water bodies also increases thereby causing
death of many aquatic animals.
Marble buildings as well as statues gets corroded dur to acid rain
Q1. Define acids as proton donors and describe the ionisation of acids in
water
When acids are dissolved in water, it donates a proton, i.e. a
Hydrogen Ion (H+) to a molecule of water
The proton ion present in the solution of water is represented as H+
+
(aq) or H3O (aq) ( hydronium)
For instance
Q3. Describe the use of the pH scale in comparing acids and bases
Q4. Describe acids and their solutions with the appropriate use of the
terms strong, weak, concentrated and dilute
Comparison:
Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid as it ionizes completely in water.
Acetic acid is a weak acid as it ionizes partially in water
Citric acid is weak as it ionizes the least.
Q7. Describe the difference between a strong and a weak acid in terms of
an equilibrium between the intact molecule and its ions
o The equation lies mostly on the left side in case of weak acid
and partial ionisation occurs.
Jams
Citric acid is often added to jams in order to give it a sharp taste.
The acidity aids in the prevention of the growth of microbes in order to
prevent decomposition of food.
The reduction of pH results in slowing down of the enzyme reactions
thereby slowing down food spoilage.
Davy
Redefined that acid is a substance which contains hydrogen
(rather than oxygen), and could be completely or partially be
replaced by metals when reacted together, in order to produce
salt. He showed that oxygen is not present in HCl
Arrhenius:
Suggested that acids ionize in solution to form hydrogen ions
Bases produce hydroxide ions in solutions
Strong acids ionize completely while weak acids ionise partially.
He proposed that these ideas are applicable only when the acid is in
an aqueous state
It states that:
An acid is a donor of PROTON
A base is an acceptor of PROTON
When hydrogen chloride gas and ammonia react together as follows :
HCl (g) + NH3 (g) NH4Cl (s)
Q3. Describe the relationship between an acid and its conjugate base and
a base and its conjugate acid
Neutral Salts
Form when a strong base and a strong acid react together
NaCl(aq) Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
H2O(l) H+(aq) + OH-(aq)
The ions form a strong acid as well as a strong base
Concentration of hydroxide and hydrogen ions is equal, and
therefore neutral
Acidic Salts
Form when a weak base and a strong acid react together
NH4Cl(aq) NH4+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
H2O(l) H+(aq) + OH-(aq)
The ions form a strong acid as well as a weak base
Results in an imbalanced supply of hydrogen ions, and therefore
acidic
Basic Salts
Form when a Strong base and a weak acid react together
Sodium acetate dissolves in water to form Na+, OH-, CH3COO-,H+
The ions form a weak acid as well as a strong base
Results in an imbalanced supply of hydroxide ions
Buffer Control
It controls the basicity as well as the acidity levels in a solution
Hardly any change in the pH value occurs, when a base or an acid is
added to a buffer solution
Buffers contain equal concentration of its conjugate base and weak
acid
An example of buffer solution is blood and it contains carbonic acid
H2CO3(aq) H+(aq) + HCO-(aq)
If the amount of CO2 dissolved is increased then the formation of H+
ions increases thereby decreasing the pH and the equilibrium moves
towards left thereby minimising the change.
Q1. Describe the differences between the alkanol and alkanoic acid
functional groups in carbon compounds
Alkanols comprise of a hydroxyl functional group (OH). The O-H bond is
polar and results in the formation of hydrogen bonds thereby allowing
alkanols to possess high melting point and boiling point. Alkanoic acids
possess carboxy functional groups (COOH). The C=O and C-O and the O-H
bond are polar in nature.
Q2. Identify the IUPAC nomenclature for describing the esters produced by
reactions of straight-chained alkanoic acids from C1 to C8 and straight-
chained primary alkanols from C1 to C8
The alkanol loses the ending -anol and in its place thyl is added. The
alkanoic acid becomes -oate.
C1 Methyl Methanoate
C2 Ethyl Ethanoate
C3 Propyl Propanoate
C4 Butyl Butanoate
C5 Pentyl Pentanoate
C6 Hexyl Hexanoate
C7 Hepyl Heptanoate
C8 Octyl Octanoate
Q3. Explain the difference in melting point and boiling point caused by
straight-chained alkanoic acid and straight-chained primary alkanol
structures