1.

RECTANGULAR BEAMS WITH TENSION AND COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT If a

beam cross section is limited because of architectural or other considerations, it
may happen that the concrete cannot develop the compression force required to
resist the given bending moment. In this case, reinforcement is added in the
compression zone, resulting in a doubly reinforced beam, i. e., one with
compression as well as tension reinforcement (see Fig. 3.14). The use of
compression reinforce- ment has decreased markedly with the use of strength
design methods, which account for the full-strength potential of the concrete on
the compressive side of the neutral axis. However, there are situations in which
compressive reinforcement is used for reasons other than strength. It has been
found that the inclusion of some compression steel will reduce the long-term
deections of members (see Section 6.5). In addition, in some cases, bars will be
placed in the compression zone for minimum-moment loading (see Section 12.2)
or as stirrup support bars continuous throughout the beam span (see Chapter 4).
It may be desirable to account for the presence of such reinforcement in exural
design, although in many cases they are neglected in exural calculations.

2.Tension and Compression Steel Both at Yield Stress rb-I I~*1 A; - , , d o.

e5r, ; If, in a doubly reinforced beam, the tensile reinforcement ratio p is less than
or equal to pb, the strength of the beam may be approximated within acceptable
limits by disregarding the compression bars. The strength of such a beam will be
controlled by tensile yielding, and the lever arm of the resisting moment will
ordinarily be little affected by the presence of the compression bars. If the tensile
reinforcement ratio is larger than pb. a somewhat more elaborate analysis is
required. In Fig. 3.14a, a rectangular beam cross section is shown with
compression steel A; placed a distance d from the compression face and with
tensile steel A, at effective depth d. It is assumed initially that both A; and A, are
stressed to at failure. The total resisting moment can be thought of as the sum of
two parts. The first part, M, ,,, is provided by the couple consisting of the force in
the compres- sion steel AS and the force in an equal area of tension steel

3.M", = A; fy(d - d) a _ T I. ..= t-u. (ag) With the definitions p = A; /bd and p
= A; /bd, this can be written a Z (p - Io'lf, -d O.85f, M. = Mnl + M. .. = A; f,(d - d)
+ (A. - A; )f. .(d

4.balanced reinforcement ratio 5,, for a doubly reinforced 51, = Pb + P p, , is the

balanced reinforcement ratio for the corresponding singly reinforced fimax =
pmax + P rem 50.005 = P0.0os I P Compression Steel below Yield Stress c 6,,
6,, , _ 01' C = __ d 6,, 6, 6,, 6, dl minimum tensile reinforcement ratio 5,, _ _ fd'
5.. P? T '85Bf, d e. . e, I +9 If the tensile reinforcement ratio is less than this
limiting value, the neutral axis is sufficiently high that the compression steel
stress at failure is less than the yield stress. In this case, it can easily be shown on
the basis of Fig. 3.14!) and c that the balanced reinforcement ratio is

5._ . fi = + Pb Pb P fy I I d" fs = Ere: 7 Es Eu g(6u T 6y) Sfy To determine

pm, 6, = 0.004 is substituted for 6; in Eq. (3.53a), giving f; = E. [e. . "; (e. . +
0.004)] sf. Likewise. for 6, = 0.005, dl f; = E_, I:E, , : (, , + 0.005)] Sf, Hence,
the maximum reinforcement ratio permitted by the ACI Code is _ , f P = P I P "
max max 6 and the maximum reinforcement ratio for 4) = 0.90 is , f 3 P0005 7
P0.oos + P fy

6.I If the tensile reinforcement ratio is less than 5,, as given by Eq. (3.52), and
less than )3, as given by Eq. (3.51), then the tensile steel is at the yield stress at
failure but the compression steel is not, and new equations must be developed for
compression steel stress and exural strength. The compression steel stress can
be expressed in terms of the still-unknown neutral axis depth as (3.55)
Consideration of horizontal force equilibrium (Fig. 3.14c with compression steel
stress equal to f} ) then gives c-d c Asfy = 0.85BIbc + A;6,, E, (3.56) This is a
quadratic equation in c, the only unknown, and is easily solved for c. The nominal
exural strength is found using the value of f; from Eq. (3.55), and a = BIC in the
expression M, , = 0.s5f; ab(d + A; f;(d 4') (3.57)

7.Examples of Analysis and Design of Beams with Tension and Compression Steel
1. Calculate the maximum moment that can be resisted by the underreinforced
section with p = pm, , or poms to ensure that it = 0.90. The corresponding
tensile steel area is AS = pbd, and, as usual, a M, , = A, f,, (d - _ My 0.85fc b with
0 2. Find the excess moment, if any, that must be resisted, and set M2 = M as
calculated in step 1. Mt. M1=TM2 Now A, from step 1 is defined as A52, i. e., that
part of the tension steel area in the doubly reinforced beam that works with the
compression force in the concrete. In Fig. 3.l4e, A, - A; = A52.

8.3. Tentatively assume that}: = Then to-w) 4. Add an additional amount of

tensile steel A5, = A; Thus, the total tensile steel area A5 is A52 from step 2 plus
A. A2 5. Analyie theldoubly reinforced beam to see if f; = f; that is, check the
tensile reinforcement ratio against 50,. 6. If p < 1,, then the compression steel
stress is less than and the compression steel area must be increased to provide
the needed force. This can be done as follows. The stress block depth is found
from the requirement of horizontal equilibrium (Fig. 3. l4e), (A _ Ailf [As _ A; 0 = Q
01' (1 = T 0.85f; b O.85f; b

9.and the neutral axis depth is c = a/3,. From Eq. (3.55), The revised
compression steel area, acting at , must provide the same force as the trial steel
area that was assumed to act at Therefore, fy : _ I __ sxevised " . s.ttial f1 3 The
tensile steel area need not be revised, because it acts at f , as assumed.

10.EXAMPLE 1. (FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF A GIVEN MEMBER) A rectangular beam

shown, has a width of 300 mm, and an effective depth to the centroid of the
tension reinforcement of 600 mm. The tension reinforcement consists of 6 pcs. 32
mm. (1) bars in 2 rows. Compression reinforcement consisting of 2 pcs. 25 mm.
(1) bars is placed 65 mm. from the compression face of the beam. If fy = 414
Mpa. and f'c = 35 Mpa, what is the design moment capacity of the beam? Solution
: The steel areas and ratios are A5 = 4824 mm" p = 0.0268 A, b x d 4824 300 x
600 A, 982 mm" p'= 0.00546 A. , b x d 982 300 X600 Check the beam first as a
singly reinforced beam to see if compression bars can be disregarded, B1 = 0.80
pm = 0.0246 = 0.85 X B1 X X 8,, f, 8., + 0.004 = 0.85 X 0.80 X 35 X 0.003 414
0.003+0.004 < p, Analyze as doubly reinforced beam

11.p(bar)cy = p(bar)max = 0.02555 0.0301 =0_85x[*]1xfixix eu +p fy d Eu ' E5]

= 0.85 x 0.80 x 35 x 65 X 0.003 414 6(1) 0. 003-[414 / 200000] <p, compression
bars will yield when the beam fails = Pmax "' P = 0.0246+0.00546 > p, (0.K. ) a
= 178.22 mm. = [As-A', ] xfy 0.85 x f-. x b = [4824-982] X414 0.85 x 35 x 300 c =
222.77 mm. = 1 I31 = 178.22 0.80 at = 0.00508 = 2.. X d - c c = 0.003 x
60022.77 222.77 Therefore, +0. 00546

12.M. .. = 1,030.12 KN-m. = (0.85 X f-c X a X b X [d - a / 2] +A'5 xfy X [d - d']) /

10002 = (0. 85 x 35 x 178. 22 x 300x [600178.22 / 2] +982 x 414 x [600-65]) /
10002 M, ,= 927.11 KN-m. =XMn = 0.9 X 1030.12 Answer The design moment
capacity of the beam is 927.11 KN-m.

13.EXAMPLE 2. (DESIGN OF A DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM) A rectangular beam

that must carry a service live load of 36 KN/ m and a calculated dead load of 16
KN/ m. on an 5.5 m. simple span is limited in cross section for architectural reason
to 250 mm. and 500 mm. total depth. If fy = 414 Mpa. and f'c = 27.6 Mpa, what
steel area(s) must be provided? Solution : W: 753 KN/ m_ =1.2xDL+].6xLL = 1.2
x 16+1.6x 36 M, = 290.4 KN-m. = w. .x L 8 = 75.3. 5.5 8 .0 To satisfy spacing
and cover requirements, assume that the tension steel centroid will be 100 mm.
above the bottom face of the beam and that compression steel, if required, will be
placed 65 mm. below the beam's top surface. Then, d = 400 mm. = h - Cover =
500-1(1) d' = 65 mm.

14.First, check the capacity of the section if singly reinforced. I. Calculate the
maximum moment that can be resisted by the underreinforced section with p =
pm. or pom, to ensure that do = 0.90. The corresponding tensile steel area is A,
= pbd. and. as usual. 0 4", , '7 with a - jig); 0.85f', b B1 = 0.85 D9905 =
0.018]. = 0.85 X B1 X E X Eu f, 5.. +o. oos = 0.85 x 0.85 x 27.6 x o. oo3 414 o.
oo3+o. oos a = 127.50 mm. = A, x fy 0.85 ><f', x b = 2064.29 x 414 0.85 x 27.6
x 250 M, ,= 251.44 KN-m. =A5><fy><(d-a/2)/10002 = 1806.25 x 414 x
(4oo127.5o / 2) / 1ooo M, . = 218.76 KN-m. = ><M. =o.9 x 251.44 < Mu,
therefore design as a doubly reinforced beam

15.Find the excess moment. if any. that must be resisted. and set M, = M, as
calculated in step I. M M : '; " we I C Now A, from step I is defined as 21,2. i. e.,
that part of the tension steel area in the doubly reinforced beam that works with
the compression force in the concrete. In Fig. 3.1-1e. A, A; = A, ,. Assume, (D =
0.87 M2 = : Mn M1 = 82.35 KN-m. = E - M2 (5 = 290.4 -251.44 0.87 As - A; =
1806.25 mm 3. Tentatively assume that J} = Then A - -M' f, (d - d) A's=
593.77 mm? = M1x1(XX)2 fvx [d - d'] = 82.35 x 1000 414x [40065]

16.4. Add an additional amount of tensile steel A 5 A; Thus. the total tensile
steel area A, is A from step 2 plus A, ,. A5 = mmz = A5 ' AIS l Als =
1305.25+593.77 5. Analyze the doubly reinforced beam to see if L = 1;; that is,
check the tensile reinforcement ratio against 50.. p: 0.0240002 = A5 0.85,; b x d
= 24(X).02 250x 4-(X) p' = 0.0059377 = A's + b x d = 593.77 250x 4(X) (A.
_Ars)fy _ f. d 6.. = 0.85 *"" + ' Pry Blf d E _ 6 P p(ba, )q, = 0.0311863
=0.85>< B1 x E x d_' x Eu +p' fy d E. _.- [fy/ E5] =0.85xO.85>< 27.6 x 55 X 0.
(X)3 +0.(X)59377 414 400 O. (X)3-[414/ 200000] >p, therefore, Compression
stress is less than fy

17.6. If p < 59. then the compression steel stress is less than and the
compression steel area must be increased to provide the needed force. This can
be done as follows. The stress block depth is found from the requirement of
horizontal equilibrium (Fig. 3. Me), . A, - A ; a = (, ,_, ,,, ,, or a : [ .0/f, )]x. 0.8Sf,
'b 0.85f, 'b and the neutral axis depth is c = 0/5,. From Eq. (3.55). _ d f: = es. C
The revised compression steel area, acting at f, , must provide the same force as
the trial steel area that was assumed to act at Therefore. I I fy J. rv'uted = min E
The tensile steel area need not be revised, because it acts at f, as assumed.

18.f. = 352.17 Mpa. o. a5r, ' a = ' 133.76 mm. = [A5 -A; >< f'5/ fy] xf, V11 0.85
x f'c x b = [24(X).02-593.77 x 352. 17 / 414] x 414 0.85 x 27.6 x 250 .4. ( c =
157.36 mm. =3 / [51 = 133.76] 0.85 f; = 352.17 Mpa. = round(e. ,x E5 x c- d' ,2)
(A7A'8)'Jr c = round(0.003 X 2000()0 x 157.36-65 , 2) 157.36 Converge: Als
revised = 698-01 mmz = A's " fv / : = 593.77 x 414 / 352.17 A5 = mm = A5 ' A's
1 A: revised = 1806.25+698.01 T 5" *1 5'5 = 0.0017608 = E., x c- d c = 0.(X)3
>< 157.36-65 157.36 f'5 = 352.16734 Mpa. = E: X Es = O. CX)17608 x 2(X)CIX)

19.e, = 0.0046256 = E., >< d-c c =0.(X)3x 4-(X)-157.36 157.36 Then, (2) = 0.87
Converges with previously assumed value M, , = 299.00 KN-m. =
x(0.85xf'cxa><b><[d- a/2] +A', ,m, edxf', x[d- d'])/1000 = 0.87 x (0.85 x 27.5 x
133.75 x 250 x [4o0133.7s / 2]+59ao1 x 352.17 x [4o()65]) / 1000

20.Tensile Steel below the Yield Stress All doubly reinforced beams designed
according to the ACI Code must be underrein- forced, in the sense that the tensile
reinforcement ratio is limited to ensure yielding at beam failure. Two cases were
considered in Sections 3.7a and 3.7b, respectively: (a) both tension steel and
compression steel yield and (b) tension steel yields but com- pression steel does
not. Two other combinations may be encountered in analyzing the capacity of
existing beams: (c) tension steel does not yield, but compression steel does, and
(d) neither tension steel nor compression steel yields. The last two cases are
unusual, and in fact, it would be difficult to place sufficient tension reinforcement
to create such conditions, but it is possible. The solution in such cases is obtained
as a simple exten- sion of the treatment of Section 3.7b. An equation for
horizontal equilibrium is written, in which both tension and compression steel
stress are expressed in terms of the unknown neutral axis depth c. The resulting
quadratic equation is solved for c, after which steel stresses can be calculated and
the nominal exural strength determined.

21.Given : b = mm d mm. d = mm As = mm A, = mm f'c = Mpa fy = Mpa

Required : Moment Capacity of the beam 0.85! I- " -1 _r_l A, -- 9 F], As (9) (d)
(e) rraum-: 3.14 Doubly reinforced rectangular beam.

22.Eu: 0-003 e = 0.0021 = 420.00 p'= 0.0048 01 = 0.84 200000 = A. p = 0.0369

5 b x d = As = 628.00 b x d 275.00 x 475.00 = 4824.00 275.00 x 475.00 Check
the beam first as a singly reinforced beam to see if compression bars can be
disregarded, pmax = 0-0217 =0-8S X B1 x f'c X Eu r, en + 0.004 =0.85xO.84x
30.00 X 0.003 420.00 0.003+0.004 p, ,= 0.02985 =0.s5xp1x ix 2,, f, Eu + Ev
=0.85x0.84>< 30.00 x 0.003 420.00 0.003+0.0021 < p = 0.0369 , Analyze as
Doubly Reinforced beam

23.p(, ,a, )c, = 0.02617 =0.85xB1x fix ix 5,, +p fv d 8,, - Ev =0.8Sx0.84x 30.00 x
60.00 x 0.(. D3 +0.(X)48 420.00 475.00 0.003-0.0021 <p = 0.0369, compression
bars will yield when the beam fails p(, ,a, ,,, .a, = 0.0266 =0". .. +0 = 0.0217+O.
(X)48 <p = 0.0369, tension bars will not yield when the beam fails Try. I__ , _1
c=2mm- -4 A, 4 I. d dt 2', = 0.00237 = 8,, x [c- d'] - c L = 0.003 x [28480756-
60.00] A 0 " 284.80756 (8) f, = 473.60 Mpa. =20fD00>< 6'5 Use, f, = 420.00
Mpa.

24.as = 0.002 = 6., X [d - c] C = 0.003 x [475.00284. 80756] 284.80756 fs =

400.68 Mpa. = 20m00x 5. Use, f, = 400.68 Mpa. a = 238.02 mm. = A, x rs - A; x
f, 0.85 X f'c X b = 4824.00 x 400.68-62811) x 420.00 0. 85 x 30.(I) x 275.00 c =
284.8076 mm. = 3 / B1 = round(238.02/ 0.84, 4) 1 . C Converges with previously
assumed value L (D = 0.65 0 7.4: Mn: 703.65 KN-m. =(0.85xf'cxaxbx[d
a/2]+A'5xf'5x[d-d'])/10002 = (0. 85 x 30.00 x 238.02 x 275.00 x [475.00-238.02 /
2]+628.00 x 420.00 x [475.0060.00]) / 1000 (DM, , = 457.57 KN-m. = 0 X M" =
0. 65 x 703. 65