CHAPTER: 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Object counter is an electronic device capable to count any number of objects passing
through a specific region. It gives triggering pulses to the input point of the decoder
IC 4033. This IC counts this triggering pulse & displays it into numeric form. This is
later on display over 7-segment display board. Necessary pulse which is required is
generated by timer IC 555 .Light activated sensor which give trigger voltage at the pin
number 2 of IC555 is connected in such a way that it faces continuously light falling
on its surface. This is done by hiding light sensitive device in one hole & light source
in another hole. Both the hole are kept in front of each other through certain distance
so that object can be inserted easily through their gap. Light sensitive device here
used is LDR (light dependent resistor. It cause low opposition when light fall on its
surface. As long as light fall on its surface, it keep voltage at pin number 2 low, and
voltage at pin number 3 remains high. When any interruption occurs between the
gaps, light falling on the surface of LDR is restricted immediately and its resistance
increases and thus voltage at pin no. 2 become high, which cause zero voltage and at
pin no. 3 this cause formation of pulse fed at pin no.1 of CD4033, which convert this
pulse into 7-segment display.

BINARY CODED DECIMAL (BCD)

In coding method all the number are coded in binary fashion. For e. g. 1 is
represented as 0001, 7 is represented as 0111 etc. This system requires great deal of
hardware to handle these numbers. In digital system some form of binary number is
used for their internal operation, but the external word is decimal in nature. The
conversion between decimal and binary can become long and complicated for large
number. The above difficulty is removed by using another coding system called
binary coded decimal or simply BCD.

The main purpose of BCD system is to convert machine format into human
readable format such that binary input into decimal output , in BCD each decimal
digit is represented by 4 bit binary number.

1
 The possible weight associated to binary bit in the BCD codes is 8-4-2-1, with 1
corresponding to LSB and 8 corresponding to MSB.

For example 1548 can be expressed in its binary equivalent as follows

1 5 4 8
0001 0101 0100 1000

DECODER
Decoding is necessary in application such as data multiplexing, seven segment
display. A decoder is a logic circuit that accepts a set of inputs that represent a binary
number and activates only the output that corresponds to that input number. In other
words decoder circuit look at its input and determine which binary number is present
there and activates the one output that corresponding to that number, all other output
remains inactive.
Decoder is used to convert n input lines to maximum 2 unique output lines.
Decoder consist of multiple input and output logic circuit that convert coded input
into coded output where the input and output codes are different.
Example of decoder circuit would be an AND gate, because the output of AND gate is
HIGH (1) only when all the input are HIGH such a output is called as Active High
output.

2
 Fig.1. AND gate as a decoder.
Table 1: Truth Table for AND GATE
Input A Input B Input C
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

1.2 PRINCIPLE:

* Principle of object counter is based on generation of pulse in the form of

square wave based on light sensitive property of LDR which can control
voltage of the circuit according to intensity of light falling on its surface ,in
dark it offer very high resistance .In bright light its resistance reduce to low
value.

CHAPTER-2

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

3
 SENSOR IC555 CD4033

7-SEGMENT DISPLAY

Fig. 2.1 Block diagram of object counter

2.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

4
 Fig. 2.2 Circuit diagram of object counter

2.3 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:

Circuit of object counter made of IC555, CD4033, seven segment display,

micro switch, LDR sensor, battery etc. LDR sensor attaches with IC555 and then
IC555 attach with CD4033. CD4033 attach with seven segment display. LDR
produces high resistance in dark, which give high voltage at pin 3, then pulse is
created by IC555, this pulse is then triggered by CD4033, and convert it into decimal,
which is further display in 7-segment display.

5
2.4 WORKING:

After completing the circuit all the arrangement is fixed over board base.
Switch ON the supply of the electronic port as well as supply to the light source .On
switching ON the system LEDs glow in seven segment display. Press reset button 0
will be appearing in 7 segment display. Insert obstacle between the gap of sensor &
light source.7 segment display will show counting from 1 to 9.IC555 sense the
interruption. When there is no interruption output voltage at its pin number 3 remains
0. As soon as light is interrupted by some obstacle or object, voltage at pin no. 3
becomes high. This means without interruption output is 0 & under interruption
output voltage is high. Lower voltage is indicated by 0 & higher voltage is indicated
by 1. This square wave pulse is fed at the pin no. 1 of IC4033. It converts this
binary signal voltage into decimal system and it displayed by 7-segment display.

6
 CHAPTER-3

3.1BASIC COMOPONETS:

1. IC555
2. CD4033
3. RESISTORS
4. CAPACITORS
5. BATTERY
6. LED
7. LDR
8. SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY

7
3.2 BCD DECODER:

"BCD code" redirects here. For BCD character sets, see BCD (character encoding).

A binary clock might use LEDs to express binary values. In this clock, each column
of LEDs shows a binary-coded decimal numeral of the traditional time.

In computing and electronic systems, binary-coded decimal (BCD) is a class

of binary encodings of decimal numbers where each decimal digit is represented by a
fixed number of bits, usually four or eight. Special bit patterns are sometimes used for
a sign or for other indications (e.g., error or overflow).

In byte-oriented systems (i.e. most modern computers), the

term unpackedBCD[1] usually implies a full byte for each digit (often including a
sign), whereaspacked BCD typically encodes two decimal digits within a single byte
by taking advantage of the fact that four bits are enough to represent the range 0 to 9.
The precise 4-bit encoding may vary however, for technical reasons, seeExcess-3 for
instance.

BCD's main virtue is its more accurate representation and rounding of decimal
quantities as well as an ease of conversion into human-readable representations, in
comparison to binary positional systems. BCD's principal drawbacks are a small
increase in the complexity of the circuits needed to implement basic arithmetics and a
slightly less dense storage. BCD is very common in electronic systems where a
numeric value is to be displayed, especially in systems consisting solely of digital
logic, and not containing a microprocessor. By employing BCD, the manipulation of
numerical data for display can be greatly simplified by treating each digit as a
separate single sub-circuit. This matches much more closely the physical reality of
display hardwarea designer might choose to use a series of separate identical seven-
segment displays to build a metering circuit, for example. If the numeric quantity
were stored and manipulated as pure binary, interfacing to such a display would
require complex circuitry.

8
 Therefore, in cases where the calculations are relatively simple working
throughout with BCD can lead to a simpler overall system than converting to binary.
Most pocket calculators do all the calculations in BCD.

The same argument applies when hardware of this type uses an embedded
microcontroller or other small processor. Often, smaller code results when
representing numbers internally in BCD format, since a conversion from or to binary
representation can be expensive on such limited processors. For these applications,
some small processors feature BCD arithmetic modes, which assist when writing
routines that manipulate BCD quantities.

9
3.3 IC555
IC 555 timer is a well-known component in the electronic circles but what is not
known to most of the people is the internal circuitry of the IC and the function of
various pins present there in the IC. Let me tell you a fact about why 555 timer is
called so, the timer got its name from the three 5 kilo-ohm resistor in series employed
in the internal circuit of the IC.IC 555 timer is a one of the most widely used IC in
electronics and is used in various electronic circuits for its robust and stable
properties.

Fig. 3.1 Internal block diagram

10
 It works as square-wave form generator with duty cycle varying from 50% to 100%,
Oscillator and can also provide time delay in circuits. The 555 timer got
Its name from the three 5k ohm resistors connected in a voltage-divider pattern
This is shown in the figure below. A simplified diagram of the internal circuit
is given below for better understanding as the full internal circuit consists of over
more than 16 resistors, 20 transistors, 2diodes, a flip-flop and many other circuit
components.

Fig. 3.2 block diagram of IC555

Basics Concepts:
Comparator: The Comparator are the basic electronic component which
compares the two input voltages i.e. between the inverting (-) and the non-inverting
(+) input and if the non-inverting input is more than the inverting input then the
output of the comparator is high. Also the input resistance of an ideal comparator is
infinite.

Voltage Divider: As we know that the input resistance of the comparators is

infinite hence the input voltage is divided equally between the three resistors. The
value being Vin/3 across each resistor.

Flip/Flop: Flip/Flop is a memory element of Digital-electronics. The output (Q)

of the flip/flop is high if the input at S terminal is high and R is at Low and the
output (Q) is low when the input at S is low and at R is high.

11
Function of different Pins:-

Ground: This pin is used to provide a zero voltage rail to the Integrated circuit to
divide the supply potential between the three resistors shown in the diagram.

Trigger: As we can see that the voltage at the non-inverting end of the comparator
is V in/3, so if the trigger input is used to set the output of the F/F to
high state by applying a voltage equal to or less than Vin/3 or any negative pulse, as
the voltage at the non-inverting end of the comparator is Vin/3.

Output: It is the output pin of the IC, connected to the Q (Q-bar) of the F/F with
an inverter in between as show in the figure.

Reset: This pin is used to reset the output of the F/F regardless of the initial
condition of the F/F and also it is an active low Pin so it connected to high state to
avoid any noise interference, unless a reset operation is required. So most of the time
it is connected to the Supply voltage as shown in the figure.

Control Voltage: As we can see that the pin 5 is connected to the inverting input
having a voltage level of (2/3) Vin. It is used to override the inverting voltage to
change the width of the output signal irrespective of the RC timing network.

Threshold: The pin is connected to the non-inverting input of the first

comparator. The output of the comparator will be high when the threshold voltage will
be more than (2/3) Vin thus resetting the output (Q) of the F/F from high to low.

Discharge: This pin is used to discharge the timing capacitors (capacitors involved
in the external circuit to make the IC behave as a square wave generator) to ground
when the output of Pin 3 is switched to low.

Supply: This pin is used to provide the IC with the supply voltage for the functioning
and carrying of the different operations to be fulfilled with the 555 timer.

12
Uses:-

The IC 55 timer is used in many circuits, for example One-shot pulse generator in
Monostable mode as an Oscillator in Astable Mode or in Bistable mode to produce a
flip/flop type action. It is also used in many types of other circuit for achievement of
various purposes for instance Pulse Amplitude Modulatin (PAM), Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM) etc.

3.4 CD4033
13
CD4033 is a Johnson counter IC commonly used in digital display. It has a 5 stage
Johnson decade counter with decoder which convert the Johnson code to a 7 segment
decoded output. Means it will convert the input into numeric display which can be
seen on 7 segment display or with the help ofLED's.

Fig. 3.2 block diagram of CD4033

Advantage of this IC is it can be operated at high voltage of 20V. But is highly

sensitive, can detect emf present in the atmosphere and is sensitive to static charge
also. When you touch your finger at its input terminal its counter get started therefore
care should be taken while using it. It can be used in various applications like in 7
segments decimal display circuit, in clocks, timer etc. To understand its working first
has a look on its pin diagram.

14
 Fig. 3.3 pin diagram of CD4033

Now let us understand the working of individual pins-

1. Pin 1 known as Clock in - It receives clock signals, and at every positive clock
counter advances one by one. You can provide clock with the switch, 555 timer or
with the help of logic gates.

2. Pin 2 known as Clock inhibit - CD4033 counter advances one by one by

receiving positive pulse at this time clock inhibit pin should be grounded. If it is
connected to supply than counter advancement will be inhibited means there will
be no meaning of clock pulse.

3. Pin 3 and pin 4 known as Ripple blanking in and Ripple blanking - It is used to
display only one zero blanking the other zero. For this IC have ripple blanking in
and ripple blanking out. For example you want to display 345 and you are using
five 7 segment display then it will display 00345 if blanking input and out is off.
But if it is on than you will receive 345. It improves the readability of the circuit.

4. Pin 5 known as carry out - It is used to complete one cycle for every 10 clock
input cycle and it also used to cascade more IC's.

15
5. Pin 6, pin7 and Pin9 to pin 13 - These are 7 decoded output from a to g used to
illuminates the corresponding segment of 7 segment display to display the digit
from 0 to 9.

6. Pin 14 known as Lamp test - t is used to check that all segments of 7 segment is
working properly or not. For testing momentarily make the pin low.

7. Pin 15 known as Reset - It is used to reset the counter. When it receives high it
clears the counter and counting again starts from zero. One important thing reset
pin should again made low to start the counter once again.

8. Pin 8 known as ground pin and Pin 16 known as Vdd it should be connected to
power supply.

Now let's understand its working with the help of some example-

1. Interfacing CD4033 with LED's

Below circuit can be used to detect the electromagnetic radiation or emf present
around it. The radiation may from TV, computer etc.
Working of circuit is simple whenever it detects radiation it receive clock at pin put
1 and its counter starts and LED's connected at output stars glowing. And the cycle
repeats till the reset pin receives high at its input.

2. Interfacing CD4033 with 7 segment display

The circuit describes below count numbers from 0 to 9 and display the same on 7
segment display.
Whenever you press the switch, clock input receives the signals and its counter
advances one by one. And it will count up to 9 and again start counting from 0 on
each successive pressing of switch. Pin configuration of 7 segment display can be
obtained from the fig. shown below.

16
3. Interfacing CD4033 with the timer IC
In the following circuit we have used a 555 timer in astable oscillator mode to provide
clock signal to input of IC CD4033 to start its counting which can be display on 7
segment displays. Here reset switch is used to reset the counting any time needed by
the user.
You can also interface two CD4033 IC if you want to increase the counting beyond 9.
This can be done by cascading 2 CD4033 IC, connect the carry out of first IC to the
clock input of second IC. Now when first IC completes its counting than second IC
will start the counting. Connect reset pin of both the IC together and ground it with
the help of resistor. And make rest connection like done in following circuit. Similarly
you can cascade more IC's.

Now you can perform different experiments and play around this IC like you can add
LDR so that it will start its counter when shadow falls on it or you can cascade two or
more CD4033 to make timer circuits etc. So start building your own circuit.

17
3.5 RESISTORS:

Fig. 3.4 Resistors

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage

across its terminals that is proportional to the electric current passing through it in
accordance with Ohm's law:

V = IR

Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous
in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds
and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as
nickel/chrome).

The primary characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the tolerance, maximum
working voltage and the power rating. Other characteristics include temperature
coefficient, noise, and inductance. Less well-known is critical resistance, the value

18
below which power dissipation limits the maximum permitted current flow, and above
which the limit is applied voltage. Critical resistance depends upon the materials
constituting the resistor as well as its physical dimensions; it's determined by design.

Resistors can be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits, as well as integrated
circuits. Size, and position of leads (or terminals) are relevant to equipment designers;
resistors must be physically large enough not to overheat when dissipating their
power.

Fig. 3.5 Symbol of Resistance

FUNCTION

Resistors restrict the flow of electric current, for example a resistor is placed in series
with a light-emitting diode (LED) to limit the current passing through the LED.

19
TYPES OF RESISTORS

FIXED VALUE RESISTORS

It includes two types of resistors as carbon film and metal film .These two types are
explained under

CARBON FILM RESISTORS: During manufacture, at in film of carbon is

deposited onto a small ceramic rod. The resistive coating is spiraled away in
an automatic machine until the resistance between there two ends of the rods
is as close as possible to the correct value. Metal leads and end caps are added,
the resistors is covered with an insulating coating and finally painted with
colored bands to indicate the resistor value

Fig. 3.6 Carbon film resistors

Fig Carbon Film Resistors Another example for a Carbon 22000 Ohms or 22
Kilo-Ohms also known as 22K at 5% tolerance: Band 1 = Red, 1st digit Band
2 = Red, 2nd digit Band 3 = Orange, 3rd digit, multiply with zeros, in this case
3 zero's Band 4 = Gold, Tolerance, 5%

METAL FILM RESISTORS: Metal film and metal oxides resistors are
made in a similar way, but can be made more accurately to within 2% or

20
 1% of their nominal vale there are some difference in performance between
these resistor types, but none which affects their use in simple circuit.

WIRE WOUND RESISTOR: A wire wound resistor is made of metal

resistance wire, and because of this, they can be manufactured to precise
values. Also, high wattage resistors can be made by using a thick wire
material. Wire wound resistors cannot be used for high frequency circuits.
Coils are used in high frequency circuit. Wire wound resistors in a ceramic
case, strengthened with special cement. They have very high power rating,
from 1 or 2 watts to dozens of watts. These resistors can become extremely
hot when used for high power application, and this must be taken into account
when designing the circuit.

21
3.6 CAPACITORS:

Capacitor

Miniature low-voltage capacitors (next to a cm ruler)

Electronic symbol

22
 Fig. 3.7 Capacitor

A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of

conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator). When a potential difference (voltage)
exists across the conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. This field
stores energy and produces a mechanical force between the conductors. The effect is
greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of conductor, hence
capacitor conductors are often called plates.

An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, which is

measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the
potential difference between them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes
a small amount of leakage current. The conductors and leads introduce an equivalent
series resistance and the dielectric has an electric field strength limit resulting in a
breakdown voltage.

Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits to block the flow of direct current
while allowing alternating current to pass, to filter out interference, to smooth the
output of power supplies, and for many other purposes. They are used in resonant
circuits in radio frequency equipment to select particular frequencies from a signal
with many frequencies.

BASIC

23
 Like a battery, a capacitor has two terminals. Inside the capacitor, the terminals
connect to two metal plates separated by a dielectric. The dielectric can be air, paper,
plastic or anything else that does not conduct electricity and keeps the plates from
touching each other. You can easily make a capacitor from two pieces of aluminum
foil and a piece of paper. It won't be a particularly good capacitor in terms of its
storage capacity, but it will work. In an electronic circuit, a capacitor is shown like
this:

Fig.3.8 Symbol of Capacitor

When you connect a capacitor to a battery, heres what happens:

The plate on the capacitor that attaches to the negative terminal of the battery
accepts electrons that the battery is producing.

The plate on the capacitor that attaches to the positive terminal of the battery loses
electrons to the battery.

24
 Fig.3.9 Capacitor & Battery Connection

TYPES OF CAPACITORS:

ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR

An electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor that uses an ionic conducting

liquid as one of its plates with a larger capacitance per unit volume than other types.
They are often referred to in electronics usage simply as "electrolytics". They are
valuable in relatively high-current and low-frequency electrical circuits. This is
especially the case in power-supply filters, where they store charge needed to
moderate output voltage and current fluctuations in rectifier output. They are also
widely used as coupling capacitors in circuits where AC should be conducted but DC
should not.Electrolytic capacitors can have a very high capacitance, allowing filters
made with them to have very low corner frequencies.

MICA CAPACITOR

Mica capacitors are high precision high stability high reliability capacitors. They
are available in small values, and are mostly used at high frequencies.

PAPER CAPACITOR

Common in antique radio equipment, paper dielectric and aluminum foil layers
rolled into a cylinder and sealed with wax. Low values up to a few F, working
voltage up to several hundred volts, oil-impregnated bathtub types to 5 kV used for
motor starting and high-voltage power supplies, and up to 25 kV for large oil-
impregnated energy discharge types.

25
CERAMIC CAPACITOR

The main differences between ceramic dielectric types are the temperature
coefficient of capacitance, and the dielectric loss. C0G and NP0 (negative-positive-
zero, i.e. 0) dielectrics have the lowest losses, and are used in filters, as timing
elements, and for balancing crystal oscillators. Ceramic capacitors tend to have low
inductance because of their small size. NP0 refers to the shape of the capacitor's
temperature coefficient graph (how much the capacitance changes with temperature).
NP0 means that the graph is flat and the device is not affected by temperature
changes.
TRIMMER CAPACITOR

These capacitors have a rotating plate (which can be rotated to change the
capacitance) separated from a fixed plate by a dielectric medium. Typically values
range from 5 pF to 60 pF.

26
3.7 BATTERIES AND CONNECTORS:
A nine-volt battery, sometimes referred to by its original designation as a PP3
battery is used here, the battery has both the positive and negative terminals on one
end. The negative terminal is fashioned into a snap fitting which mechanically and
electrically connects to a mating terminal on the power connector. The power
connector has a similar snap fitting on its positive terminal which mates to the battery.
This makes battery polarization obvious since mechanical connection is only possible
in one configuration. The clips on the 9-volt battery can be used to connect several 9-
volt batteries in series. Inside a PP3 there are six cells, either cylindrical alkaline or
flat carbon-zinc type, connected in series. Some brands use welded tabs internally to
attach to the cells, others press foil strips against the ends of the cells. Finally we will
connect this assembly with a 9 volts PP3 dry battery; we find it experimentally that
RTC will work with low voltage supplies. As mentions in the circuit diagram we
connect it to the appropriate space.

Fig. 3.10 Battery Fig. 3.11 Battery Connector

27
3.8 LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)

A photo resister or light-dependent resister (LDR) or photocell is a light-

controlled variable resister.The resistence of a photoresistor decereases with incresing
incident light intencity;it exhibits photoconductivity.A photoresistor can be applied in
light sensitive detector circuit,and light and dark activated switching circuits.

A photoresistor is made of high resistence semiconductor. In the dark,

aphotoresistor can have a resistance as low as a few hundred ohms. If incident light on
a photo resistor exceeds a certain frequency, photon absorbed by the semiconductor
resistor gives bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The
resulting free electron (and their hole partners) conduct electricity, thereby lowering
resistance.

Fig. 3.12 diagram of LDR

28
 The resistance range and sensitivity of phototransistor can substantially differ
among dissimilar devices. Moreover, unique phototransistors may react substantially
differently to photon within certain wavelength bands.

A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic

semiconductor has its own charge carrier and is not efficient semiconductor. e.g.
Silicon.

In Intrinsic devices the only available electron are in the balance band, and
hence the photon must have enough energy for excite the electrons across the entire
diameter. Extrinsic devices have impurities, also called dopants, added whose ground
state energy is closer to the conduction band; since the electron does not have as far to
jump, lower energy photos are sufficient to trigger the device. If the sample of silicon
has some of its atoms replace by ph0sphorus atoms (impurities), there will be extra
electron available for conduction. This is an example of an extrinsic semiconductor.

Fig. 3.13 symbol of LDR

29
APPLICATIONS OF LDR:

Photo resistors come in many types. Inexpensive cadmium sulphide cells can
be found in many consumers such as camera light meters, clock radio, alarm devices
(as the detector for a light beam), night lights, outdoor clocks, solar street lamps and
solar road studs, etc.

The use of CdS and CdSe photo resistors is severely restricted in Europe due
to the RoHS ban on cadmium.

30
3.9. LED (Light Emitting Diode):
A light-emitting diode is a two-lead semiconductor light source.It is a basic p-
n junction diode, which emits light when activated. When a fitting voltage is applied
to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device,
releasing energy in the form of photons.This effect is called electroluminescence, and
the colour of the light is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor.

An LED is often small in area and integrated optical components may be used to
shape its radiation pattern.

Fig. 3.14 Diagram of LED

Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs

Emitted low intensity infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still frequently used as
transmitting elements in remote-control circuits, such as those in remote controls for a
wide varity of consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were also of low
intensity, and limited to red. Modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet,
and infrared wavelength, with very high brightness.

Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices, replacing small
incandescent bulbs.They were soon packaged into numeric read outs in the form of
seven segment displays, and were commonly seen in digital clocks.

31
 Fig.3.15 Internal diagram of LED

Recants developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental and task

lighting.LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower
energy consumption , longer life time, improved physical robustness, smaller size,
and faster switching. Light emitting diode are now used in applications as diverse as
aviation lighting, automotive had lamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals
and camera flashes. However, LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are still
relatively expensive, and require more precise current and heat management then
compact fluroscent lamp sources of comparable output.LEDs have allowed new text,
video display and sensor to be developed; while there high switching rates are also
useful in advanced communication technology.

32
3.10. SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY:
A seven segment display is the most basic electronic display device that can display
digits from 0-9. They find wide application in devices that display numeric
information like digital clocks, radio, microwave ovens, electronic meters etc. The
most common configuration has an array of eight LEDs arranged in a special pattern
to display these digits. They are laid out as a squared-off figure 8. Every LED is
assigned a name from 'a' to 'h' and is identified by its name. Seven LEDs 'a' to 'g' are
used to display the numerals while eighth LED 'h' is used to display the dot/decimal.

A seven segment is generally available in ten pin package. While eight pins
correspond to the eight LEDs, the remaining two pins (at middle) are common and
internally shorted. These segments come in two configurations, namely, Common
cathode (CC) and Common anode (CA). In CC configuration, the negative terminals
of all LEDs are connected to the common pins. The common is connected to ground
and a particular LED glows when its corresponding pin is given high. In CA
arrangement, the common pin is given a high logic and the LED pins are given low to
display a number.

PIN DIAGRAM:

Fig. 3.16 Seven segment display

33
This version is a common anode version. That means that the positive leg of each
LED is connected to a common point which is pin 3 in this case. Each LED has a
negative leg that is connected to one of the pins of the device. To make it work you
need to connect pin 3 to 5 volts. Then to make each segment light up, connect the
ground pin for that led to ground. A resistor is required to limit the current. Rather
than using a resistor from each LED to ground, you can just use one resistor from
Vcc to pin 3 to limit the current.
The following table shows how to form the numbers 0 to 9 and the letters A, b, C,
d, E, and F.
'0' means that pin is connected to ground. '1' means that pin is connected to Vcc.

Digit c e H d b g a f Hex
value

0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 24

1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 77

2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 a1

3 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 61

4 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 72

5 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 68

6 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 28

7 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 75

8 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 20

9 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 60
Fig 3.17 Table of seven segment display

SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY:

34
 Fig. 3.18 Pin diagram of seven segment display

CHAPTER: 4

35
4.1: APPLICATIONS:

1. This type of project has wide uses in different fields of science.

2. It is used for counting the people entering in store, mall, museum, may be in a
door entrance, a hallway or a corridor.
3. It is used as speedometer in cars, buses etc.
4. Products passing through an assembly line in a manufacturing plant.
5. It is also used in washing machines, voting machine, ATM machine

4.2LIMITATIONS:

1. Sensor should be avoided from stray light otherwise it not.

2. Circuit should be operated by pure 9 voltage DC source.
3. Care should be taken during shouldering of IC avoid overheating during
shouldering.
4. Avoid dry shouldering.
5. Whenever two same objects pass at same time, object counter consider only
one object and count only one.
6. It does not differentiate between a person or any other obstacle interrupting the
sensor.

4.3 CONCLUSION:

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By the use of automatic object counter we can have the best solution over the time
wasted in counting large number of object packed in industries. We can also save the
money by reducing man power for keeping.

Object counter play a very important role in science field.

In this project micro switch work as RESET switch.

In darkness LDR sensor has high resistance.

Our object counter can count 0-9 whenever there is light blockage, however this range
can be increased as per requirement.

EXPERIENCE DURING PROJECT WORK:

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It was a delightful experience to complete this project. It gave us a wider view of
application of timer 555 IC and enhanced our project skills. During the completion of
project we got opportunity to understand the construction of complicated circuit and
its components in a deeper way which will make us able to apply this practical
knowledge in our future.
After completing this project, we are in the position to use this experience in
other application of timer 555 IC.

REFERANCES:
1. The sites used are:
2. Microelectronics by Jacob Millimann. (Prentice Hall of India)
Handbook of electronics by Kumar- Gupta. (Pragati Prakashan)
3.
4. Digital Electronic by H. Gothmann. (Prentice Hall of India )

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5. Principles of electronics by V. K. Mehta and Rohit Mehta.
6. Digital Principles and applications by Donald P Leach, Albert Paul
Malvino and Goutam Saha.

www.wikipedia. com
www.alldatasheet.com
www.google .com.
www.DatasheetCatalog.com
http://www.doctronics.co.uk/7447.htm
http://www.technologystudent.com
http://www.engineersgarage.com
www.electronics-tutorial.ws/combination/comb-6.html
www.ehow.com/list-6914647-advantages-7-segment-led-display.html
http://www.theleariniggpit.com/lp/doc/7seg/7 seg.html

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