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TYPES OF PILES (
UD: 42.2-42.3) 12.3. Isolated pilot. COLLAPSE LOAD (UD: 42.5-42.6 / LW: 33.1-33.
2) 12.3.1. Introduction 12.3.2. Point resistance. 12.3.3 Static and semiempirica
l expressions. 12.3.4 shaft resistance. Formulas jacking and load tests 12.4. Pi
lot group. COLLAPSE LOAD (UD: 43.2 / LW: 33.4) 12.5. DISTRIBUTION OF CHARGES IN
GROUP OF PILES
12.6. CHECKING IN AND BREAK IN SERVICE (UD: 43.3) 12.7. NEGATIVE FRICTION AND OT
HER SPECIAL SOLICITATIONS (LW: 33.5) 12.8. PROCEDURE OF CALCULATION AND TECHNOLO
GY STANDARDS (UD: 42.4 / NTE)
12.1. General typology of foundations INTRODUCTION Purpose of a foundation: to t
ransmit the buffered form field structural loads that can not be transmitted dir
ectly to it as a material of low strength and high deformability.
-
Shallow foundations: Foundations semideep Deep foundations
D / B <4 4 <D / B <8-10 8-10 <D / B
Pile: Items foundation of great length kneel directly on the ground or are built
in a cavity previously opened in it. The foundation on piles is needed when the
surface or semi-deep foundation is not possible for technical reasons or econom
ic dimensions. Originally established criteria slimness such as: φ / l> 1 / 12 (
XV and XVI century)
subsequently developed rejection criteria less than 1-4 mm in 25 to 30 blows o
a hammer o given weight ormulas were developed then jacking: Pm Pm × H (1851)
δ Pm + Pp an finally static an empirical expressions, respectively epen ing o
n soil characteristic parameters or results of tests penetratción: Qh = pp = 9 c
u or pp = qc / β
Working metho
sof the piles Contri ution y shaft: it relies on friction
etwee
n the groun an the pile. Behavior is shear stress versus relative isplacement
that may have terms frictional or a hesion. Τ F = integral of x Afuste Contri
ution to tip: it relies on the support usually normal in lower layers more resis
tant either y nature ifferent as greater confinement. P = σn x dApunta integra
l component A (any of them) may be much higher than the other. The haft may wor
k again t, ie in tead of re i ting it re t .
Ba ic criteria for the u e of tilt When urface layer are not trong enough t
o obtain acceptable ize of urface foundation erving the breakage and conditi
on of ervice ( eat ). Filling of oft oil that ha never been ubjected to an
external load ( oil normally con olidated). Strict limitation of eat , eat or
eat on other differential tructure . The pile are foundation that give ri
e to very mall movement compared to hallow foundation . Heterogeneou ground.
Pre ence of layer of variable depth hard upport. Very heavy load : Off hore,
dock in port area , wall , bridge bearing , inverted vertical load (traction).
-
In any ca e hould be con idered for po ible improvement of the land for exampl
e by pre-loading or removing layer of oft oil.
11.2. TYPES OF PILES a) how to tran mit the load to the oil column: trong pred
ominance of the peak component (re i tant layer on oft ground). Floating or fri
ction: tran mi ion along the deformable oil pile to which i attached by haft
.
According to the NTE can be e tabli hed that: - P> 3 F work e entially the pil
e tip - P <3 F work e entially the pile haft
b) The manner of putting in work over the ground
-
Di placement pile or kneeling: the field i in talled in the field moving in a
oil volume equivalent. Fir t the ground up, but then only compre ed. They feat
ure: - trong friction oil - pile (the pile i tightly confined) - oil di turb
ance: improving overall compre ion area - to reduce the co t of jacking the pil
e may be of intere t to be mooth
-
Pile of mining: the ground i dug beforehand where you are in talling the pile.
Then run the pile. They are characterized by: - weak friction oil - pile due t
o weak normal ten ion - intere t that the pile i rough to enhance the contribut
ion of tem.
-
Extraction - di placement: the previou ly excavated oil volume to occupy le t
han the pile over. Thi i done to reduce the co t of jacking a middle ground.
c) the place of manufacture and method of execution Prefab : in thi ca e are tr
an ported from one manufacturing plant and kneel by percu ion, pre ure or vibr
ation,by hydraulic jack , crew the ground or in talled in borehole drilled pr
eviou ly. Executed in itu: There are variou typologie - jacking of ca ing rec
overed with a azuche (cap lo t on the tip of the tubing). I poured in ide the c
a ing to be extracted imultaneou ly with the concrete. Should alway be two dia
meter of concrete in ide the hirt to prevent entry of water. The ca ing i rem
oved by lateral beating u ed to vibrate the concrete. ICC 2 - Idem but with cap
in place of azuche gravel. In thi ca e the hit i made with an internal hammer
trike the cap. CPI 3 - Extraction with poon (if hard ground drill) with tubin
g retrievable. The concrete ca ing i removed. CPI-4. - Extraction with poon (i
f hard ground drill) with non-recoverable tubing. CPI-5. - Drilled with propelle
r and maintaining the excavation thixotropic ludge (mixture of water and benton
ite clay) that hold the wall to avoid land lide (the den ity can be from 1.3 t
o 1.4, I gue ). CPI-6 - Borer: introducing a mortar through the center of the a
uger that move the ground field. Finally we will
-
extracting the auger while i poured. The tru e are introduced into the fre h
concrete. CPI-7 d) according to the Wood material: Underwater Metal hold up wel
l to harne rolled. Oxidation rate i low Concrete: reinforced or pre tre ed.
Mixed: A combination of profile with concrete.
General procedure for calculation 1. Selection of the olution ba ed on predeter
mined criteria 2. Te ting on break / Downfall ( ingle pile / group of pile ). If
it fail , back to 1. 3. Checking ettling / eat for the workload. If it fail
, back to 1. 4. Structural dimen ion of the pile: armor 5. Sizing of auxiliary
equipment uch a pile cap or beam bracing.
Notation pp: peak pre ure or re i tance to the ultimate point (unit of voltage
) pf: re i tance pre ure to tem or tem-rupture (unit of voltage) Qh: Burden
of collap e (t) = Qp + Qf Qh = P + F: contribution qc tip and haft, Rp: re i t
ance to penetration (voltage unit ) qu: imple compre ive trength (unit of vo
ltage) cu: undrained hear trength l, D: φ pile length, B: diameter o pile
3.12 isolated pilot. COLLAPSE LOAD 12.3.1. Introduction The global racture (typ
ical o shallow oundations) hardly occurs in piles. Due to its more slender, th
e break in a pile is punching. Rupture o a pile is identi ied in the load-seat.
This curve is in the same way that the stress-strain curves o elastic-plastic
material behavior. You can show ductile behavior and brittle behavior. According
Winterkorn and Fang, the rates o breakage in piles can be outlined as: a) Land
-based so t rock at its lower limit. The pile is o type column and almost the e
ntire load is supported by point. The sha t is negligible and also the capacity
or containment o soil around the pile. I the load is large enough in relation
to the slenderness o the pile, it can get to sag. The break type is completely
ragile. b) Land so t on middle ground middle ground or on hard ground. In this
case you can also try to pile column what i it leads to an overall breakdown o
support layer (Prandtl mechanism) then it would also cause a rupture curve wit
h brittle behavior. c) Land homogeneous loating pile. As a loating pile is int
roduced in the ield, is compressed and the sha t resistance increases. There or
e, the curve o rupture o a loating pile tends to show hardening. d) Pilote tr
action. A loating pile can bear loads in tension and breaking curve that produc
es plastic type is per ect. Actions and reactions to a pilot is a system o char
ges, V, H, M general. In act the single pile can only support vertical loads V
and, to a lesser magnitude and importance, horizontal loads. V vertical load on
a pile is just comparing with the collapse o the pile load Qh through a sa ety
actor to the collapse. The collapse load is expressed as: Qh = Q p + Q where
Qp and Q are respectively the charges o collapse o the tip and sha t and are
expressed as: Q p = pp Ap
l
Ap = πφ2 / 4
l
Πφ Q = ∫ (z) dz = πφ ∫ (z) dz = i li πφΣ
0 0
O these two comonents, the contribution sha t is a ected by the en orcement s
ystem in more than the ti contribution.
12.3.2. oint resistance. tatic Exression
You can consider the analogy with shallow oundations, so that in rincile will
be based on the general exression o Brinch-Hansen: h = c 'N c dc ic sc + qN
q + 1 iq dq sq BγN iγ γ 2 γ d sγ
The term weiht (γ) is neliible in all cases of piles. In undrained conditions
Nγ = 0 which cancels the entire term. In drained conditions is neliible becau
se: 1 BγN iγ γ γ d sγ <<qN q sq d QiQ 2 because, first, B = φ is small, and seco
nd, qNq is very large (q = γl , and the lenth l is lare). The terms of inclina
tion, the unit will in any case, as the loads act vertically on pilins. Therefo
re, the startin expression is as follows: ph = c 'N c sc dc + qN q dq sq subseq
uently particularize the type of soil and in different cases. Breakin mechanism
s in piles have been studied by different authors with the aim of findin ways t
o Nc and Nq analytical. Some of these mechanisms are: Terzahi: Assume overall r
upture (rupture zone in active and passive rupture zone) in the round under the
pile tip and the round acts as a lateral load q = γl.
Meyerhoff: The mechanism of rupture beins similarly to lobal break, however, c
ontinue to break lines in a spiral pattern that is emerin hasra that intersect
s the shaft of the pile. This mechanism allows to define the ZAI and ZAS which a
re, respectively, below the active zone (ZAI = 2-3 φ) and the to sot (4 φ φ cl
ays and sands 8). The existence o this justi ies the iles ZA imrove their co
ntribution oint i embedded in the hard layer on a suort Berenzantsev simle:
The basic hyothesis o this author that the real charge q on the level o su
ort is lower γ l due to silo effect caused by the very construction of the pile
or the natural state of the field. This facilitates the rise in the lateral fiel
d. Gibson: It is based on the existence of a bulb when the soil is plastic. This
bulb is stable until it reaches a break in that is rowin even reachin the r
ound surface. Arenas tip resistance is nelected and therefore cohesion: ph = qN
q dq sq The existence of different mechanism also causes the existence of diffe
rent models that can be used to determine the coefficient Nq (in the case of ra
nular soils. Caquot- Kerisel the compiled and obtained an averae curve that wou
ld be: N q = 103.04 as φ 'I you comare this exression with the results obtain
ed or oundations such as: φ 50 30 Nq Nq in ootings on iles 320 4200 18.4 56.
9
This means that or high values o φ 'di erences are an order o magnitude.
The other coe icients o the exression can be calculated in this case as: q =
1 + B as φ '= 1 + tan φ' ≅ 1.3 L
l dq = 1 + 2 as φ '(1 - without φ') 2 arctan = 1 + 2 as φ '(1 - without φ'
) 2 × 1.57 l φ = arctan arctan (∞) = 1.57 φ However, the exression:
H = qN q q γlN sq sq dq = dq is leadin to a linear increase with the depth of
the collapse pressure and this in fact is not observed. For dense sand, the pen
etration resistance (qc) is stabilized at 300 kp/cm2 to 5 m (20φ?) While in loos
e sand stabilization is achieved at 100 lb/in2. To overcome this di i-culty oth
er models have been roosed based least theoretically, such as: = 5 N q as φ
't / m 2 or z> 20φ In this case, is there ore: = min (q qN q dq, 5 N q as
φ ') N ( T) Nq Tye 20 Very loose sand 0-4 4-10 10-30 70 30 dro hal dense 30-
50 90> 50 150 Very dense
Finally, because the theory is di icult alication sought a more emirical a
roach that is written as: = qc 4 N ≅ β β (1 <β <3)
qc (kp / cm 2) 4 N≅ in which β is not constant: It increases with increasing qc
increases as the iameter of the pile
pp =
qc R p = β β
ipresistance accor ing to stan ar granular soil N E-CPI/77 wor s eventually m
ay e written as: pp = qc 1 + αBqc
______________________________________________
Point resist nce in Gr ves if there is gr vel b se nd gr nul r type not possi
ble to conduct the penetr tion test c n be t ken: cle n gr vel: Gr vel s nd to g
r vel cl y: kp/cm2 pp = 120 pp = 80 kp / pp = 50 cm2 kp/cm2
In ny c se it is dvis ble to flush the tip nd h ve minimum of 6φ both above
and below the level o suort. I only suorts can be reduced to hal its
value calculation. Clay-oint resistance behavior o clays is more comlex than
that o granular materials due to ore ressures generated during jacking,resha
ing may occur with consequent soil roerties change and consolidation rocesse
s can occur simultaneously. Usually works in total stresses. In so t clays (qu <
2.5 lb/in2) can be neglected the contribution o the ile ti as it is small com
ared to the contribution to be obtained rom the stem. imilar to as was done i
n arenas will start rom the general exression o BH in this case is undrained
conditions: H = cu N c sc dc + qN q dq sq actors in Nc and Nq are worth: Nq =
1 N c = π + 2 = 5.14 and orm actors can be calculated as: B as φ = 1 L NB 1 =
1.2 c = 1 + q = 1 + Nc L 14.05 q = 1 + and embedding actors: D dq = 1 + 2
as φ '(1 - no φ) 2 = 1 arctan B dc = dc - 1 - dq N c as φ = 1 + 2 D = 1 +
2π arctan ≅ 1.6 Nc B +2 2 π
D π → ∞ ⇒ D → B B 2 arctan
In conclusion it aears that the collase ressure er ti is: = γ nl × 1 ×
1 × 1 + cu × 1.2 × 5.14 × 1.6 ≅ 9cu As you can see the end of overload is nelec
ted because all correction factors are unity in which case only ives q = γ l pr
actically equivalent to the weiht of its own pile. That is, the clay-point resi
stance is evaluated as: pp = 9cu If you have the simple compressive strenth and
resistance to penetration then this expression becomes: pp = 9cu = 4.5qu ≅ ≅ 0.
6qc qu qc 7.5
A special case screens which act as a foundation and whose point resistance is:
pp = 7.5cu 0.5qc qu = 3.75qu ≅ ≅ 7.5 qc
that have different coefficients was not included the form factor (a screen is s
imilar to a shoe run). Rock point resistance can be established in eneral expre
ssion of the point resistance accordin to the simple compressive strenth: D
pp = αq u = 0.5+ β qu 6φ α = D 0.5 + β ≤ 1 6φ where the
arameter β epen s on the type
of rock y: Rock ype Granite porphyry Slate
Lime
stone compact marly not har compact san stone compressive strength qu (l /in2)
150 80 40 100 0.6 0.8 0.3 0.8 β
Normally to achieve penetration
of the tip of the pile in the rock of support wi
ll require the use of rills. If precast piling can also
use the tip of Oslo
con
sists of a narrow appen ix of the pile at its lower en in the form of nee le th
at can penetrate the rock.
Finally, if there is rock or har soil ut in a limite thickness can e assume
as a punching mechanism in the case of shallow foun ations (Hanna an Brown Mey
rhoff).
soft
har groun
1 Q 2 p = qu πφe being and the thickness o the hard layer, qu their resistance
to simle comression
12.3.3. ha t resistance. It was indicated that the burden o sha t sinking is c
alculated based on ressure by sha t sinking by: Q = πφ ∫ dz
0 l
The ultimate sha t mechanism is well de ined as it takes lace in the ile-soil
inter ace. imly raise the status thus breaking, which in this case is the Mohr
-Coulomb, in that inter ace: = σ τ = a + h 'as δ in which a is
he ahesion,
δ is he angle of fric ion σh 'i the horizontal effective tre can be expre
ed a : σh'
= Kσv '=
Kγ'zy therefore is: pf
=
σ
τ = a +
h' as δ
= a + Kγ 'z as δ
By using
his con
i ion break is observe
ha he shaf
resis ance
increases
li
nearly
wi h ep h. This,
however,
is
no very
realis ic because he
pene rome er
o measure
(sleeve)
he shaf
resis
ance a
ep h is observe ha
here is
s
a
abiliza ion an even wi
h
he bes
soil (
ense san
) never
excee s
he limi
va
lue
pf =
1kp/cm2 Since
bo
h
he poin resis ance as
he shaf
resis
ance wi h e
p h is
s abilize
hen
he ra io pp / pf is cons an a
a cer ain ep h. In gene
ral,
he shaf resis ance in
granular
soils is higher
han incohesive soils
bec
ause
he former are
base
on
he fric
ional
componen
(which
epen s on
he conf
inemen ), while
in he la er he ul
ima e un raine
con i ions
imply ha only
he
componen is
a hesion.
However, i is
usual
ha he shaf
is mobilize san
li
le because
he poin
is well suppor e an he pile
si s low (low eformabi
he ip is low an
he high groun
eforma
ion
(floa ing
piles) an
he runk is
mobilize an
are
herefore
impor an
con ribu
ion of he pile
shaf
. Finally,
i shoul be no e ha he componen
by shaf is very sensi ive
o he placing.
For example,much ifference if he pile is kneeling or perfora e .
pf = σ τ =
a + h 'as
δ = a + Kγ' z as δ an hen
iscusses
he rela ive impor a
nce of
each erm: The erm a herence,
which is rela e o soil
cohesion
can
n
be
eglec
e in granular
soils.
The fric
ion angle δ correspon s o fric ion a he
in erface suelopilo e an is es ima e by: δ = φ 'in the case o iles o extrac
tion and the roughness o the ile with the ground can be good. δ = φ '/ 3, wher
e kneeling metal iles that are very smooth. δ = 2φ '/ 3 or kneeling on concret
e iles.
The thrust coe icient K is strongly in luenced by the manner o imlementation
o the iles: iles o extraction in the ield since it is decomressed to do th
e drilling and just ushing on the ile, Ka <K <K0. I you have to take would be
advisable to adot a value K = Ka would leave the side o sa ety. In dislaceme
nt iles since the site is comressed to drive the ile, K0 <K <K. I you have
to take would be advisable to adot a value K = K0 would leave the side o sa et
y. Tyical values o K Hincado drilled Loose sand dense Arena 1.0 0.25 2.5 0.7
-
In any case, already has said it is more likely to have in ormation enetrometer
riction angles. This means that you should estimate the sha t resistance based
on these results enetrometer. In this case: qc β 20 <β <200 pf = qc (kp / cm 2
) 4 N ≅
he varia le resistance
increases
with β (see figure). Finally, the static penet
rometer is also a le to provi e irect information
on theshaft resistance,
ie
irect measurement of pf. In any case is limite , as alrea y mentione , the value
of a kp/cm2.
pf =
qc R p = β β
Figure.
Shaft resistance in san . Shaft resistance in gravel in gravelSince it
is ifficult
to perform penetration tests, you can take the following enchmarks
: pf (l /in2) clean gravel (GW, GP) san y gravel (GS) or silty clay Gravas ( GC,
GM) 1 0.77 0.51
Stem resistance in clays Estimation of stem resistance in clays is ifficult ec
ause of the generation
of pore pressures ue to low permea ility, the reshaping
that may happen uring the execution of the piles an the presence of consoli at
ion processes
in the area where installe . Practically it is a on resistance w
hich woul result in: Q f = πφ ∫ adz
0 l
ie,they assumed
that δ = 0 which
correspon
s o he rup
ure of he in erface in
un raine
con i ions.
Aherence
o epen
on
several fac ors an logically can
be
es ima e from he un raine shear s
reng h
cu soil.
A herence 0.5 (lb/in2)
0.4
0.3 0.2
smoo
h Pilo e 0.1
0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
0.7 0.8 0.9 1 un raine shear s reng h (lb/in2) Pilo e rough
A hesion accor ing o he un raine shear s reng h This in ica es ha one possi
ble way of assessing a herence may be: pf = a = β cu As shown in the accompanyin
g figure
β is practically equal to unity for soft clays (Cu <0.3 kp/cm2) while g
oing ecline as resistance increases coming to enforce the or er of 0.2. Kerise
l propose the following expression for the etermination of α: β =
2 1 + 2 1 + 7 cu cu
(Cu in kp / cm 2)
Finally, it is convenient to express the shaft resistance
ase on resistance to
penetration, in which case:
pf = a = β w = β su ject always to the limitation o
f 1kp/cm2. qu q ≅ β c Fe ruary 15
p f = β w = β qu / 2 ≅ β qc / 15
Stem
resistance in clays. Finally, we must make a series of recommen ations rega
r ing the evaluation of the shaft resistance may apply to e on the security:
Wh
ere to fin very soft clay layers eep, the shaft resistance which are a ove can
not
excee
three times the soft layer. In the case of granular
layers foun int
er e e clays, the shaft resistance of granular layersmay e higher than two t
imes
that of the clay layers. In
layers of clay with me ium consistency
must e
epreciate or a ove 2 meters a ove the contact with the groun surface.
-
-
Shaft resistance in rock is generally
not necessary to consi er the shaft
in roc
k layers as they want for a rock e ge support. If a case must e consi ere : pf
= 1 qu 20
12.3.4. Formulas jacking jacking
formulas
are use primarily to control changes
uring the execution groun ,possi le rupture ofthe pile uring jacking, etect
ion firm layer of support an , in general,groun control uring execution
H: height of fall of the hammer weight g Pm = Mm
δ: rejection, m / low
he work evelope y Pm weight falling from a height H can e written as: H ηPm
ttotal being η = coefficient of energy losses, ie not all t e potentialenergy
gets transformed into work. It also is designated as system performance it. T i
s work is consumed: inelastic collision
losses, work / energy consumed
in te ja
cking and elastic deformation
of t e pile and ot
er elements.
T e fall
of t e a
mmer causes some δ pilo sea . The collapse loa of he pile can be e ermine a
s: H Qh = Pm Pm Pm + Pp × δ
Demo: Mp:
Mm: vi: vp: vm:
mass
of he pile,
mass of he
club, ini ial
veloci y o
f each of he
hub, veloci y of he pile af er being bea en, spee of he club af
er being bea en
The equa
ions o solve
he problem are hose of he
heory of collisions,
ie
he
conserva ion of momen um: M m M m vi = vm + M pvpy he conserva ion of kine ic
energy:
1
1
1
2 Eo - E f
= M m vi2
- vm + M m M p 2 pv
2 2 2 expressio
Finally,
he equa ion of conserva
ion of he o al work is: o al = Tchoque + +
Telás ico ThinCan in which i replaces: ηPm H = (ηPm H) M p 1 - p ρ2 Mm + M
(
) + 1 Q + δ Q δ
h
2
an
h
af er some algebraic
ransforma
ion lea s o: Pp Pm Pm
+
ρ 2 × 1
H Qh = Pm
+ Pp
δ + δe 2 which lea s o
he final
formula if weneglec he elas ic eforma ion
an percussion is comple ely plas ic (no reboun ) Qh H = Pm × Pm Pm + Pp δ
Loa
es ing
of responsibili
y
in cases where
require
guaran ees excep
ional
is
avisable
o perform loa
es s
on piles
cons ruc
e . These can be es
ruc ive
an non es ruc ive. In he firs case, he informa ion is more comple e. _______
________________________________
12.4. Pilo
group.
COLLAPSE
LOAD piles usually groupe o form
foun
a ions o
wh
ich was main aine
hrough
he pile
caps.
The pilecaps
is a s ruc ural
elemen
whose mission
is o ransmi loa s o he piles
an
he groun .
In fac , his
sup
por o he fiel
will
be weak
or nonexis
en ue o he high s iffness
of he p
iles. The
separa
ion be
ween he s
il s
is a key variable for
bo h he fiel beh
avior
for he is ribu ion of loa s in he group. This separa ion s is usually i
n he range of 2.5φ to 4φ. In iles driven into sands have seen an imrovement i
n the sag resistance due to comaction o soil in the vicinity o the grou. The
maximum e ect was observed or s = 3.5φ. For much higher values (s>> 3.5φ) il
es behave as isolated and imroving the e ect will be negligible grou. For muc
h lower values (s ≅ 2φ) is little soil between iles and lost e iciency. Corres
ond to maximum e ect:
i Qhgruo = 1.25Σ Qh
As in ractice it is di icult to ensure that e iciency is o ten taken:
Qh = Σ i Qhgruo
In the case o iles o sand extraction on land decomression may lead to a decr
ease in stem resistance, which would evaluate the collase load o the grou as:
i Qhgruo = 0.7Σ Qh
2φ ≤ s ≤ 4φ
In clay soils, regardless o the manner o imlementation, there is reshaing th
e clay which o ten reduce the e iciency o the grou o iles. Tyically it can
be exressed as:
i Qhgruo = ηΣ Q
w ere η is called t e coefficient of efficiency.T is coefficient can be calcula
ted as (coefficient group from Los Angeles)
β m (n - 1) + n (m - 1) + 2 (m - 1) (n - 1) η = 1 - π β mn = arctg (
φ) 2s
where m is the number o iles er row and n is the number o iles er column o
the grou. In the case o clays, or small searations (s <2φ) should not be r
uled out ossible ruture o the grou collectively as i it were a semi-dee o
undation. In this case can be reached at:
i Qhgruo <0.65Σ Qh
which normally require a calculation assuming ruture ressures global collase
o the set (with a ground sur ace oundation o the grou and embedding equal to
the deth o the iles).
In the case o grous o iles in rock small searations can reach u to s = 1.5
φ without reducing the burdens o collase. Analysis o ile grous by blocks eq
uivalent in some secial cases (mentioned the case o grou o iles in clay wit
h small searations) you can break a global mechanism o the grou o iles. Nor
mally, this situation imlies the need or additional testing or the ossible c
ollase. These indings have oints in common with the indings raised in shallo
w oundations. Here are some o these cases: dee so t layers above and below th
e hard layer o small thickness: A grou o iles with ti in the hard layer can
cause damage by uncturing o the hard layer. This creates a hard unch in the
layer can transmit stress to the so t layers with an angle o 30o in the case o
rock or granular and 10th sot in the case o clays.
-
Floating iles layer harder than so ter dee: it can transmit the tension to the
so t layers with di erent levels starting 5φ above the lane o suort o the
iles in the case o sand (increased contribution rom the ti) or 1 / 3 l rom
that level o suort in the case o clays (increased contribution rom the ste
m).
In general, the con inement is very high (q = γ l) with the result that these me
chanisms are unlikely.
12.5. DISTRIBUTION OF CHARGES IN GROUPS OF PILES Once we have obtained the colla
pse load of a pile roup can set the followin condition for testin security: F
S hun ent = dim V Qhrupo
where V is the vertical load transmitted to the roup structure of piles. We can
assume further that each pile, in-service, will receive: Vi = V n
where n is the number of piles in the roup. These two expressions are not valid
if the roup of piles must support small horizontal forces and moments. Both r
oups have vertical components actin on a roup of piles. These components are d
ifferent in each pile of the roup, bein able to invest the total effort on a v
ertical pile (pile pulled). To obtain the distribution of vertical loads caused
by a eneral system of stresses: V, M, M can be done in several ways: Dispense w
ith the land and consider the union of the piles with pile caps is articulated R
eplace the reactions of land for a fixed located at a certain depth l 'depends o
n the deformability of the soil and piles. Solvin the correspondin portal. Con
sider that the piles are within a continuum.
-
Incorporation of times the articulated joint is assumed between the piles and pi
le caps. V is supposed to act, Mx, My and thus, assumin a linear distribution o
f stresses, can be written as:
σ =
ΣA
V
+
i
M and M x yi xi + Ix Iy
whe e: I x 2 = Σ j I Aj and y = Σ j Aj x2
and in the same a eas if at all piles is:
Vi = V M and M x i + xi + 2 Σ Σ xi2 yi n
fo obtaining the load on each pile. In pa ticula , the pile mo e loaded and les
s loaded.
It is impo tant to the least loaded pile is not in tension. In case you a e in t
ension, the sepa ation can be va ied to p event o put mo e weight on the pile c
aps.
Inco po ation of ho izontal fo ces esolution of a ecessed po ch and hype stati
c subjected to a ho izontal st ess H leads to the following effo ts ho izontal a
nd ve tical moments: H = H xi yi = Vi =
H
Hx n Hy n M yi + xH
M i = M = M y / xi xi
Xi H l '2 H i l' 2
M and H = Σ i M M M xH = Σ xi
Σy
2 i
Σx
2 i
Both ve tical fo ces and moments should be added to those p eviously calculated.
o that in total the following occu s ve tical load on each pile:
Vi =
HVM yxi xyi M M M xH yi and xi + + + + Σ Σ x i2 x i2 n Σ and Σ and i2 i2
In this case of ho izontal fo ces, the dete mination of l 'can be done by wo ds
such as: l' = 1.Feb ua y 4 l '= 1.2 f being Eo / El 0 0.5 1.0 7.1 25.1 1.0 f Ep
I p E / 3
4
fo clays to sands
Ep I p The / 3
Whe e Eo is the module f om the g ound up and the field is the magnitude of tip.
____________________________
Finally, ega ding the cha ge dist ibution in g oups of piles a e going to make
comments o ecommendations: The safety facto to the collapse of a g oup can be
established jointly, in which case it may be that the mo e heavily loaded piles
b eak app oaching . Typically it can be conside ed a safety facto somewhat les
s fo individual testing of the pile mo e loaded. If the ve ification is done on
the pile sinking mo e loaded, you can ensu e that the global is also t ue. Addi
tionally you have to check the load on the pile less loaded and ve ify that is n
ot unde tension. If you d ive can do the following: What is the o de of the we
ight of the pile than the pilot does not sta t (only cont ibution shaft and with
the same safety facto to the collapse). Inc ease the weight of the pile caps I
mp ove ine tia of inc easing sepa ation.
-
The NTE conside s some small g oups of two, th ee o fou piles. As the findings
desc ibed in this standa d a e based on a gene al exp ession and the use of an
equivalent time, then use the following: a pile G oup: Mx = My = 0 G oup 2 piles
: Mx = 0, My ≠ 0 G oup 4 piles: Mx ≠ 0, ≠ 0 My Meq Meq = My = Mx + My G oup 3 pi
les: Mx ≤ 1.75 My Meq = 1.75m
12.6. CHECK AND ERVICE IN RUPTURE collapse Loading: tate of failu e of the st
uctu e. You must ensu e that we each this situation both globally and locally.
Unce tainty: the e is unce tainty in both loads and esistance. In an assessmen
t cha ges on the side of safety. Can be estimated highe . The unce tainty is es
istance to the behavio of the g ound and the pile. If the model is mo e eliabl
e used can educe the safety facto . afety facto : Its main task is to emove t
he behavio of the ultimate st uctu e of the state so that the e is a sufficient
ma gin against possible loading conditions not fo eseen in the p oject. Additio
nally, the safety facto can cove inaccu acies in the models used. F = F Qh Q
o Vmax = h Qadm
No mally the value of F = 3 is a efe ence value but can va y depending on seve
al facto s. Fo example, t aditionally the estimated collapse load by jacking f
o mulas has been associated with a safety facto of a ound 6. eating: With the
wo kload o admissible (medium load) seats can be calculated eithe by empi ical
exp essions, tables, o methods based on the st ess - st ain behavio of soil.
teps to calculate a g oup of piles. It attempts to identify the va iables: n, φ
, s, l 1. Choose a grou o iles (n) 2. Calculate Vi (s), that is, the more loa
ded ile grou 3. We take s = 2.5 φ 4. Check that saw ≤ you attemt to determine
φ. I it is considered too large should be back to 1. 5. Check F = Qh / saw wh
at determines l. Considering the long iles are too many must return to 1. Note:
column iles, the length l is a given. tructure o a ile ca: It's the ermis
sible load o the ile and concrete structure. Te = 0.25σ 0.40σ concrete + teel
Ahormigon Aacero 0.25σhormigon ≤ 750 t / m 2 in preca t pile 0.25σhormigon ≤ 6
00 t / m 2 on tilt performed in itu Aacero ≅ 0 ______________________________
_____
Seat in pile i very difficult to determine the eat by imple calculation. T
he mo t appropriate load te ting, which can be very co tly. The pilot eat i fo
r two term , a deformation of the pile it elf and a deformation of the ground. T
he verification of eat i unnece ary column on rock pile in den e and and
hard clay . The deformation of the pile can be determined a : = ∫
0 l
Vl σ dz = E AE
On the other hand, there are empirical expre ion for the calculation can be fo
und in the literature. Floating in pile can u e the olution given by Mindlin
ela tic. Finally, it may be convenient, yet ea y to do, calculate the entrie of
a group of pile a if it were a foundation equivalent. Thi may be upported a
t an equivalent footing depth (2 / 3) l and urface of the group of pile .
12.7. SPECIAL SOLICITATIONS are olicitation that may occur eventually and be v
ery detrimental to the behavior of pile . Negative friction i cau ed by ground
con olidation,eg natural con olidation (ie by weight) of a loo ely packed filli
ng E ling. Con olidation cau ed by an embankment: road embankment reache bridg
e i anchored by pile . Con olidation induced variation of groundwater level cha
nge induced con olidation of oil tructure (clay thixotropic) cau ed by the ve
ry driving of the pile . Negative friction load terrreno horizontal lateral thr
u t Buckling Drive
The land i hung from the pile a it doe not allow the relative di placement in
the contact. If the pile wa very mooth, the re ult would be that hi head wou
ld be outgoing. Ideal behavior of the oil-pile interface:
Shear tre
Di placement
By increa ing the di placement on the hear tre increa e to a limit value wh
ich i the haft re i tance. From thi point remain con tant. If ub equently t
he relative di placement begin to decrea e, then the hear tre decrea e . Ev
entually, you could inve t your ign and then the tem begin to load on the pil
e. Thi effect ha the ame po itive limit. It reache a value that remain even
with
de cenciendo relative di placement. Finally, when the relative di placement incr
ea e again (for pile load), the hear tre ro e again and again to change the
ign to be po itive again. Ca e of pile with negative friction pile affected
by column: The negative friction may develop around the haft and the tip i a
upport with very little ability to move:
Act po itive hear tre e . At fir t increa e by increa ing the vertical tre
z. Then decrea e to decrea e the relative di placement
τ = a + σ 'h a δ
Law nega
ive
shear
s resses.
A firs
increases
by increasing
he ver ical
ensi
on
za espi
e he higher
rela ive isplacemen . Then ecreases o ecrease he r
ela ive isplacemen
The ransi ion from he s a us of posi ive fric ion o nega ive fric ion occurs
as follows:
+ +
-
Floa
ing
piles:
floa ing in
piles
is no possible,
by
force balance,
nega
ive fr
ic ion ha evelops aroun he s em. In fac , when his effec s ar s o appear
a he
op, he pile si s.
This is
always a par y wi h
a posi ive fric
ion
allo
wsa
cer ain
bearing
capaci
y. Even ually you can reach he
sink. On he o her h
an , he sea s o reach he new equilibrium can be unaccep able.
-
+
In
he upper
zone
(above he neu
ral poin ) is an increase
ue o higher normal
s
resses wi h
ep h. Aroun
neu ral
behavior
is elas
ic.
In he lower, increasin
g he
normal s ress
is offse
by he
ecrease
in he rela ive isplacemen o re
ach he areaof he
poin
. The
nega
ive
fric ion is harmful because: The
collaps
Physically i can
be assume
ha
he behavior
of he
pile soil in erface behave
s similarly posi
ive ue o
fric ion
in fric ion nega ive.
Therefore,
granular
s
oil is
calcula e as a fric ional
erm
while clay
is a
erm
bon
ra
e.
The fric
ional
s ress can
evelop grea er
han he bon . While i is rue ha
he uncons
oli
a e san , i can
happen
ha a
layer of san on a
clay Han
ily no consoli
a e cause
very nega ive effec s
on he pile. The nega
ive fric ion canbe re
uce
in he following
ways: Re uce
he number of piles
bu have a
larger
iame er.
Increases he
ra io area / perime er. Broa ening he base of he pile o allow m
ore loa ing ip.
-
la
e . Floa
ing on
s il s
ha resis ance
is
re uce
by half
shaf o no e ha
he pile se le uring he evelopmen of he nega ive fric ion.
CALCULATION
OF THE LOADWHEN HUNDIMIENDO
PRODUCE
NEGATIVE
FRICTION
Sea:
Qh
= Q p
+
Q f he collapse loa of apile
(con ribu
ion by con ribu ion
by s em ip.) E
ven
ually Qf can be ecompose in o several erms accor ing o he layers crosse
.For example: Q f = Q f 1 Q f × l1 + l2 + 2 × 3 × Q f + Q f l3 l4 4 ×
): 1 1 Qh = - Q
× f 1 l1 - l2 Q ×f
2 f 3 + Q + Q × f l3 l4 4 ×
2 2 con ribu
ion
is
negligible
ip. Reason
for re
uc ion of
(half): by varying he pile si s Qf
an can no mobilize all he nega ive fric ion.
Floa ing
piles: Lo homogeneous
consoli a ion in
he shaf
. We
assume
ha he
s
hear s resses are reverse in l / 3 an are wor h half he shaf
resis ance
in
he area,
ie
Qf Qh = l1 l ×
(l -)
- Qf ×
32 3 reasons:
by
varying he pile si s Q
f an
can no
mobilize all
he s em
nega ive fric ion.
I also seeks an equilibr
ium wi h posi ive an nega ive fric ion. The propose scheme is equivalen o: l
l 1 Qh = Q f l × - - Q = Q f × f 3 3 2 l l = Qf = Qf × l × -
× Qf 2 2 × ll l - - = March 6