Allen Glisson
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
University of Mississippi
University, MS 38677
(60 1 ) 232-5353
aglissonQsunset.backbone.olemiss.edu(e-mail)
Phased Array Antennas, by R. C. Hansen, John Wiley & Sons
Inc., 1998, xvi + 486 pages, $98.00, ISBN 0-471-53076-X.
he book is intended to be a comprehensive treatment of all
aspects of phased-array antennas. The first chapter serves as
an introduction, and discusses the interpretation of some basic ter-
minology. Chapter 2 gives a good summary of the basic character-
istics of arrays. In addition to the fundamental radiation-pattem
characteristics, a section on the quantization effects of discrete
phase shifters and subarrays i s included.
Chapter 3 summarizes various approaches to synthesizing the
proper array-excitation distribution, to obtain the desired radiation
pattern for linear arrays. All necessary formulas and tables for
designing Dolph-Chebyshev and Taylor distributions are given,
and the Villeneuve (the discrete-array equivalent of the continuous
Taylor) distribution is described. Techniques for synthesizing
arrays for specified beam shapes, sidelobe-envelope shapes, and
difference patterns are also presented. The very short section on
thinning of large arrays serves as an introduction to this specialized
subject. The synthesis of planar and circular arrays follows in the
next chapter. The array-factor design must be combined with the
radiation characteristics of the specific array element, and Chap-
ter 5 gives a brief basic description of some common array ele-
ments (dipoles, slots, horns, and patches).
Chapter 6 addresses the design of feed networks and feeding
techniques for realizing the desired excitation distributions. The
chapter gives a very good overview and summary of the various
standard feed-network design approaches. A section of the chapter
introduces the rapidly developing specialized field of fiber-optic
feed systems for phased-array antennas, and gives an overview of
various current techniques.
The design of arrays in which mutual coupling is neglected
can serve as an initial first step; however, the interaction between
the local reactive fields of the array elements can sometimes have a
very significant impact on the performance of a phased array.
Chapters 9 and 10 give an excellent summary of all aspects of this
subject. The specific performance impact is highly dependent upon
the details of the element design and its localized fields. The fun-
damental effect of mutual coupling is a change in the array-excita-
tion distribution and the element-impedance mismatch; and there-
fore, in order to realize the desired performance, mutual interaction
between elements should be a consideration early in the design
process. Some discussion of the most common array elements, and
references to analytical/numerical techniques for predicting mutual
coupling for these, are given. The general fundamental characteris-
72 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 40,No. 6,December 1998
tics of mutual-coupling effects are illustrated with dipole elements
in infinite and finite arrays, through the concepts of scan-element
pattem and scan impedance. These, along with the grating-lobe
series, give intuitive insight into how scanning arrays perform
when array-element interaction is included, and an explanation of
the phenomenon commonly referred to as scan blindness. A basic
understanding of the mutual-coupling mechanisms, and a detailed
description of the interaction between specific array elements, are
necessary in order to minimize the degradation in performance of
the scanning array. A brief summary of some approaches for com-
pensating for array mutual coupling is given.
Chapter 9 is devoted to the specific area of superdirectivity,
and includes an informative historical perspective at the beginning
of the chapter. Methods for determining excitation coefficients to
obtain maximum directivity are given for uniformly spaced linear
arrays. The three major practical limitations for superdirective
arrays (narrow bandwidth, low radiation efficiency, tight toler-
ances) are discussed. Techniques to partially overcome these diffi-
culties, by maximizing the directivity under one or more con-
straints leading to a more realizable design, are presented. The
inefficiencies due to very high feed-network losses and mismatches
can be partially overcome, due to advances in high-temperature
superconductive materials. Some discussion of that is given, sug-
gesting that some limited practical applications of superdirective
arrays may be feasible.
Chapter 10 addresses the classical feed network and lens
beam-former implementations for multiple-beam arrays. Condi-
tions for achieving beam orthogonality are discussed in detail for
uniform and tapered distributions. Estimates are given for realistic
antenna-performance degradation (efficiency and sidelobes), due to
non-orthogonality of beams.
Chapter 11, on conformal arrays, begins with a discussion of
ring arrays, both continuous and discrete. The transition is then
made to arrays on cylinders, by considering the cylindrical m a y to
be a stack of identical ring arrays. A good treatment of the stag-
gered versus regular-lattice cylindrical array is presented, from the
viewpoint of controlling sidelobes and grating lobes. The cylindri-
cal modal-Greens-function formulation for slot mutual admittance
is given, together with some discussion of scan-element patterns.
Some basic comparisons between the characteristics of planar
arrays and sector arrays on cylinders of large radii are then given.
The chapter contains a general description section related to arrays
on cones.
 The final chapter very briefly addresses some issues of prac-
tical importance, which are especially relevant to arrays (i.e., low-
sidelobe measurements, tolerances, diagnostics, and waveguide
simulators).
Obviously, an in-depth coverage of all the topics related to
phased arrays would have required a much larger volume (or mul-
tiple volumes). The book does, however, provide an awareness of
all the pertinent aspects of phased arrays that the designer should
consider, and could serve as a very useful general reference on this
subject.
Reviewed by:
M. C. Bailey
NASA, Langley Research Center
Hampton, VA 23681
EMP Note Series
The following EMP-related notes have recently been pub-
lished and distributed:
SSN 423 W. Scott Bigelow, Everett G. Farr, Gary D. Sower, and
Donald E. Ellibee, Design and Test of a Half Reflector
IRA with Feed-Point Lens, July 1998
IN 540 K. S. H. Lee and L. K. Wame, Bounding of Voltage
Responses, June 1998
IN 541 Richard J. Sturm, On the Theory of Nonuniform Mul-
ticonductor Transmission Lines: An Approach to
Irregular Wire Configurations,June 1998
IN 542 Lloyd S. Riggs, Jon E. Mooney, Daniel E. Lawrence, J.
Thomas Broach, and Anh H. Trang, On Identifying
Conducting Objects Using Low Frequency Magnetic
Fields: Theory and Measurement, July 1998
IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 40, No. 6, December 1998
IN 543 Carl E. Baum, Application of Symmetry to Magnetic-
Singularity Identification of Buried Targets, June 1998
IN 544 Richard Holland and Richard St. John, Statistical
Response of EM-Driven Cables Inside an Overmoded
Enclosure, September 1998
MaN92 Stanly Steinberg and Carl E. Baum, Lie-Algebraic
Representation of Product Integrals of Variable Matri-
ces, September 1998
Copies of these notes may be obtained directly from the
authors, from the Defense Documentation Center, Cameron Sta-
tion, Alexandria, Virginia 22134, or from the note-series Editor,
Dr. Carl E. Baum, Phillips Laboratory (PL/WSQW), 3550 Aber-
deen Avenue SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117-5776.Non-US citizens
desiring the most recently published notes should request copies
directly from the authors or through their embassies. In addition,
these notes are available at many universities and companies doing
research in EMP and electromagnetictheory.
The EMP notes series actively solicits contributed papers in
this area for publication. For such contributions,contact Dr. Baum.
Recent Books
The following is a list of recently published books that have
been received by the Associate Editor since the last issue of the
Magazine was published. Reviewers are sought for these books, so
readers are encouraged to let the Associate Editor know if they are
interested in reviewing a particular book.
Radar Principles, by Peyton Z. Peebles, Jr. (John Wiley, 1998)
Advances in Microstrip and Printed Antennas, by Hai Fong Lee
and Wei Chen (eds.) (John Wiley, 1997) $
73