Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
2
Equilibrium relationship:
Pi yi PT
Pi 0
xi Pi 0 yi PT yi xi y i K i xi
PT
Pi Hxi
Species of low concentration, low to moderate pressure.
H= Henrys law constant (solubility)
* the constant is obtained from tables.
Calculation of ( poi )
B
log Pi 0 A
C T
There are two structures of Antoine equation depending on
the Obtained A,B,C constants.
Pi 0 y i x j (1)
ij 0
Pj x j yi
yi (1 y j ) and xi (1 x j ) (2)
The K-value
can be found
using
ChemCad
18
The Batch (Differential Distillation )operation requires a much simpler
apparatus, but is complicated because the process is now a function of time.
Total condenser
Differential
Distillation
Overhead vapor
Distillate
QB
19
20
Fractional distillation
Batch Distillation
Differential Total condenser
The rate of depletion of the liquid is Distillation
equal to the rate of distillate output Overhead Distillate
vapor D(t), y=yD=xD
In put -out =accumulated
QB
-D= dW/dt
Liquid left in still
W(t), x=xw
The instantaneous rate of depletion of a
component in the liquid is given by:
d dxW dW
Wx W W xW
dt dt dt
Change in total
Change in Change in the
amount of that
composition total amount
component
in the liquid of the liquid
in the liquid 22
22
The instantaneous rate of the component
leaving in the distillate is:
Dy D
d dxW dW
Wx W W xW Dy D
dt dt dt
23
Rate of depletion equals the component flow rate in Distillate
d dxW dW
Wx W W xW Dy D
dt dt dt
Multiplying the above equation by dt gives:
WdxW xW dW y D Ddt
But we know that the rate of total liquid depletion is equal to the
flow rate of distillate:
dW Ddt
Which then gives:
Wdx W xW dW y DdW
Rearranging to use separation of variables gives:
dxW dW
y D xW W 24
24
The distillate composition and liquid composition are related through
an equilibrium equation (y=kx). We can then integrate both sides:
1 x w
dx dW ln ln
k 1 xo wo
xk 1 W
If the mixture is a binary and the relative volatility constant we can
substitute the relationship:
AB x A
yA
1 x A AB 1
and then integrate both sides to obtain:
1 xo 1 x wo
ln ln ln
1 x 1 xo w
25
25
Flash Distillation Solution
26
Flash Distillation
Energy Parameters
Heater Input QH
Feed Enthalpy hF
Vapor Enthalpy HV
Liquid Enthalpy hL
Upstream Feed Temperature T1
Feed Temperature TF
Drum Temperature Td
27
28
Flash Distillation Pressures
The pressure, Pd, in the flash drum is chosen such that the feed
is above its boiling point at Td, so that some of it vaporizes.
Pd < Po v
The pressure, P1, is chosen such that the upstream feed is
below its boiling point and remains liquid at T1.
29
Flash Distillation Mass Balances
F VL
Component mass balance
Fxf Vy Lx
30
Flash Distillation Operating Line
L F
y x xf
V V
31
Common problem specifications.
32
Operating Line Form
(Fraction Vaporized)
From the overall mass balance
L F V 1 V/F 1 f
V V V/F f
then
1- f 1
y x xf
f f
33
Operating Line Form
Fraction Remaining as Liquid
or
L L L/F q
V F - L 1 - L/F 1 - q
and
q 1
y x x f
1- q 1 q
34
Operating Lines Linear!
Slope L 1 f q
V f 1 q
y Intercept
F 1 1
z z z
V f 1- q
x intercept
F 1 1
z z z
L 1- f q 35
EXAMPLE. Flash separator for ethanol and
water
A flash distillation chamber operating at 101.3
kPa is separating an ethanol water mixture. The
feed mixture is 40 mole % ethanol. (a) What is
the maximum vapor composition and (b) what is
the minimum liquid composition that can be
obtained if V/F is allowed to vary? (c) If V/F =
2/3, what are the liquid and vapor
compositions? (d) Repeat step c, given that F is
specified as 1,000 kg moles/hr.
Answer
A. Define. We wish to analyze the performance of a flash
separator at 1 atm.
a. Find ymax.
b. Find xmin.
c. and d. Find y and x for V/F = 2/3.
B. Explore. Note that pdrum = 101.3 kPa = 1 atm. Thus we must
use data at this pressure. These data are conveniently available
in Table 2-1 and Figure 2-2. Since pdrum and V/F for part c are
given, a sequential solution procedure will be used. For parts a
and b we will look at limiting values of V/F.
C. Plan. We will use the y-x diagram as illustrated in Figure 2-2.
For all cases we will do a mass balance to derive an operating
line [we could use Eqs. (2-11), but I wish to illustrate deriving an
operating line]. Note that 0 V/F 1.0. Thus our maximum and
minimum values for V/F must lie within this range.
D. Do It. Sketch is shown.
Mass Balances: F = V + L
Fz = Vy + Lx
Solve for y:
y = L/V*x +F/V*z
From the overall balance, L = F V. Thus
when V/F = 0.0, V = 0, L = F, and L/V = F/0 =
when V/F = 2/3, V = (2/3)F, L = (1/3)F, and L /V =
(1/3)F/[(2/3)F] = 1/2
when V/F = 1.0, V = F, L = 0, and L /V = 0/F = 0
Thus the slopes (L/ V) are , 1/2, and 0.
If we solve for the y = x interception, we find it at y = x
= z = 0.4 for all cases.
Thus we can plot three operating lines through y = x =
z = 0.4, with slopes of , 1/2 and 0. These
operating lines were shown in the next Figure .
a. Highest y is for V/F = 0: y = 0.61 [x = 0.4]
b. Lowest x is for V/F = 1.0: x = 0.075 [y = 0.4]
c. When V/F is 2/3, y = 0.52 and x = 0.17
d. When F = 1,000 with V/F = 2/3, the answer is
exactly the same as in part c.
The feed rate will affect the drum diameter and the
energy needed in the preheater.
McCabe-Thiele Analysis
40
Thanks