4.

THE ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE SMALL FAST FERRIES

International requirements for energy efficiency of road transport

and international maritime requirements of MARPOL for ships would
be considered. The index EEDI combines several important points of
view of different sciences to the ship: the theory of ship design, ship
theory, economics and ecology.
In recent years, attention is given to energy efficiency in the
various spheres of human activity, in particular related to the issues of
energy saving and environmental protection. This process is not only at
the level of household appliances, but also covers the sphere of
transport. In some cases it is necessary to compare the efficiency of
various types of transport.
In this book, as a tool for measuring the energy efficiency index
(energy efficiency design index), which is described in the new
requirements of the International Maritime Convention MARPOL [1]
has been applied. These rules apply to new ships 400 gross tonnage or
more. The essence of these innovations is aimed to limiting the emission
of harmful substances into the atmosphere, in particular CO2, the
operation of vessels of various types. The aforementioned parameters
are directed to reduce the content in engine exhaust gases the carbon
dioxide, as the substance, which can creates the greenhouse effect. The
information about the energy efficiency of various technical devices, at
present, is a necessary knowledge to design new and upgraded
equipment.
The formula for the new MARPOL rule, for the calculation of the
attained EEDI , in its shortened form is:

n nME
( f j )( PME ( i )C FME ( i ) SFC ME ( i ) )
EEDI
j 1 i 1 (24)
f i f c Capacityf w vref

Other, absent, elements of this formula are connected with the

power of the auxiliary engines, shaft motor and engines with innovative
technology. The factor f j is related to the ice reinforcement of the hull
and can take a value no greater than 1. The factor fi is a capacity factor
and must be not less than 1. The coefficient fc depends upon the
deadweight and volume of cargo tanks for gas carriers and chemical
tankers, but for other types of ships is equal to 1. f w is a weather factor
and depends from the sea conditions. It can be taken as equal to 1.
In calculating the conventions formula, PME is taken as 75% of the
power of the main engine PME 0.75 N .
For calculations using formula (24), the velocity of the ship is
taken as that when using 75% power of the main engine.
The part of equation capacity is the deadweight (for non-passenger
ships) or gross capacity for passenger ships. Basically ships of the
transitional mode are used for transporting passengers (passenger craft,
passenger ferries, etc.). The approximate formulas for calculating the
capacities of high-speed small ships of the transitional mode were, after
analysis, found to be GT ( 1,08 0,02 ) [32].
The next factor is a factor CFME , which is termed the carbon
emission coefficient.
The last of the considered factors is SFCME , which is characterized by the
specific fuel consumption of the engine.
Based on recommendation [33], the values of the two last factors
can be accepted as 3.1144 g CO2/g fuel and 190 g/kWh.
Variant of small high-speed ferry operating between the ports of
Odessa and the Balchik, which was proposed in the previous chapters of
this book, is considered. The ship covers the distance between the ports
is 240 nautical miles. By calculating the ratio EEDI for that vessel, the
above formula, we get a value of 371 g CO2/t mile.
The figure 53 shows the data from [34] showing the values of the
EEDI for passenger yachts.
 Figure 53. EEDI for passenger yachts (Chris van Hooren, SYBAss)

These data can be used for yachts capacity more than 3000. The
extrapolation of data to lower values was done in the figure 54.

Figure 54. The extrapolation of data Chris van Hooren, Superyacht

Builders Association (SYBAss)

A similar ratio can be calculated for a car. Distance Odessa -

Balchik (Bulgaria), by road 620 km. In the calculations, the received
power of the diesel engine of the car PME 0,75 N or equal to 75 kW,
weight of cars 2 tons, emissions of carbon dioxide 3.1144 g CO2/g fuel,
average fuel consumption 7 liters per 100 km and a speed 90 kilometers
per hour (49 knots). After substituting in the formula for EEDI this data,
we obtain the value of 191 g CO2/t mile.
 According to the directives of the European Commission on
energy and transport vehicles should be classified by the amount of
carbon dioxide emissions in grams per kilometer, figure 55.

Figure 55
Vehicle information
Carbon dioxide emissions in grams per kilometer
A B C D E F G
<100 <120 <140 <160 <200 <250 >250

Interestingly, if the associate ratio EEDI and energy efficiency class

of vehicles, expressed coefficient EEDI of the vehicle in units gCO2/km,
it is possible to obtain a characteristic value for the class E, carbon
dioxide emissions about 200 g/km.
Analyzing the results of the study it may be noted that the index
EEDI has a larger value for small high-speed ferry, than for passenger
cars. Solutions to this problem need to look in directions: reducing
weight of the vessel, due to the use light alloys and take the necessary
decisions in the selection of the main dimensions of the vessel; increase
the value of the propulsive efficiency; reduce resistance to movement of
the vessel, by selecting the optimal main characteristics; the
requirements for diesel engines; the application of high grade fuel. It
should also take into account that the ferry can carry twelve cars, but the
displacement of the ferry will be greater than the total weight of
transported transport. It is also important specifics of each line,
commensurate distance between the start and end of transportation by
land and sea.