International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 17 Number 1 Nov 2014

Hybrid PV/Wind System Modeling &

its Control in Grid Connected Mode
S.Krishnaveni1(12HU1D5607), M.Balachandar2, R.Lakshmi3
1
M.Tech Scholar, Dept. of EEE, Chebrolu Engineering College, Guntur (A.P), India.
3
Asst. Prof, Dept. of EEE, Chebrolu Engineering College, Guntur (A.P), India.

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a modeling and chemical pollution. Thus connecting the PV
control of grid connected Hybrid wind array and Wind directly to the Grid is a
photovoltaic array. Hybrid energy system method to make use of the energy that is
consists of two or more renewable/nonrenewable
produced.
energy sources. In this paper the hybrid energy
system is formed by the combination of wind and
PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY MODULE
photovoltaic array. There are some constraints
in harnessing power from Renewable energy
sources like wind and photovoltaic power A photovoltaic system converts sunlight into
systems. Variation in environmental condition electricity. The basic device of a photovoltaic
will cause variation of power output from system is the photovoltaic cell. Cells may be
renewable energy sources. Power electronic grouped to form panels or modules. Panels
converters play a major role in utilizing these
can be grouped to form large photo voltaic
RES. A proper control scheme is required to
arrays. PV arrays can either be designed as
operate power converters to match the up the
grid-connection requirements. This paper stand-alone and grid-connected systems.
consists of modeling and simulation of Hybrid
Wind/PV energy system inter-connected to
electrical grid through power electronic
interface. Power conditioning system is
implemented and modeled to control power
electronic interface. Performance of modeled
hybrid system is evaluated for different input
power levels and load variation.
Mathematical modeling of PV array
INTRODUCTION

Hybrid Energy Systems

Inter-connection of two or more of
Renewable Generations like wind power,
photovoltaic power, fuel cell and micro turbine
generator to generate power to local load and
or connecting to grid/micro grid forms Hybrid
Energy Systems. Because of the characteristic
nature of the solar energy and the wind energy,
the electric power generation of the PV array
and the wind turbine are corresponding. The
reliability of combined power generation is
much higher when compared to the Power
generated by an Individual source. A sizable
battery bank is required for a load so that MATLAB/Simulink Modeling of PV
maximum power is drawn from Wind and
Array
Photovoltaic array. Nonetheless, the usage of
A typical KC-200GT PV module is considered
battery is not an environmental friendly and
here [Appendix (i)]. The module has 54 cells
there are some drawbacks like, heavy weights,
in series. For desired output voltage and
bulky size, high costs, limited life cycles, and

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 17 Number 1 Nov 2014

current, the proposed solar PV power Where, =Air density, Vwind=Wind speed,
generation A=Turbine swept area, =Tip speed ratio,
system (6kW) consists of 30 PV modules with R=Radius of turbine blades, Cp =Coefficient
10x3 series-parallel arrangements. Each of performance, =Mechanical output power, T
module can produce 200W of DC electric = Torque of wind turbine, =Angular
power. Typical electrical characteristics of a frequency of rotational turbine, =Blade pitch
KC-200GT PV module are shown in Table 1 at angle. The performance coefficient Cp (, ),
solar radiation of 1000W/ and cell which depends on tip speed ratio and
temperature of 25C (STC).

MaximumPower ( ) 200W(+10%/-5%)
blade pitch angle , determines how much of
MaximumPowerVoltage the wind kinetic energy can be captured by the
26.3 V
( ) wind turbine system. A nonlinear model
MaximumPower Current describes Cp (, ) as:
7.61 A
( ) Where, C1=0.5176, C2=116, C3=0.4, C4=5,
OpenCircuitVoltage( ) 32.9 V C5=21and C6=0.0068
(Eqn.3.11)
ShortCircuitCurrent ( ) 8.21 A
Wind Turbine Modeling
The wind turbine (WT) converts wind energy
to mechanical energy by means of a torque
applied to a drive train. A model of the WT is
necessary to evaluate the torque and power
production for a given wind speed and the
effect of wind speed variations on the
produced torque. The torque T and power
produced by the WT within the interval
[ , ], where is minimum wind Modeling of PMSG:

speed and is maximum wind speed, are

functions of the WT blade radius R, air
pressure, wind speed and coefficients and
(Jitendra Kasera et al. 2012).

Is known as the power coefficient and

characterizes the ability of the WT to extract
energy from the wind. Is the torque
coefficient and is related to according to:
MATLAB/SIMULINKMODEL OF WECS

MODELING OF GRID TIE WIND/PV

HYBRID SYSTEM

Hybrid energy system usually consists oftwoor

more renewable / nonrenewable energy
sources. Presently two kinds of wind power

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 17 Number 1 Nov 2014

hybrid systems are in focus: wind power with Table 4: Component parameters of the
fuel cell and wind power with photovoltaic Proposed Hybrid Energy System
power. The main purpose of such hybrid
power systems is to overcome the
intermittency and uncertainty of wind energy
and to make the power supply more reliable.
(Chen Wang et al. 2007).Wind power and
solar energy are always combined into a
hybrid system, especially for the power supply
for remote areas where the cost of transmission Schematic of DC/DC Boost converter
line is too high. Also, another advantage of this
kind of hybrid system is that they are both
renewable energies, which is compatible to the
environment.

The Proposed System Configuration

Configuaration for the proposed hybrid PI controller ofDC/DC Boost converter

system
The details of the system component DC/DC Boost Converter parameters of PV
parameters are listed in Table 4 system

WIND TURBINE Input voltage (Vin) 220-350 V

Rated Power 20 kW
Power rating (P) 20 kW
Rated wind speed 12 m/s
Rated Rotor speed 22.0958 rad/sec Output voltage (Vout) 480 V
Blade Radius 2.7 m
PMSG Switching frequency (f) 20 kHz
Rated Power 20 kW
Rated line Voltage 380.14 Vrms Output voltage ripple
2%
Stator phase inductance 22.0958 Mh factor (Vr)
Stator phase Resistance 2.7
Inductor (L) 0.004 mH
No. of poles 36
Rated mechanical speed 211 rpm 12.41
Capacitor (C)
PV
Module Unit 54 cells, 200
W@1kW/m2,25C
Module numbers 10*3=30 Determination of DC Link Voltage :
Power rating 30*200 6000 W
The dc bus voltage is mainly determined by
the inverter ac output voltage and the voltage
drop across the filter. A lower bound on the dc
bus voltage can be determined from the
following relation at a unity power factor
[N.Mohan et al.2003].

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 17 Number 1 Nov 2014

Where,

=Line-Line RMS voltage on inverter

side, =Filter Inductance, =Maximum
possible RMS value of the ac load
Fig Power flow between a VSI and Grid
current, =Modulation Index of the Inverter.
Parameters of Inverter
Three Phase Inverter:
Input Voltage 300-500V DC
The regulated DC output of boost
converter feeds the VSI which will then Output Voltage 230 V AC
connect to the grid through LC filter. The
inverter is of typical three phase six switch SwitchingFrequency 8 kHz
pulse width modulation (PWM) voltage source
inverter. The VSI converts the power from the Modeling and Control of Grid side
dc voltage source to three phase ac outputs converter:
with 120 phase displacement. PWM is
Since the machine is grid connected the grid
modulation technique used to control and
voltage as well as the stator voltage is same,
shape of the VSI output voltage. In order to
there exists a relation between the grid voltage
control the magnitude, phase angle and
and DC link voltage. The main objective of the
frequency of the output voltage of VSI, PWM
grid side converter is to maintain DC link
is used to generate switching pulses to control
voltage constant for the necessary action. The
the six switches in VSI.In PWM three
voltage oriented vector control method is
balanced sinusoidal control voltages are
approached to solve this problem. The detail
compared with the triangular voltages. The
mathematical modeling of grid side converter
triangular waveform is at a switching
is given below. The control strategies are made
frequency, which is generally much higher
following the mathematical modeling and it is
than the frequency of the control voltages and
shown in Fig. 4.7. The PWM converter is
is called as carrier frequency. The three phase
current regulated with the direct axis current is
sinusoidal control signals with the same
used to regulate the DC link voltage whereas
frequency are used to modulate the duty ratios
the quadrature axis current component is used
of switching pulses from the switches. The
to regulate the reactive power. The reactive
Figure 4.5 shows power flow between a VSI
power demand is set to zero to ensure the unit
and grid, where the impedance represents the
power factor operation [R.Pena et al.1996].
combined filter, transformer and transmission
Fig. 4.6 shows the schematic diagram of the
line inductance. The active and reactive power
grid side converter. The voltage balance across
flows from the converter are controlled by
the line is given by Eq. (4.8), where R and L
magnitude and phase of the converter output
are the line resistance and reactance
voltages relative with grid parameters. The
respectively. With the use of d-q theory the
active power flow is controlled by varying the
three phase quantities are transferred to the two
phase difference and reactive power flow is by
phase quantities.
varying the magnitude of inverter output. The
phase difference and amplitude are varied with
reference of constant grid voltage. The control
of modulation index controls amplitude, and
synchronization and phase angle control of
modulating sine wave controls the phase
variation. The real and reactive power
delivered to the utility is given by following
relations (Santhosha kumar A 2010).
Schematic diagram of grid side
converter

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 17 Number 1 Nov 2014

for the voltage loop. The plants for the current

loop and the voltage loop are given in below
equations.

For the grid side converter mathematical

modeling can be represented as

The active and reactive power is controlled

independently using the vector control
strategy. Aligning the axis of the reference
frame along the stator voltage position is found
Where and are the two phase voltages
by Eq. (4.13), vq = 0, since the amplitude of
found from using d-q theory. supply voltage is constant the active power and
Since the DC link voltage needs to be constant reactive power are controlled independently by
and the power factor of the overall system sets means of id and iq in the following Equations.
to be unity, the reference values are to be set
consequently.

The d and q reference voltages are found from

the below eqns.

MATLAB / Simulink Model of

WIND/PV Hybrid System
Control block diagram of Grid side 20 kW WIND Energy Conversion System
converter
6 kW PV System

480 V DC Link Voltage

230 V 50 Hz Grid

The control scheme utilizes current control

loops for id and iq with the id demand being
derived from the dc-link voltage error through
a standard PI controller. The iq demand
determines the displacement factor on the grid
side of the choke. The iq demand is set to zero
to guarantee unit power factor. There are two
loops for the control design, i.e. inner current
loop and outer voltage loop to provide
necessary control action. Line resistance and
reactance decide the plant for the current loop,
whereas DC link capacitor is taken as the plant

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 17 Number 1 Nov 2014

RESULTS:

Model of wind turbine coupled with PMSG

and model of Photovoltaic energy system are
inter-connected with grid through full scale
power electronic devices by using
Active Power distribution
MATLAB/Simulink. The performance study is
done for the simulatedsystem under input
variations at RESs and load variations.

Case-I: Constant Generation &

Constant Load
In this case the inputs like irradiation, Grid Voltage Case I
temperature, and wind speed are kept constant
with a constant ac load near Grid are
considered for simulation. The irradiation 900
W/m2, temperature 25C, for PV and wind
speed of 8 m/s are given as inputs to the
simulated Hybrid model and load parameters
as 7.5 kW active power, 5.0404 kVAR Grid current Case I
Inductive reactive power connected to 230 V,
50 Hz Grid. The system is simulated for 1
second and load is connected through a breaker
which closes at 0.5 second. The results are as
follows:

Load Current case I

Case-II: Variable Generation &

DC Link Voltage case I
Power of Hybrid System case I
Inverter Output Voltage caseI
Inverter Output Current case I
Change in Load
In this case both the inputs parameters
like irradiation and wind speed are varied with
a change in ac load near Grid are considered
for simulation. Change in Generation is
achieved by changing the irradiation of PV
system and Wind speed of WECS. In our
simulation we consider a change of irradiance
from 900 W/m2 to 600 W/m2 at 0.5 second,
Similarly for WECS the change in speed from
6m/s to 8m/s at 0.5 second. Change in Load is
illustrated by connecting a Load 1 of 7.5 kW
active power, 5.0404 kVAR Inductive reactive
power at 0.4 second, here the breaker 1 closes
and at 0.8 second the breaker is opened. Load
2 of 4 kW active power, 3.3143 kVAR
connected through breaker 2 at 0.6 second. So
from 0.4 second to 0.6 second the Load will be
7.5 kW, 5.0404 kVAR; from 0.6 second to 0.8
second the Load will be 11.5 kW, 8.3547
kVAR and from 0.8 second to 1 second the
Load will be 4 kW active power, 3.3143
kVAR. These local ac loads are connected to

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 17 Number 1 Nov 2014
230 V, 50 Hz Grid. The system is simulated
for 1 second. The results are as follows:
DC Link Voltage case II
Power of Hybrid System case II
Active Power Distribution case II
Load Current case II
Observations :
Case-I:Constant Generation & consumer. The hybrid grid may be feasible for
Constant Load
In this case both Hybrid Wind/PV generation
as well as ac load is constant. Load of 7.5 kW
active power, 5.0404 kVAR is connected to ac
grid at 0.5 second by a breaker. The Power
required by the Load is supplied by the Hybrid
system and remaining power is fed in to the
Grid. So Hybrid Wind/PV active power
generation remains constant, wind reactive
power is maintained at zero as controller has
restricted the Hybrid model to generate it and
at common point of coupling inverter, grid and
load voltage remains at Peak voltage 325.26 V,
50Hz.
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org
Case-II: Variable Generation &
Change in Load
In this case Hybrid Wind/PV
generation the input parameters are varied,
irradiance of PV is changed from 900 W/m2 to
600 W/m2 at 0.5 second, Similarly for WECS
the change in speed from 6m/s to 8m/s at 0.5
second. Change in Load is achieved by using 2
Breakers for connecting Loads. The Power
required by the Load is supplied by the Hybrid
system and remaining power is fed in to the
Grid.
CONCLUSIONS AND SCOPE FOR
FUTURE WORK
Conclusions
The modeling of hybrid Wind/PV for power
system configuration is done in
MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The
present work mainly includes the grid tied
mode of operation of hybrid system. The
models are developed for all the converters to
maintain stable system under various loads and
resource conditions and also the control
mechanism are studied. The dynamic
performance of Hybrid Wind/photovoltaic
power systems are studied for different system
disturbances like load variation, wind speed
variation and different irradiation and
temperature inputs. The simulation results
shows that, using a VSI and PQ control
strategies, it is possible to have a good
response of grid-connected hybrid energy
system. The hybrid grid can provide a reliable,
high quality and more efficient power to
small isolated industrial plants with both PV
systems and wind turbine generator as the
major power supply.
Scope for future work
The control strategy which is implemented in
this work is grid-connected RES hybrid energy
system. Implementation of control strategy for
islanding operation of RES can be done to
operate hybrid energy system to supply local
loads during islanding. Also, connecting BSES
(Battery storage Energy system) across the DC
link can be modeled to increase the reliability
and efficiency during peak conditions.
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 17 Number 1 Nov 2014

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