Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
By Azamat Amzebek
Team Members:
Azamat Amzebek
Akzhol Ishanov
Number of pages: 10
Date: 1.03.17
Theoretical Background
The rate of heat transferring from a surface to surrounding is described by
Newtons law of cooling as:
Qc =h A s (T sT a) (1)
where h is the convection heat transfer coefficient and As is surface
d2T hp d2 2
2
= ( T T ) =0 2
m =0 (1)
dx k Ac dx
where h heat transfer coefficient due to convection and radiation, p is
perimeter of rod, k is thermal conductivity of fin material and Ac is cross
sectional area, also:
hp
m 2= (2)
k Ac
By neglecting surface area and assuming the adiabatic process for the fin
tip, equation (1) can be reduced to following:
T x T 9 cosh ( m(Lx))
= (3)
T 1T 9 cosh ( mL)
, and L is the length of the fin. T1 and T9 are base and ambient
temperatures respectively. All taken data from thermocouples at different
voltages are tabulated in Table 1.
mn
mavg= 0 (4)
8
Average value for m is also shown in Table 1.
Using uniform value for m of the fin material, theoretical temperatures can
be calculated using equation (3). As an example T2 of 9V:
cosh ( m ( Lx ) ) cosh ( 6.57 ( 0.30 ) )
T th , x =T 9+ ( T 1 T 9 ) =25.2+ ( 49.9425.2 ) =43.17 C
cosh ( mL ) cosh ( 6.57 ( 0.35 ) )
All values of temperatures for each position and different input voltages
are calculated in ta same way and finalized in Table 2.
Table 2. Theoretical values for Temperature
T th for 9V , T th for 12 V , T th for 14 V , T th for 16 V ,
Tx
C C C C
T1 49.94 65.75 77.83 90.79
T2 43.17 54.19 62.51 71.11
T3 38.37 46.12 51.93 57.67
T4 34.99 40.57 44.70 48.58
T5 32.69 36.83 39.87 42.56
T6 31.20 34.46 36.82 38.78
T7 30.37 33.14 35.13 36.70
T8 30.10 32.71 34.60 36.04
In Figure 1 experimental and calculated values of temperature are plotted
against position of the thermocouples. Taken data and theoretical values
of temperature are very similar and cause overlapping. From 3D plot it can
be observed that two values have only slight difference. With increasing
distance from the source of heat, temperature keeps falling. Also the
temperature gradient is much higher near the base and flattens close to
fin tip. This behaviour can be observed for all four different power input.
Figure 1. Experimental and Theoretical Temperature against Positions of
Thermocouples.
Temperature vs Distance, 9V Temperature vs Distance, 12V
49.9
50 49.9 65.8
65 65.8
45 43.2
43.4 55 54.654.2
40 38.4
38.4 45 46.1
46.3
35 35.0
34.9 40.6
Temperature, Tx, (C) 30 32.7
32.831.2 Temperature, Tx, (C) 35 40.536.8
30.930.4
30.1 36.934.5
33.1
32.7
30.3
29.9 34.2
33.0
25 25 32.4
Distance, x, m Distance, x, m
90
80
70 9V
12V
Temperature, Tx, (C) 60
14V
50 16V
40
30
20
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
Distance, x, m
It can be seen, that increasing the heater power causes high temperature
at the base, which gradually falls with increasing distance. But the same
behaviour of temperature profile is observed for each case.
Part B
The heat supplied to the fin dissipated from rod due to combined effect
convection and radiation. To calculate the rate of heat transferred
Newtons law of cooling, or equation (1), should be used:
Qc =H c A s (T s , avgT a) (1)
where surface area can be calculated as:
A s =DL (5)
where L is length of the rod, 0.35m, and D is diameter, 0.01m.
Temperature of the surface varies along the rod, so T s has been taken
as the average of all thermocouple readings. For 9V:
8
Tx
T s ,avg = x=1 +273.15=309.48 K
8
( ( 309.48 K )4 ( 298.35 K ) 4 )
H rm=( 56.7 10 W m K ) ( 0.95 ) (1 )
9 2 4 2 1
=6.050 W m K
( ( 309.48 K ) ( 298.35 K ) )
T s , avgT a 0.25
H cm =1.32( ) (7)
D
All calculated values for different power inputs are shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Calculated values for Heat transfer coefficient and Power for each
measurement.
Current H cm , H rm , H tot ,
Voltage , T s ,avg Qtot Q
,
V C Wm K
2 1
Wm K
2 1
Wm K
2 1
W W
A
In a same manner, for 12V fin is 0.575, for 14V fin is 0.562, for 16V
fin is 0.542.
k
k avg = x=1 =120.39 W m1 K 1
4
k avg 120.39
between two values is very small despite deviations in H tot and mavg .
k th k ex 121120.39
err= 100 = 100 =0.5
k th 121
Conclusion
The experimental work examined thermal characteristics of fin and its
behaviour at different conditions. Temperature of a long rod, connected to
base with power source, has been investigated at different points and
dependence on distance has been constructed. This data has been used
to make a thermal gradient of the rod. In Part A it has been shown that
temperature drops with increasing distance from base. Also, temperature
drops more sharply at the beginning of the fin. In Part B, combined
convection and radiation heat transfer values has been calculated using
temperature distribution. Despite some deviations between experimental
and theoretical supplied power, it gives good estimation about fin
efficiency of the rod. Third part used values for temperatures to find the
thermal conductivity of the material. Calculated value of k is identical with
given conductivity of brass.
Temperature
Thermocoupl
Thermocoupl s Ambient Heater Heater Heater
e
e along Temp Voltage Current Power
Location
Description surface Ta V I Qin
x
Tx [C] [V] [A] (W)
[m]
[C ]
Thermocoupl
e T1 0.00 77.83 26.4 14.0 0.5 6.5
Thermocoupl
e T2 0.05 62.99
Thermocoupl
e T3 0.10 52.15
Thermocoupl
e T4 0.15 44.52
Thermocoupl
e T5 0.20 39.87
Thermocoupl
e T6 0.25 36.53
Thermocoupl
e T7 0.30 34.97
Thermocoupl
e T8 0.35 34.29
Temperature
Thermocoupl
Thermocoupl s Ambient Heater Heater Heater
e
e along Temp Voltage Current Power
Location
Description surface Ta V I Qin
x
Tx [C] [V] [A] (W)
[m]
[C ]
Thermocoupl
e T1 0.00 65.75 25.9 12.0 0.4 4.8
Thermocoupl
e T2 0.05 54.55
Thermocoupl
e T3 0.10 46.27
Thermocoupl
e T4 0.15 40.49
Thermocoupl
e T5 0.20 36.92
Thermocoupl
e T6 0.25 34.19
Thermocoupl
e T7 0.30 32.96
Thermocoupl
e T8 0.35 32.44
Temperature
Thermocoupl
Thermocoupl s Ambient Heater Heater Heater
e
e along Temp Voltage Current Power
Location
Description surface Ta V I Qin
x
Tx [C] [V] [A] (W)
[m]
[C ]
Thermocoupl
e T1 0.00 49.94 25.2 9.1 0.3 2.8
Thermocoupl
e T2 0.05 43.41
Thermocoupl
e T3 0.10 38.41
Thermocoupl
e T4 0.15 34.94
Thermocoupl
e T5 0.20 32.80
Thermocoupl
e T6 0.25 30.94
Thermocoupl
e T7 0.30 30.30
Thermocoupl
e T8 0.35 29.94