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Lecture1: Introduction
IISER Kolkata Spring, 2017
What caused the changes in these rocks?!
Forces?!
Relative movement of lithospheric plates:
Convergent boundary (C)
Divergent Boundary (D)
Transform boundary (L)
Layers that are not presently horizontal must have been some way deformed !
Principle of Original Horizontality
Nicholas Steno (17th Century)
Deformation?
Rotation Strain
Geologic Structure: Any definable
shape/fabric in a rock body
(a) Primary structures
Form during or shortly after deposition
of sediments/formation of rocks
(b) Secondary structures
- Tectonic structures: Form in response
to forces generated by plate
interactions.
Structural Geology
& Tectonics?
What?
How?
Why?
What is Structural Geology?
Tectonics
How did it
form?!
Rock Deformation
Geometric analysis:
B. Mechanical analysis
Forces applied
Body force
Surface force
Body Force: They act on each particle of rock in a
volume, and its magnitude is proportional to the mass
within that volume.
= F/A
But
Traction at a point,
= dF/dA
Magnitude & direction of traction can vary from point to point across a
surface.
Force Traction
(-ve)
(+ve)
Surface Stress
Opposing Forces (pairs of equal & opposite traction
acting on any surface of specific
orientation)
Course Outline
Introduction to Geometric Analysis Module 1
Strain
Stress Module 2
Rheology
Failure Criteria
Manifestation of Deformation in rocks & their tectonic associations
Faults
Geometry, Classification
Folds Module 3
Geometry
Orientation
Classification
Introduction to Mechanics of Folding & Faulting Module 4
Course Outline
Textbooks:
Earth Structure: Van der Pluijm & Marshak
Structural Geology : Twiss & Moores
Structural Geology : Fossen
Basic Methods of Structural Geology: Marshak & Mitra
Structural Geology: Billings
Grading
Class tests & Quiz
Assignments
Participation in Class