1.

Another term for sequence stratigraphy, a field of study in which basin-filling

sedimentary deposits, called sequences, are interpreted in a framework of
eustasy, sedimentation and subsidence through time in order to correlate
strata and predict the stratigraphy of relatively unknown areas. : seismic
stratigraphy
2. The termination of shallowly dipping, younger strata against more steeply
dipping, older strata, or the termination of low-angle reflections in seismic
data against steeper reflections. Onlap is a particular pattern of reflections in
seismic data that, according to principles of sequence stratigraphy, occurs
during periods of transgression.: onlap
3. The maximum inclination of a bedding plane, fault plane or other geological
surface measured from a vertical cross section that is not perpendicular to
the strike of the feature. Apparent dip corrected for well drift, or geometry, is
referred to as true dip: apparent dip
4. The magnitude of the inclination of a plane from horizontal. True, or
maximum, dip is measured perpendicular to strike. Apparent dip is measured
in a direction other than perpendicular to strike: dip
5. when referring to plutonic bodies, indicates that the intruding magma of sills
and laccoliths lies parallel to rather than cutting across country strata, as do
discordant structures such as veins, dikes, bysmoliths, and batholiths:
Concordant
6. The termination of more steeply dipping overlying strata against a surface or
underlying strata that have lower apparent dips; a term used to describe a
particular geometry of reflections in seismic data in sequence stratigraphy.:
downlap
7. A type of stratigraphic trap. The termination by thinning or tapering out of a
reservoir against a nonporous sealing rock creates a favorable geometry to
trap hydrocarbons, particularly if the adjacent sealing rock is a source rock
such as a shale.: pinch out
8. The accumulation of sequences by deposition in which beds are deposited
successively landward because sediment supply is limited and cannot fill the
available accommodation. Thus, the position of the shoreline migrates
backward onto land, a process called transgression: retrogradation
9. A discordant relationship in which the upper boundary of a depositional
sequence is marked by the termination of initially inclined beds (e.g. those
formed in the foresets of deltas). It results mainly from nondeposition,
possibly with minor erosion. Coastal of it occurs during a stillstand of sea
level. Each unit of strata dips seaward with its upper, terminal edge wedging
back towards the land. Successive units of strata build out laterally towards
the sea: Toplap
10.The accumulation of sequences by deposition in which beds are deposited
successively basinward because sediment supply exceeds accommodation.
Thus, the position of the shoreline migrates into the basin during episodes of
progradation, a process called regression.: progradation
11.The accumulation of stratigraphic sequences by deposition that stacks beds
atop each other, building upwards during periods of balance between
sediment supply and accommodation: aggradation
12.The migration of shoreline into a basin during progradation due to a fall in
relative sea level. Deposition during a regression can juxtapose shallow-water
sediments atop deep-water sediments.: regression
13.The migration of shoreline out of a basin and onto land during retrogradation.
A transgression can result in sediments characteristic of shallow water being
overlain by deeper water sediments.: transgression
14.A depression in the crust of the Earth, caused by plate tectonic activity and
subsidence, in which sediments accumulate. Sedimentary basins vary from
bowl-shaped to elongated troughs. Basins can be bounded by faults. Rift
basins are commonly symmetrical; basins along continental margins tend to
be asymmetrical. If rich hydrocarbon source rocks occur in combination with
appropriate depth and duration of burial, then a petroleum system can
develop within the basin. Most basins contain some amount of shale, thus
providing opportunities for shale gas exploration and production: basin
15.In sequence stratigraphy, a section of fine-grained sedimentary rocks that
accumulated slowly, thereby representing a considerable span of time by
only a thin layer. In condensed sections, fossils and organic, phosphatic and
glauconitic material tend to be concentrated compared with rapidly deposited
sections that contain few fossils. Condensed sections are most commonly
deposited during transgressions. In such cases they are associated with
"maximum flooding surfaces" and form important sequence stratigraphic
markers.: condensed section
16.A widespread marine flooding surface that separates the underlying
transgressive systems tract from the overlying highstand systems tract. The
surface also marks the deepest water facies within a sequence. maximum
flooding surface
17.Subdivisions of sequences that consist of discrete depositional units that
differ in geometry from other systems tracts and have distinct boundaries on
seismic data. Different systems tracts are considered to represent different
phases of eustatic changes. A lowstand systems tract develops during times
of relatively low sea level; a highstand systems tract at times of high sea
level; and a transgressive systems tract at times of changing sea level:
system tract
18.A group of relatively conformable strata that represents a cycle of deposition
and is bounded by unconformities or correlative conformities. Sequences are
the fundamental unit of interpretation in sequence stratigraphy. Sequences
comprise systems tracts.: sequence
19.A surface that separates older sequences from younger ones, commonly an
unconformity (indicating subaerial exposure), but in limited cases a
correlative conformable surface. It is an erosional surface that separates
cycles of deposition: sequence boundary
20.A geological surface separating older from younger rocks and representing a
gap in the geologic record. Such a surface might result from a hiatus in
deposition of sediments, possibly in combination with erosion, or deformation
such as faulting. An angular unconformity separates younger strata from
eroded, dipping older strata. A disconformity represents a time of
nondeposition, possibly combined with erosion, and can be difficult to
distinguish within a series of parallel strata. A nonconformity separates
 overlying strata from eroded, older igneous or metamorphic rocks. The study
and interpretation of unconformities locally, regionally and globally is the
basis of sequence stratigraphy: unconformity
21.Layers of sedimentary rock. The singular form is stratum.: strata
22.A cessation in deposition of sediments during which no strata form or an
erosional surface forms on the underlying strata; a gap in the rock record.
This period might be marked by development of a lithified sediment
(hardground) or burrowed surface characteristic of periods when sea level
was relatively low: hiatus
23.The study of the history, composition, relative ages and distribution of strata,
and the interpretation of strata to elucidate Earth history. The comparison, or
correlation, of separated strata can include study of their lithology, fossil
content, and relative or absolute age, or lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy,
and chronostratigraphy.: stratigraphy
24.Relatively conformable depositional units bounded by surfaces of marine
flooding, surfaces that separate older strata from younger and show an
increase in water depth in successively younger strata. Parasequences are
usually too thin to discern on seismic data, but when added together, they
form sets called parasequence sets that are visible on seismic data:
parasequence
25.The area in which and physical conditions under which sediments are
deposited, including sediment source; depositional processes such as
deposition by wind, water or ice; and location and climate, such as desert,
swamp or river.: depositional environment
26.Pertaining to an environment of deposition in lakes, or an area having lakes.
Because deposition of sediment in lakes can occur slowly and in relatively
calm conditions, organic-rich source rocks can form in lacustrine
environments.: lacustrine
27.A wetland depositional environment in which water is present either
permanently or intermittently and in which trees and large woody plants can
grow but peat does not form. Swamps can contain considerable quantities of
organic matter.: swamp
28.The three-dimensional array of sediments or lithofacies that fills a basin.
Depositional systems vary according to the types of sediments available for
deposition as well as the depositional processes and environments in which
they are deposited. The dominant depositional systems are alluvial, fluvial,
deltaic, marine, lacustrine and eolian systems.: depositional system
29.A mappable subdivision of a stratigraphic unit that can be distinguished by its
facies or lithology-the texture, mineralogy, grain size, and the depositional
environment that produced it.: litofacies
30.The study and correlation of strata to elucidate Earth history on the basis of
their lithology, or the nature of the well log response, mineral content, grain
size, texture and color of rocks.: lithostratigraphy
31.The study of the ages of strata. The comparison, or correlation, of separated
strata can include study of their relative or absolute ages.:
chronostratigraphy
32.The application of plant and animal fossils to date and correlate strata in
order to elucidate Earth history, combining the principles of paleontology and
 stratigraphy. In the petroleum industry, biostratigraphy often denotes the use
of terrestrial (pollen and spores) and marine (diatoms, foraminifera,
nannofossils) microfossils to determine the absolute or relative age and
depositional environment of a particular formation, source rock or reservoir of
interest.: biostratigraphy
33.Global sea level variations. Changes in sea level can result from movement of
tectonic plates altering the volume of ocean basins, or when changes in
climate affect the volume of water stored in glaciers and in polar icecaps.
Eustasy affects positions of shorelines and processes of sedimentation, so
interpretation of eustasy is an important aspect of sequence stratigraphy.:
eustasy
34.A connection of points from well to well in which the data suggest that the
points were deposited at the same time (chronostratigraphic) or have similar
and related characteristics.: correlation
35.Sometimes abbreviated to flooding surface, a surface exhibiting evidence of
an abrupt increase in water depth, separating younger from older strata. The
surface may also display evidence of minor submarine erosion. It forms in
response to an increase in water depth and typically bounds parasequences.
In sequence stratigraphic terminology, it replaces the older, more generic
term "trangressive surface," although it is not a strict equivalent.: marine
flooding surface
36.A surface exhibiting evidence of an abrupt increase in water depth,
separating younger from older strata. The surface may also display evidence
of minor submarine erosion. It forms in response to an increase in water
depth and typically bounds parasequences. In sequence stratigraphic
terminology, it replaces the older, more generic term "trangressive surface,"
although it is not a strict equivalent.: flooding surface
37.A marine flooding surface separating the underlying lowstand systems tract
from the overlying transgressive systems tract. Typically, this is the first
major flooding surface following the lowstand systems tract.: transgressive
surface
38.A systems tract bounded below by a downlap surface and above by a
sequence boundary, commonly abbreviated as HST. This systems tract is
characterized by an aggradational to progradational parasequence set.: HST
39.A systems tract overlying a sequence boundary and overlain by a
transgressive surface. Characterized by a progradational to aggradational
parasequence set, this systems tract commonly includes a basin-floor fan, a
slope fan and a lowstand wedge. It is often abbreviated as LST.: LST
40.Sequence stratigraphic term for the amount of space available for sediment
accumulation. Dominant influences on the amount of accommodation, or
accommodation space, include subsidence and eustasy.: accommodation
41.A layer of sediment or sedimentary rock, or stratum. A bed is the smallest
stratigraphic unit, generally a centimeter or more in thickness. To be labeled
a bed, the stratum must be distinguishable from adjacent beds.: bed
42.The unifying geologic theory developed to explain observations that
interactions of the brittle plates of the lithosphere with each other and with
the softer underlying asthenosphere result in large-scale changes in the
Earth.: plate tectonics
43.The adjustment to a measurement of gravitational acceleration to account for
elevation and the density of rock between the measurement station and a
reference level. It can be expressed mathematically as the product of the
density of the rock, the height relative to sea level or another reference, and
a constant, in units of mGal: Bouguer Correction
44.The remaining value of gravitational attraction after accounting for the
theoretical gravitational attraction at the point of measurement, latitude,
elevation, the Bouguer correction and the free-air correction (which
compensates for height above sea level assuming there is only air between
the measurement station and sea level). This anomaly is named for Pierre
Bouguer, a French mathematician (1698 to 1758) who demonstrated that
gravitational attraction decreases with altitude : Bouguer Anomaly
45.In gravity surveying, a correction of 0.3086 mGal/m [0.09406 mGal/ft] added
to a measurement to compensate for the change in the gravitational field
with height above sea level, assuming there is only air between the
measurement station and sea level. : free air correction
46.Any compensating factor used to bring measurements to a common datum or
reference plane. In gravity surveying, elevation corrections include the
Bouguer and free-air corrections. Seismic data undergo a static correction to
reduce the effects of topography and low-velocity zones near the Earth's
surface. Well log headers include the elevation of the drilling rig's kelly
bushing and, for onshore locations, the height of the location above sea level,
so that well log depths can be corrected to sea level.: elevation correction
47.The difference between the actual value of gravity measured at a location
and the value predicted by a particular Earth model. Gravity anomalies are
usually determined by adjusting the known value of (absolute) gravity at a
reference station by Bouguer, free-air or other corrections and subtracting the
final predicted value from the measurement. (A different description is that
the various corrections are subtracted from the data to reduce it to the
reference level. Both interpretations are valid provided it is remembered that
the resulting gravity anomaly can be caused by density anomalies-i.e.,
differences in density between Earth and the theoretical model-that can lie
anywhere either above or below the reference level. : gravity anomaly
48.The Earth's gravitational field, or the attractive force produced by the mass of
the Earth. Variations in the gravitational field can be used to map changes in
the density of formations in the Earth. Gravity surveys can be used to map
the extent or depth of sedimentary basins or even individual hydrocarbon
prospects.: gravity
49.The positive gravity correction that accounts for the deviation of the
topography from the horizontal slab of infinite extent assumed in the Bouguer
correction. Local topographic features always decrease the gravity
measurement because the attractive force of the topography above the
station is away from the Earth, and the effect of topography below the station
is negative because of the absence of attractive material.: terrain correction
50.A correction for variations in the density or thickness of the Earth's crust.
Isostatic corrections are commonly applied to gravity data and are made
according to a specific model for isostasy.: isostatic correction
51.The state of gravitational equilibrium between the lithosphere and the
asthenosphere of the Earth such that lithospheric plates "float" at a given
elevation depending on their thickness. The balance between the elevation of
the lithospheric plates and the asthenosphere is achieved by the flowage of
the denser asthenosphere. Various hypotheses about isostasy take into
account density (Pratt hypothesis), thickness (Airy hypothesis), and pressure
variations to explain topographic variations among lithospheric plates. The
current model consists of several layers of different density.: isostasy
52.different topographic heights are accommodated by changes in crustal
thickness, in which the crust has a constant density: The AiryHeiskanen
model
53.different topographic heights are accommodated by lateral changes in rock
density. Airy and Pratt isostasy are statements of buoyancy, whereas flexural
isostasy is a statement of buoyancy when deflecting a sheet of finite elastic
strength.
: The PrattHayford model
54.lithosphere acts as an elastic plate and its inherent rigidity distributes local
topographic loads over a broad region by bending: The Vening Meinesz, or
flexural isostasy model
55.The use of measurements of a field at one elevation, level or surface to
determine the values of the field at a higher level. The technique is most
often used on potential fields, such as gravity or magnetic fields, to reduce
scattered measurements to a common level for a simpler interpretation. It is
used to simplify the appearance of magnetic maps by suppressing local
features. : upward continuation
56.A technique used to estimate the value of a potential field or seismic data at
a surface beneath a measured surface. The method is risky because it
assumes continuity of the field, so anomalies affect predictions, especially if
they occur beneath the measured surface. Noise can be exaggerated and
affect calculations adversely. It is used to increase the resolution of weak
anomalies.: downward continuation
57.Make a skilled guest of structure, calculate anomaly, compare with
observation data, adjust the model and recalculate. Forward numerical
modeling of seismic data is the use of geological models of the earth to
simulate seismic field experiments. This is a forward problem, which starts
with the causes and then calculates the results: Forward modelling
58.Make a skilled guest of structure, calculate using formula and finding the
least error model. An inverse problem in science is the process of calculating
from a set of observations the causal factors that produced them: for
example, calculating an image in computer tomography, source
reconstructing in acoustics, or calculating the density of the Earth from
measurements of its gravity field. It is called an inverse problem because it
starts with the results and then calculates the causes..: Inverse modelling
59.A device used to measure the acceleration due to gravity, or, more
specifically, variations in the gravitational field between two or more points.:
gravimeter
60.The measurement of gravity or the study of its variations.: gravimetry
61.A gradual change in a measurement or recording device during surveying.
Reference to or repetition of a measurement at a base station can indicate
whether drift is a problem.: drift
62.The study of the Earth's magnetic field, a branch of geophysics that began
with the observation by British scientist William Gilbert (1544 to 1603) that
the Earth is a magnet. Variations in the magnetic field can be used to
determine the extent of sedimentary basins and the depth to basement
rocks, as well as to differentiate between igneous rocks and certain
sedimentary rocks such as salt. High-resolution magnetic surveys can also be
used to determine the locations of oil pipelines and production equipment.:
magnetics
63.Measurements of the Earth's magnetic field gathered from aircraft.
Magnetometers towed by an airplane or helicopter can measure the intensity
of the Earth's magnetic field. The differences between actual measurements
and theoretical values indicate anomalies in the magnetic field, which in turn
represent changes in rock type or in thickness of rock units.: aeromagnetic
survey
64.The magnetic field measured near the Earths surface is the superposition of
magnetic fields arising from various time-varying physical processes that are
grouped into four general components: the main magnetic field, the crustal
field, the external disturbance field and local magnetic interference. The
significance of these contributions to direction, strength and stability of the
magnetic field varies with geographic region and with magnetic survey
direction.: magnetic field
65.It is used to deprive of magnetic properties: demagnetization
66.The deviation from vertical, irrespective of compass direction, expressed in
degrees. It is the angle made by a compass needle when the compass is held
in a vertical orientation. Positive values of inclination indicate that the field is
pointing downward, into the Earth, at the point of measurement.: Magnetic
inclination
67.A model is very often used in magnetic interpretation because intrusive
igneous rocks in the forms of dike or veins very frequently carry magnetic
minerals: Ribbon model
68.The angular distance north or south from the celestial equator measured
along a great circle passing through the celestial poles. it is the angle on the
horizontal plane between magnetic north (the direction the north end of a
compass needle points, corresponding to the direction of the Earth's
magnetic field lines) and true north (the direction along a meridian towards
the geographic North Pole). This angle varies depending on position on the
Earth's surface, and changes over time.: Magnetic Declination
69.It is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as iron) form
permanent magnets, or are attracted to magnets. In physics, several different
types of magnetism are distinguished. noting or pertaining to a substance, as
iron, that below a certain temperature, the Curie point, can possess
magnetization in the absence of an external magnetic field; noting or
pertaining to a substance in which the magnetic moments of the atoms are
aligned. : Ferromagnetism
70.the magnetic moments of atoms or molecules, usually related to the spins of
electrons, align in a regular pattern with neighboring spins (on different
sublattices) pointing in opposite directions: Antiferromagnetism
71.material is one that has populations of atoms with opposing magnetic
moments, as in antiferromagnetism; however, in ferrimagnetic materials, the
opposing moments are unequal and a spontaneous magnetization remains. in
which the magnetic moments of some neighboring atoms point in opposite
directions, with a net magnetization still resulting because of differences in
magnitudes of the opposite moments. : Ferrimagnetic
72.a body or substance that, placed in a magnetic field, possesses
magnetization in direct proportion to the field strength; a substance in which
the magnetic moments of the atoms are not aligned. Paramagnetism is a
form of magnetism whereby certain materials are attracted by an externally
applied magnetic field, and form internal, induced magnetic fields in the
direction of the applied magnetic field: Paramagnetic
73.The materials that create an induced magnetic field in a direction opposite to
an externally applied magnetic field, and are repelled by the applied
magnetic field, whose permeability is less than that of a vacuum: in a
magnetic field, their induced magnetism is in a direction opposite to that of
iron. : diamagnetic
74. The branch of geophysics concerned with the magnetism in rocks that was
induced by the earths magnetic field at the time of their formation.:
Paleomagnetism
75.It is one of the exploration geophysics methods. The information about the
elements of this field makes it possible to determine their densities, ascertain
the deep structure of exploration areas according to the distribution of
geological bodies in the Earth crust. : Gravity Method
76.State the Law of Universal Gravitation!
: This force of gravitational attraction is directly dependent upon the masses
of both objects and inversely proportional to the square of the distance that
separates their centers.

77.State Newton's Second Law.!

: the acceleration of an object is dependent upon two variables - thenet force
acting upon the object and the mass of the object.
78.Using the Law of Universal Gravitation and Newton's Second Law, Mention an
expression for the acceleration of gravity.

:
79.What is the approximate value for the acceleration of gravity?: 9,8 m/s
80.What is the unit used for the acceleration of gravity? How many cm/sec2 is it
equal to?
: 980 cm/s2 = 980 gal
81.How do we know that the interior of the Earth must be composed of rocks
denser than those on the Earth's surface? : the density of the whole Earth is
about five and a half times that of water. 2.8 times water for the granite and
about 3 times that of water for the basalt.we know that that model must be
something other than the granite or basalt that we find at the surface.
82.What causes the Earth's oblateness? : Centrifugal force
83.a three-dimensional shape created from a two-dimensional ellipse. We can
call it as : spheroid
84.It is defined as the surface of the earth's gravity field, which approximates
mean sea level. It is perpendicular to the direction of gravity pull. Since the
mass of the Earth is not uniform at all points, the magnitude of gravity varies,
and the shape of the it is irregular. What is the term? Geoid