PPT No.

20
 (A) Magnetization M

When a substance is placed in an external magnetic field,

the substance experiences a torque due to the field
and aligns in the same direction as the field.

The magnetization so produced in the substance

is called Induced magnetization.

It is denoted by the symbol M.

Magnetization in magnetic field is analogues to

polarization of a dielectric material in electrostatic field.
 (B) Magnetic Field Intensity H

The magnetic field in "empty" space

is denoted by the symbol B.
It is calculated from
Amperes Law or Biot Savarts Law and
measured in tesla.

However, when the magnetic field passes through

a magnetically responsive material, such as iron,
the material itself contributes its internal magnetic field.
 (B) Magnetic Field Intensity H

The magnetic field in the presence of

a magnetically responsive material is denoted by
a second quantity H, called as the magnetic field intensity

It is used to characterize the strength of an external field i.e.

the magnetic field due to the external sources
(electric current) only, excluding
the contribution due to materials internal magnetic field.

H is related to B through permeability as

 (B) Magnetic Field Intensity H

Magnetic field Intensity H is also called

as Magnetizing force or Auxiliary Magnetic field.

H is also expressed in terms of M as follows

H = B/0 - M Or in the equivalent form as
B = 0 (H + M)

H and M have the same units, amperes/meter.

More discussion about M and H is given in

the chapter on Magnetism in Matter.
Comparison of Electrostatics and Magnetostatics

There are
Analogues quantities,
Analogues relations/Theorems/ Laws
Analogues phenomena
in Electrostatics and Magnetostatics
as follows
 Source Element

Electrostatics Magnetostatics

Stationary Electric Element carrying steady

Charge denoted by electric current denoted
q by Id
 Force Law

Electrostatics Magnetostatics
Biot and Savarts Law
Coulombs Law relates relates Magnetic fields to
electric fields to the the electric currents
point charges which which are their
are their sources sources
 Relation between Field & Force
Electrostatics
The force F on a charge
q in an electric field E is
product of charge q and
field E( given by Lorentz
Force Law
Magnetostatics
The force F on a charge q
moving with velocity v in a
magnetic field B is the
product of velocity v and
magnetic field B
( given by Lorentz Force
Law)
 Relation: Field & Potential

Electrostatics Magnetostatics
B = - m
Electric field E is Magnetic field B is
derivable from the derivable from the
electric potential V. gradient of a potential
m called as the
Magnetic scalar
potential
 Flux

Electrostatics Magnetostatics

Magnetic flux is given

Electric flux is given by by the line integral of
the surface integral of magnetic B-field
Electric field E over a around any closed
closed surface path
 Three vectors

Electrostatics Magnetostatics
E- Electric Field B- Magnetic Induction
Intensity H- Magnetic Field
D- Electric Intensity
Displacement M- Magnetization
P- Electric Polarization
 Relation between the Three Vectors

Electrostatics Magnetostatics
 Analogy in Vectors

Electrostatics Magnetostatics

E associated with all B associated with all

charges currents
D associated with free H associated with true
charges currents
P associated with M associated with
induced charges magnetizing currents
 Boundary Conditions
At the Interface between 2 Media
Electrostatics Magnetostatics

1)The tangential 1) Tangential

component of E & component of H &
2) the normal 2) the normal
component of D are component of B are
continuous across the continuous across the
boundary. boundary
 Theorem/ Law
(Integral form)

Electrostatics Magnetostatics
Gauss Theorem Amperes Law

The line integral of

The surface integral of magnetic B-field
Electric field E over a around any closed
closed surface is equal path is equal to 0
to the net charge times the net current I
enclosed by surface through the area
bounded by the curve
 Theorems/ Laws
(Differential form)

Electrostatics Magnetostatics
Electrostatic Magnetostatic
Field is curl-free Field Divergenceless
 Potential

Electrostatics Magnetostatics
Only one type of Two types of
Electric Potential- Magnetic Potential
Electric Scalar 1) Magnetic Scalar
potential or V potential m
2) Magnetic Vector
potential A
 Gauge Transformation
Gauge for the potential
Electrostatics Magnetostatics
Transformation Transformation

leaves the electric leaves the Magnetic

field invariant where field invariant where
is electric scalar potential A is Magnetic vector
potential
 Dipoles

Electrostatics Magnetostatics

Electric Monopoles & No Monopoles,

Dipoles both exist Only Dipoles exist
 Dipole Moment

Electrostatics Magnetostatics

Electric Dipole Magnetic Dipole

Moment is the product Moment is the product
of charge q and d of current I and area
distance between the vector A
charges
 Potential Energy

Electrostatics Magnetostatics
Potential Energy U Potential Energy U
Given In Terms of In Terms of
P- Electric Dipole moment -magnetic dipole
E- Electric Field moment
B- Magnetic Induction
 Poissons Equation

Electrostatics Magnetostatics
Electric (scalar) Magnetic (vector)
potential V is potential A is
expressed in terms of expressed in terms of
its source i.e. charge its source current
density by density J by Eqn
Poissons Equation similar to Poissons
Equation