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CONCRETE BEAM
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
S.ANANTHAN 21010103305
L.DINESH KUMAR 21010103308
N. SIDHARTHAN 21010103320
B. GOKUL 21010103036
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
1
NOVEMBER 2013
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
S. ANANTHAN 21010103305
L. DINESH KUMAR 21010103308
N. SIDHARTHAN 21010103320
B. GOKUL 21010103036
who carried out the Design project work for seventh semester under our
supervision.
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Submitted for the university Project viva voce conducted on 6th NOVEMBER 2013
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our deep gratitude to our beloved secretary and
Correspondent Dr. P. CHINNADURAI M.A., Ph.D., for his kind words and
enthusiastic motivation which inspired us a lot in completing this project.
We also express our gratitude to our principal Dr. K. MANI, M.E., Ph.D.,
who helped us in completing the project.
We also sincerely thanks all the teaching and non-teaching staff who
readily helped us for the project. Once again we thank one and all who helped us
directly and indirectly for completion of this project work successfully.
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Abstract
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Introduction
The use of SCC concrete has been increasing in the United States also
during the last 5 years. Currently the technology is being primarily applied
to the precast industry. Other segments being targeted are flatwork, columns
and wall construction. The applications of SCC are many, limited only by
the industry's knowledge of it, ability to produce it and acceptance of it. The
usual self-compacting concretes have compressive strengths in the range of
60-100N/mm. However Ultra High Performance Self-Compacting Concrete
(UHPSCC) with strength about 150 N/mm have also been successfully
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developed.The durability of cement concrete is defined as its ability to resist
weathering action, chemical attack, abrasion or any other process of
deterioration. Durable concrete will remain its original form, quality and
serviceability when exposed to its environment.
Advantages
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Elimination of vibration enables lighter, less-costly formwork to be
used.
Because vibration is unnecessary, noise is eliminated from the
concrete placing. This has benefits in populated areas, night working
and in internal placement or precast where noise is confined.
SCC does not normally trap or retain air, and so surfaces are more
defect free and require less remedial work. Edges and detailing are
also sharper.
SCC is quick to place by skip, pump and because it does not need
vibration, a reduced work force is required.
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Piles and columns with dense rebar cages (SCC was developed to
alleviate the need to vibrate concrete in structures containing dense
rebar).
Mixture proportions for SCC differ from those of ordinary concrete, in that
the former has more powder content and less coarse aggregate. Moreover,
SCC incorporates high range water reducers (HRWR, superplasticisers) in
larger amounts and frequently a viscosity modifying agent (VMA) in small
doses.
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B. Fine aggregate
C. Coarse aggregate
Coconut husk
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growers are successfully using coconut husk chips instead of bark, fi nding it
has signifi cant advantages in terms of quality, consistency, and even lower
production costs.
Advantages:
Lasts longer than bark with no degradation (5 plus years) Very clean,
uniform and no wastage
Wet coconut husk chips hold water and air like a sponge
Excellent drainage, high caution exchange capacity (CEC)
Cuts down fertilizer application up to 30%
Prevents stress after repotting
Neutral pH and innate buffering capacity
Resists fungal growth
100% natural and renewable resource
Uses
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Advantages
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applications in HPC where the highest durability and performance is
required. GLENIUM B233 is free of chloride and low alkali. It is compatible
with all types of cements.
Advantages of super plasticizer are
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LITERATURE REVIEW
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into concrete was a step that was taken to utilise glass powder obtained from
the waste glass factory in an effective manner. Various properties of the
glass powder integrated SCC mixes such as self compactability, compressive
strength, and flexural strength were evaluated and compared with those of
conventional SCC.
Slamet Widodo(2012)
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place, completely fill the formwork even in the presence of dense
reinforcement and then encapsulate the rebar without the need of any
additional compaction. Similar with other cement-based materials, SCC also
has a brittle characteristic. This research conducted to evaluate the effects of
polypropylene fiber addition on fresh state characteristics of SCC mixes, and
investigate the effects of polypropylene fiber on some hardened properties of
SCC. In this research, concrete mixes were added with polypropylene fiber
of 0%, 0.05%, 0.10%, and 0.15% volume fraction. Fresh characteristics were
evaluated based on its passing ability, flowability, viscosity, and segregation
resistance using J-ring, Slump flow, and Sieve Segregation Resistance tests.
After 28 days of curing, compressive, splitting tensile strength, and drop-
weight impact resistance were tested.
linings, placements and underwater repairs. These are some of the situations
where ordinary vibrated concrete can not be effectively utilized. Considering
the current pace of research on SCC in the advanced countries it is likely
that SCC would replace conventional vibrated concrete in the near future
altogether.
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F.M. Almeida Filhoa, B.E. Barragnb,, (2010)
variability measures in the same range than the expected for conventional
vibrated concrete, with all the results within a confidence level of 95%.
From several
Miao Liu(2009)
The established benefits of using low volumes of fly ash in
SCC, high volumes of fly ash in NVC and the search for uses of waste glass
led to the research on the possibilities of use higher fly ash contents than
hitherto and ground glass as an addition in SCC whilst maintaining
satisfactory properties. Mix design methods, tests, target properties and
constituent materials were selected. This was followed by investigating the
influence of fly ash and ground glass on the mortar fraction of the SCC and
then using these results to produce concrete mixes with the target fresh
properties. Hardened concrete of these mixes were measured and the
relationships between these investigated.
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SCOPE & OBJECTIVES:
The scope of this work is limited to the development of suitable
mix design to satisfy the requirements of SCC in the plastic stage using
local aggregates and then to determine the strength and durability of such
concrete exposed to thermal and moisture cycles. The general objective
of this study was to conduct an exploratory work towards the
development of a suitable SCC mix design and to evaluate the
performance of the selected SCC mix under thermal and moisture
variations. The specific objectives were as follows:
6. To eliminate vibration.
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Properties of Materials
A.Coarse aggregate:
To find 1, Bulk density
2, Specific gravity
Volume of Water
= Mass of water / Mass density
= 8.35 / 5.566x10-3
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= 1500 x103 kg/m3
B.Fine aggregate:
2, Specific gravity
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Weight of water + W1 = 4.27 kg
Volume of Water
= Mass of water / Mass density
= 6.478 / 4.467x10-3
= 1450x103 kg/m3
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Details:
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MIX DESIGN OF SCC IS 10362
C = 60/0.10
= 600 kg/cu.m
4) Determination of mineral admixtures content:
volume of mineral admixtures (Vma) assuming 1.5% of air content:
Determination of mineral admixtures:
Vma = 1-(690/1000x2.8)-(780/1000x2.6)-(600/1000x3.14)-
(180/1000x1)-0.012
Vma = 0.07cu.m
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Weight of coconut husk:
Wch = 0.07x670
=46.9kg
Weight super plasticizers:
= 0.015x(600+46.9)
= 9.7 kg/m
Results:
Cement = 600 kg/m
Fine aggregates = 780 kg/m
Coarse aggregates = 690 kg/m
Coconut husk = 47 kg/m
Mineral admixtures = 9.7 kg/m
Water content = 180 kg/m
= 1 x 1450 x 0.54
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= 780 kg/m3
= PF x Wg x (1-S/a)
= 1 x 1500 x0.46
= 690 kg/m3
Then the amount of cement required per unit volume of SCC = fck/0.10
= 60/0.10
= 600 kg/m3
= 600x0.30
= 180 kg/m3
Vpf
= 1-(Wca/1000xGca)-(Wfa/1000xGfa)-(Wc/1000xGc)-wa/1000xGwa-Va
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= 1-(690/1000x2.8)-(780/1000x2.6)-(600/1000x3.14)-180/1000x1-.02
= 1-0.24-0.3-0.19-0.18-0.02
From the specific gravity of filler the mass of filler in one m3 of concrete be
calculated as
Wf = 670x0.07
Wf = 47 kg/m3
Wsp = 1.5%
= 0.015 x (600+47)
= 9.7kg/m3
Step 7: result:
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Coconut husk = 47 kg/m3
This is a test method for evaluating the flowability of SCC, where the
slump flow of SCC with coarse aggregates having the maximum size of less
than 40 mm is measured. The basic equipment is the same as for the
conventional slump test. However, the concrete placed into the mold is not
tamped. When the slump cone has been lifted and the sample has collapsed,
the diameter of the spread is measured rather than the vertical distance of the
collapse. Slump flows for an SCC mix can range from 18 to more than 30
inches. Observations of the flow should look for no separation of grout from
the mix, no fringe of water at the edge or on the surface, and an even
distribution of aggregate in the patty . The greater the slump flow, the higher
the level of "flow ability" of the concrete.
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FIGURE SLUMP FLOW TEST
PROCEDURE
Place the base plate on level ground. Keep the slump cone centrally
on the base plate. Fill the cone with the scoop. Do not tamp. Simply strike
off the concrete level with the trowel. Remove the surplus concrete lying on
base plate. Raise the cone vertically and allow the concrete to flow freely.
Measure the final diameter of the concrete in two perpendicular directions
and calculate the average of the two diameters. This is the slump flow in
mm. note that there is water or cement paste or mortar without coarse
aggregate is seen at the edge of the spread concrete.
V Funnel Test
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FIGURE V- FUNNEL TEST
Funnel test of concrete equivalent to the Marsh Funnel for grout testing.
A V- shaped box is made with a narrow opening at the bottom. A gate is
fixed, at the bottom of the box. The box is filled with concrete. The gate is
opened and the time for the concrete to flow out of the box is measured.
Low flow times indicate a lower plastic viscosity of the mix. This test
provides a qualitative assessment of the SCC mix viscosity.
PROCEDURE
Place the cleaned V-funnel vertically on a stable and flat ground, with
the top opening horizontally positioned.
Wet the interior of the funnel with the moist sponge or towel and
remove the surplus of water, e.g. through the opening. The inner side
of the funnel should be 'just wet'.
Close the gate and place a bucket under it in order to retain the
concrete to be passed.
Fill the funnel completely with a representative sample of SCC
without applying any compaction or tamping.
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Remove any surplus of concrete from the top of the funnel using the
straightedge.
Open the gate after a waiting period of (10 TO 20) seconds. Start
the stopwatch at the same moment the gate opens.
Look inside the funnel and stop the time at the moment when
clear space is visible through the opening of the funnel. The stop
watch reading is recorded as the V-funnel flow time, noted as t.
Clean the V-funnel after testing.
L-Box type
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PROCEDURE
U BOX TEST
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Procedure
About 20 liter of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled
normally.
Set the scoop level on firm ground, ensure that the sliding gate can
open freely and then close it.
Moisten the inside surface of the apparatus, remove any surplus water.
Fill the one compartment of the apparatus with the concrete sample.
Leave it to stand for 1 minute.
Lift the sliding gate and allow the concrete to flow in to the other
compartment.
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After the concrete has come to rest, measure the height of the concrete
in the compartment that has been filled, in two places and calculate
the mean (H1).Measure also the height in other compartment (H2).
The whole test has to be performed within 5 minutes.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
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in the parts of the specimen near to its end. The degree of restraint exercised
depends on the friction actually developed. when the friction is eliminated
by applying grease, graphite or paraffin wax to the bearing surfaces the
specimen exhibits a larger expansion and eventually splits along its full
length.
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such as plywood are placed between the specimen and the loading
platens of the testing machine. The main advantage of this method is
that the same type of specimen and the same testing machine are used
for the compression test can be employed for this test. That is why this
test is gaining popularity. The splitting test is simple to perform and
gives more uniform results than other tension tests.
FLEXURAL STRENGTH
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greater than 1.5% of the applied load for commercial type of use. The
bed of the testing machine should be provided with two steel rollers, 38
mm in diameter, on which the specimen is to be supported, and these
rollers should be so mounted that the distance from centre to centre is
60mm for 15 cm specimen or 40cm for 10.0 cm specimens. The is
applied through two similar rollers mounted at the third points of the
supporting span, that is, spaced at 20 or 13.3 cm centre to centre. The
load is divided equally between the two loading rollers, and all rollers
are mounted in such a manner that the load is applied axially and
without subjecting specimen to any torsional stresses or restrains.
Deflection in mm
s.no Load in Kg 1 point load 2 point load shear
1 250 0.046 0.054 0.034
2 500 0.088 0.008 0.068
3 750 0.122 0.12 0.094
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4 1000 0.158 0.148 0.122
5 1250 0.194 0.178 0.144
6 1500 0.31 0.204 0.172
7 1750 o.406 023 0.202
8 2000 0.488 0.32 0.236
9 2250 0.576 0.378 0.268
10 2500 0.69 0.438 0.352
11 2750 o.798 0.506 0.416
12 3000 0.892 0.594 0.478
13 3250 1.016 0.684 0.534
14 3500 1.134 0.77 0.592
15 3750 1.238 0.852 0.654
16 4000 1.342 0.918 0.718
17 4250 1.446 0.966 0.782
18 4500 1.532 1.034 0.834
19 4750 1.614 1.138 0.898
20 5000 1.732 1.222 0.98
21 5250 1.83 1.346 1.09
22 5500 1.978 1.68 1.172
23 5750 2.08 1.812 1.264
24 6000 2.212 1.982 1.308
25 6250 2.336 2.02 1.402
26 6500 2.5 2.25 1.562
27 6750 2.648 - 1.806
28 7000 - - 1.93
29 7250 - - 2.062
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Flexural strength of beams:
b is width (mm)
d is thickness (mm)
2 x 0.23 x 0.232
0r
= 7.34 n/mm2
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2. Two Point Load Test
b is width (m)
d is thickness (m)
2 x 0.23 x 0.232
0r
= 3.53 n/mm2
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REFERRENCES
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9. Mehmmet gesoglu (2007) effects of scc by adding mineral
admixtures, ACI materials Journal
10. Mucteba Uysal (2011) Effect of mineral admixtures of self-
compaction concrete, Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol
33(2011), pp 771-776
11. R.Ilangovano (2008)enhancing the durability of scc by adding quarry
dust
12. S.Venkateswara rao(2010) innovations materials in concrete
technology
13. Schutter G. DE Guideline for Testing Fresh Self Compacting, 4-19
(2005)
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