HEATING, VENTILATING, AND AIR-CONDITIONING (HVAC)

The term HVAC refers to the three disciplines of Heating, Ventilating & AirConditioning.
A fourth discipline, Controls, pervades the entire HVAC field.

Controls determine how HVAC systems operate to meet the design goals of comfort, safety, and
cost-effective operation.

HEATING: It can be accomplished by

Heating the air within a space (e.g. supply air systems, perimeter fin-tube "radiators"), or by
Heating the occupants directly by radiation (e.g. floor/ceiling/wall radiation or radiant panels).

VENTILATING:
It maintains an adequate mixture of gases in the air we breath
not too much CO2
controls odors
removes contaminants from occupied spaces.
"Clean" air helps keep occupants healthy and productive.

PASSIVE VENTILATION : Natural ventilation,

ACTIVE VENTILATION : Mechanical distribution systems powered by fans.
HEATING, VENTILATING, AND AIR-CONDITIONING (HVAC)

AIR-CONDITIONING : Refers to the sensible and latent cooling of air.

SENSIBLE COOLING: control of air temperature
LATENT COOLING: control of air humidity.

Room air is cooled by transferring heat between spaces, such as with a water loop heat pump
system, or by rejecting it to the outside air via air-cooled or water-cooled equipment.

Heat can also be rejected to the ground using geothermal exchange.

Cool air is not comfortable if it is too humid.

Air is dehumidified by condensing its moisture on a cold surface, such as part of mechanical
cooling), or by removing the moisture through absorption (desiccant dehumidification).

In dry climates, humidification may be required for comfort instead of dehumidification.

Evaporative humidification also cools the air. Further, in such climates it is possible to use
radiant cooling systems, similar to the radiant heating systems mentioned above.

Controls ensure occupant comfort, provide safe operation of the equipment, and in modern HVAC
control system enable judicious use of energy resources.
FUNDAMENTALS OF ENERGY- AND RESOURCE-EFFICIENT HVAC
DESIGN

Consider all aspects of the building simultaneously

Energy-efficient, climate responsive construction requires a whole building

perspective that integrates architectural and engineering concerns early in the
design process.

For example, the evaluation of a building envelope design must consider its effect on
cooling loads and daylighting.

An energy-efficient building envelope, coupled with a state-of-the-art

lighting system and efficient, properly-sized HVAC equipment will cost less
to purchase and operate than a building whose systems are selected in
isolation from each other.
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS
Consider all aspects of the building simultaneously. The building should incorporate as
many features as possible that reduce heating and cooling loads, for example:

In skin-load dominated structures, employ passive heating or cooling strategies (e.g., sun
control and shading devices, thermal mass).

In internal-load dominated structures, include glazing that has a high cooling index.

Specify exterior wall constructions that avoid thermal bridging.

Detail the exterior wall constructions with air retarder systems.

Incorporate the highest R-value wall and roof construction that is cost-
effective.
Design efficient lighting systems.

Use daylight dimming controls whenever possible.

Specify efficient office equipment (e.g., EPA Energy Star Office Equipment).

Accept life-cycle horizons of 20 to 25 years for equipment and 50 to 75 years for walls and
glazings.
 TYPES OF HVAC SYSTEMS

HEATING SYSTEMS
Heating can be accomplished by heating the air within a space (e.g. supply air systems,
perimeter fin-tube "radiators"), or by heating the occupants directly
by radiation (e.g. floor/ceiling/wall radiation or radiant panels).

WATER TUBE STEAM BOILER

FIRE TUBE STEEL BOILER Flue Gas Out

Warm Air
to House

primary
Heat Exchanger

Stainless Steel
Condensing
Heat Exchanger
Circulating Fan
Air Filter
Cold Air Return

CAST IRON BOILER CONDENSING BOILER

HEATING SYSTEM

OXYGEN TRIM SYSTEM

GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP
SYSTEM
ON THE GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY CAMPUS
COURTESY OF U.S. DOE, CRAIG
MILLER PRODUCTIONS

MODULATING FLAME HEATING

CONTROL
 What is Ventilation?
The process of removing used air by fresh air from buildings and spaces is called
Ventilation is the intentional movement of air from outside a building to the inside
Air used for providing acceptable indoor air quality(ASHRAE)
What is the need for ventilation?
Maintain the CO2 content and harmful substances within safe limits,
Provide sufficient oxygen content in air for respiration,
Remove combustible matter and control odour and maintain satisfactory
thermal environment of the room.
REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD VENTILATION
Effects of Ventilation :- SYSTEM
To remove the used air from spaces/buildings. Sufficient quantity of fresh air be admitted and used air
extracted.
To supply oxygen for humans. The quantity and velocity of fresh air admitted should be
properly controlled.
Remove excessive moisture.
The change of air should be complete without leaving any
stagnant pockets.
Remove excessive heat.
The incoming air should be clean and humid.

Cool the surroundings and freshen up the Maximum velocity should be 15 m/min.
atmosphere in the building.
The temp of air should be uniform and under control.

Additionally, the natural physical forces that move air are more pronounced in taller buildings.

This includes infiltration and exfiltration --- the unintentional and uncontrollable flow
of air through cracks and leaks in the building envelope
TYPES:
Mechanical or Forced Ventilation
Natural ventilation
Mixed mode ventilation or Hybrid ventilation

Both natural
. and mechanical ventilation systems must be installed and operated correctly to
provide proper ventilation.
Decisions on whether to provide natural and or mechanical supply-only, exhaust-only, or both
supply and exhaust will depend on several ventilation-related factors, inclu ding:

Weather
Building configuration
Access to ventilation
Tenant behavior, and
Cost

NATURAL VENTILATION
Definition:
Natural ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air through an indoor space by
natural means.
In its simplest version natural ventilation is opening windows and doors, to benefit from breezes.

But natural ventilation can be part of a more elaborate approach for cooling our homes, involving
features like home design, landscape, placement and size of openings, etc.
Natural ventilation is an important consideration in
architectural planning. The principle of natural draft
and ventilation (Figure 1) consists of the following
three factors:
(1) Wind pressure on building
(2) Venturi effect
(3) Chimney effect

TYPES:
There are two types of natural ventilation occurring in
Building
CROSS VENTILATION
STACK (CONVECTIVE) VENTILATION

CROSS VENTILATION STACK (CONVECTIVE) VENTILATION

When people open windows in opposite sides In natural stack ventilation, the warmer indoor air
of the house the indoor temperatures, they are rises up from lower living areas and escapes
using cross ventilation. through the upper openings of the building
BASIC STRATEGIES
o operable windows
o exhaust vents located high in the building's envelope
o intake vents located low in building's envelope
o open building plan to facilitate air movement
o atria
o internal stairwells
o ventilation chimneys
o small fans (solar powered)

NATURAL VENTILATION COMPONENTS

Natural ventilation components, include
Operable Windows And Louvers, Air Vents And Trickle Ventilators And Automatic (Variable
Area) Inlets.
CASE STUDY : TELUS - WILLIAM FARRELL BUILDING
OAMPfRS

CIOSEO

PAN Oft

fxrtraoft
WINDOWS
INIfRlOR I

WINDOWS ClOStD

DAMPtRS
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MECHANICAL VENTILATION
systems circulate fresh air using ducts and fans, rather than relying on airflow through small holes or
cracks in a home's walls, roof, or windows.

BENEFITS OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION

Better Indoor Air Quality.:
Indoor air can be many times more polluted than outdoor air, and
the average American spends 90 percent of the day inside.
Ventilation systems can significantly improve a home's air quality

by removing allergens, pollutants, and moisture that can cause

More Control.:
When homes rely on air flow through walls, roofs, and windows for
ventilation, there is no control over the source or amount of air that comes into the
In fact, air leaking into the house may come from undesirable areas such as the garage,
attic, or crawl space. Mechanical ventilation systems, however, provide proper fresh air
flow along with appropriate locations for intake and exhaust.
Improved Comfort.:
Mechanical ventilation systems allow a constant flow of outside air into the home and can also
provide filtration, dehumidification, and conditioning of the Incoming outside air

SAP, Chennai.
MECHANICAL VENTILATION INVOLVES
1) ceiling fans and other assisted-fan ventilation like attic and crawlspace ventilation, but also
2) simple and intermitent exhaust fan ventilation (kitchen exhaust fans and bathroom exhaust
fans) and
3) the more sophisticated HRV and ERV ventilation:
4) Continuous whole house ventilation to remove polluted air and stale air, and to supply fresh air
throughout the building.
While natural ventilation or ceiling fans are instruments of cooling strategies, the exhaust
ventilation
systems main goal is to exhaust stale air and/or to supply fresh air (a particularly important feature
in cold
and temperate climates, in tightly insulated homes).

Roof mounted Teaching Area smoke extract fans

Ravensbourne College UK
BATHROOM VENTILATION DUCTS AND FANS
Bathroom ventilation systems are designed to exhaust odors and moist air to tl
home's exterior. Typical systems consist of a ceiling fan unit connected to a duct
that terminates at the roof.
The fan may be controlled in one of several ways:
Most are controlled by a conventional wall switch.
A timer switch may be mounted on the wall.
A wall-mounted humidistat can be pre-set to turn the fan on and off based on
different levels of relative humidity
Ventilation systems should be installed in all bathrooms. This includes bathrooms
with windows, since windows will not be opened during the winter in cold climates

KITCHEN VENTILATION DUCTS AND FANS