Paediatrica Indonesiana

VOLUME 50 November  NUMBER 6

Original Article

Normal motor milestone development for use to

promote child care
Mahdin A. Husaini1, Abas B. Jahari1, Jajah K. Husaini1, Yekti Widodo1,
Heryudarini Harahap1, Susi Suwarti1, Dewi Purnomosari2, Fawziah A. Hadis3

I
Abstract t is generally believed that activity levels are
Background Motor behavior is an essential aspect of child UHGXFHG LQ SRRUO\ PDOQRXULVKHG FKLOGUHQ DQG
GHYHORSPHQWDQGXVXDOO\DVVHVVHGLQWHUPVRIDJHRIDFKLHYHPHQW this may have a detrimental effect on motor
of motor milestone. The early detection of infants experiencing development. The onset of developmentally
subtle delays in motor maturation can allow early intervention
in developmental problems. Intervention can be more effective if
VLJQLILFDQW DFWLRQ HJ FUHHSLQJ VLWWLQJ VWDQGLQJ
delays are identified early. In order to facilitate the identification dependent on the reciprocal interactions of physical
RIHDUO\GHOD\VWKH&HQWHURI1XWULWLRQDQG)RRGV5HVHDUFKDQG activity and motor maturation.  These authors
Development in Bogor has designed a simple tool to monitor the VXJJHVWHGWKHPRWRUWHVWVFRUHVEXWQRWPHQWDOWHVW
FKLOGDJHGWRPRQWKVPRWRUGHYHORSPHQW
VFRUHV SUHGLFWHG FRJQLWLYH SHUIRUPDQFH GXULQJ WKH
Objective To develop an observable of normal gross motor
maturation for use to detect deviance or motor delay.
preschool years as well as in adolescent.
Methods$WRWDORIKHDOWK\FKLOGUHQDJHGPRQWKV An association between poor nutrition and
IURPKLJKVRFLRHFRQRPLFJURXSLQXUEDQDQGVXEXUEDQDUHDV development has been shown in several studies of
ZHUH VWXGLHG %RG\ OHQJWK ZHLJKW DQG PRWRU GHYHORSPHQW young children in the communities where under-
were measured on all children. Gross motor development was QXWULWLRQLVHQGHPLFHJLQ*XDWHPDOD4-DPDLFD
PHDVXUHGSUHVHOHFWHGPLOHVWRQHVOLHVLWFUDZOFUHHSVWDQG
ZLWK DVVLVWDQFH ZDON ZLWK DVVLVWDQFH VWDQG DORQH ZDON DORQH
and run.
Results and Conclusion There were no differences between
males and females in the comparison of attainment motor
maturation therefore a sex combined curve was developed.
Conclusion The curve of normal motor milestone development
FDQEHXVHGDVDWRROWRHYDOXDWHPRWRUGHYHORSPHQWRYHUWLPH
DQGRUDVDFKLOGGHYHORSPHQWFDUGIRUXVHLQSULPDU\KHDOWKFDUH
[Paediatr Indones. 2010;50:340-6].
Keywords: motor milestone development, nutrition,
child care
340Paediatr Indones, Vol. 50, No. 6, November 2010
Indonesia7 DQG &RVWD 5LFD ,Q WKRVH VWXGLHV WKH
associations with poor development were more
IUHTXHQWO\ IRXQG ZLWK VWXQWLQJ WKDQ ZDVWLQJ The
UHVXOWVRIPHWDDQDO\VLVRIVL[ILHOGVWXGLHVLQ&RORPELD
*XDWHPDOD,QGRQHVLD-DPDLFD7DLZDQDQG8QLWHG
3UHVHQWHG DW WKH WK $VLDQ &RQIHUHQFH RQ 0HQWDO 5HWDUGDWLRQ
<RJ\DNDUWD1RYHPEHU
)URP WKH &HQWHU RI 1XWULWLRQ DQG )RRGV 5HVHDUFK DQG 'HYHORSPHQW
%RJRU,QGRQHVLD)URPWKH)DFXOW\RI3V\FKRORJ\3DGMDMDUDQ8QLYHUVLW\
%DQGXQJ ,QGRQHVLD )URP WKH )DFXOW\ RI 3V\FKRORJ\ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI
,QGRQHVLD-DNDUWD,QGRQHVLD
Reprint request to 0$ +XVDLQL &HQWHU RI 1XWULWLRQ DQG )RRGV
5HVHDUFKDQG'HYHORSPHQW%RJRU,QGRQHVLD7HO
E-mail: ma_husaini@yahoo.com
 Mahdin A. Husaini Et al: Normal motor milestone development to promote child care

6WDWHV showed that early high energy and protein DORQH ZDON DORQH DQG UXQ 'HILQLWLRQ RI WKHVH
supplementary feeding has a beneficial effect on motor milestones and comparative definitions from the
GHYHORSPHQWLQ\RXQJLQIDQWVPRQWKVROGDQG 'HQYHU'HYHORSPHQWDO6FUHHQLQJ7HVW and Bayley
on both motor and mental development in older infant 6FDOHV RI ,QIDQW 'HYHORSPHQW 0RWRU 6FDOH  are
PRQWKVROGZKRDUHQXWULWLRQDOO\DWULVN
Although some variability of motor skills among
LQIDQWV LV UHFRJQL]HG LW LV ZLGHO\ DFFHSWHG WKDW WKH
VHTXHQFHRIPRWRUVNLOOVLVFRQVLVWHQW$FKLOGPD\PLVV
DVNLOOVXFKDVFUDZOLQJZKLOHWKHRWKHUUHPDLQLQJVNLOOV
HPHUJHLQSUHGLFWHGRUGHU%HFDXVHRIWKLVSUHGLFWDEOH
VHTXHQWLDOSDWWHUQRIPRWRUGHYHORSPHQWDVVHVVPHQW
of milestones provides an observable tool to evaluate
motor skills and to detect deviance or motor delay.
,QWKLVDUWLFOHFXUUHQWLVVXHZLOOEHDGGUHVVHGRQWKH
development of a tool of gross motor maturation to
identify at risk children with motor delay based on the
study carried out in Indonesia.
Methods
This cross sectional study was conducted in four cities
LQ-DYD6XUDED\D0DODQJ%DQGXQJDQG%RJRU7KLV
VWXG\LQYROYHGDWRWDORIKHDOWK\FKLOGUHQDJHG
 PRQWKV IURP KLJK VRFLRHFRQRPLF IDPLOLHV LQ
urban and suburban areas who does not constrain
JURZWKKDYHDFFHVVWRKHDOWK\GULQNLQJZDWHUVDQG
environment.
Body length and weight were measured on all
FKLOGUHQZLWKVWDQGDUGDQWKURSRPHWULFSURFHGXUHV
/HQJWK ZDV PHDVXUHG WR WKH QHDUHVW  FP RQ D
wooden length-board developed by the NFRDC
LQ %RJRU ,QGRQHVLD :HLJKW ZDV PHDVXUHG WR WKH
provided in Figure 1 and Table 1. The milestones
ZHUHVHOHFWHGWRUHSUHVHQWPDMRUODQGPDUNVLQVHOI
produced bipedal minus one standard deviation
from the mean for age. Based on our experience
on the development pathways of the malnourished
children E\ XVLQJ D WLPHVDPSOLQJ PHWKRG DQG
with aid of McGraws VFKHPH WKUHH 1XWULWLRQLVW
VSHQWRYHUKRXUVREVHUYLQJFKLOGUHQDJHG
PRQWKVWRYHULI\ZKHWKHUWKHQDWXUHDQGFKURQRORJ\
of the motor skills observed agreed with description.
Differences between our observation and McGraws
description led us to construct a new list of motor
GHYHORSPHQWVNLOOVDQGDQHZRUGLQDOVHTXHQFH)LQDOO\
ZHDVVHPEOHGLQERRNOHWIRUPGUDZLQJVRIFKLOGUHQ
HQJDJHG LQ DFWLYLWLHV WKDW UHTXLUHG WKH PRWRU VNLOOV
chosen for study. The milestones were selected to
UHSUHVHQWWKHPDMRUUHFRJQL]HGLQWKHFXOWXUHEHLQJ
tested (Figure1 and Table 1).
Table 1/QVQTOKNGUVQPGFGXGNQROGPVD[FGPKVKQP
No. Label Motor Development Description
1. Sit 1 Sit with support
2. Crawl 1 Lying on abdomen; can raise himself up
with his hands
3. Sit 2 Sit without support; the body is not
upright
4. Sit 3 Sit without support; the body is upright
5. Crawl 2 .[KPICVQPJKUCDFQOGPECPTCKUGVJG
body bearing his weight on his hands and
QHDUHVW  NJ RQ GLJLWDO 6HFFD 81,&() DQG DOO the tips of his toes alone
children were pondered without clothing. Length 6. Creep 1 Crawl and starting by going backwards
DQGZHLJKWPHDVXUHPHQWVZHUHFRQYHUWHGWR=VFRUHV 7. Creep 2 Creep on all fours (on his hands and
based on the means and standard deviations. A knees)
cut-off point of zero and above standard deviation 8. Stand 0 Learning to stand
RIDOOJURZWKLQGH[HVZHLJKWIRUDJHOHQJWKIRUDJH 9. Walk 0 Walk with assistance of other; his feet
and weight for length were used when identifying CVQPVJGQQT

FKLOGUHQWRLQFOXGHLQWKLVVWXG\DVDGHTXDWHLQWKHLU 10. Walk 1 Walk with assistance of other; his feet are
not steady yet
physical growth. Nutritional status is illustrated by
11. Stand 1 Stand with support
DQWKURSRPHWULFGLPHQVLRQFRQYHUWHGWR=VFRUHVXVLQJ
12. Walk 2 Walk by himself with support
WKH861DWLRQDO&HQWHUIRU+HDOWK6WDWLVWLF5HIHUHQFH
13. Stand 2 Stand without support
6WDQGDUG,IWKHUHVXOWLQJ=VFRUHZDVDERYHPLQXV
14. Walk 3 Walk a few steps without support
VWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQVJURZWKZDVFRQVLGHUHGQRUPDO
Gross motor development was measured with 15. Walk 4 Walk alone with small steps

 SUHVHOHFWHG PLOHVWRQHV OLH VLW FUDZO FUHHS 16. Walk 5 Walk with large steps

VWDQG ZLWK DVVLVWDQFH ZDON ZLWK DVVLVWDQFH VWDQG 17. Run Run

Paediatr Indones, Vol. 50, No. 6, November 2010341

 Mahdin A. Husaini Et al: Normal motor milestone development to promote child care

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15 16

Figure 1. Motor milestone development

7KHGDWDFROOHFWLRQRQVRFLRHFRQRPLFVWDWXV In order to ascertain that recorded data were

DQWKURSRPHWULFPHDVXUHPHQWVDQGPRWRUPLOHVWRQHV
observation were carried out by trained nutritionists.
7KH\ZHUHUHFUXLWHGIURPORFDO$FDGHP\RI1XWULWLRQ
and most of them were lecturers. They were assigned
LQWRJURXSVFRQVLVWHGRIWZRSHUVRQVLQHDFKJURXS
WKHUHIRUHWRJURXSVRIILHOGZRUNHUVLQHDFKVWXG\
SURSHUO\UHSRUWHGWKHGDWDZHUHUHYLHZHGE\VHQLRU
researchers. Then we calculated summary statistics
ZKLFKLQFOXGHPHDQVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQSHUFHQWLOHV
IRUFRQWLQXRXVYDULDEOHVIUHTXHQFLHVDQGSURSRUWLRQ
for each level of variables.
DUHDVFLWLHV,QSDUWLFXODURQPRWRUPLOHVWRQHVWKH
observation was carried out by the two testers who had
been trained intensively by the authors. The training
consisted of observation of more than 50 children
UDQJLQJ LQ DJH IURP  WR  PRQWKV ,QWHUSUHWHU
Results
The characteristics of participating parents are shown
in Table 2 0RVW RI DJH UDQJHV IRU PRWKHUV ZDV 
UHOLDELOLW\U ! ZDVHVWDEOLVKHGEHWZHHQSDLUV \HDUVDQGIDWKHUVZDV\HDUVJUDGXDWHG
RIWHVWHUVIRUFKLOGUHQDQGEHWZHHQDOOWZRWHVWHUV IURP XQLYHUVLW\ ZDV  IRU PRWKHUV DQG 
RQDQDGGLWLRQDOFKLOGUHQ IRU IDWKHUV DQG ELUWK ZHLJKW ZDV EHWZHHQ  WR
0RWRU VWDWXV ZDV DVVHVVHG GXULQJ  PLQ  J 7KH KLJKHVW SURSRUWLRQ RI IDWKHUV MRE ZDV
WHVWLQJVHVVLRQ'XULQJDWHVWLQJVHVVLRQHDFKFKLOG SULYDWH FRPSDQ\ VWDII DQG HQWUHSUHQHXUV 
was challenged to achieve the highest milestone Almost all birth assistance in this population was
SRVVLEOH,QVWUXFWLRQZDVJLYHQWRWKHFKLOGDQGRU KHDOWKSHUVRQQHOHLWKHUGRFWRUVRUPLGZLYHV
the caretaker encouraging these desired behaviors.
7KHREVHUYDWLRQWRRNSODFHDWWKHVXEMHFWVKRPH
'XULQJWKHFROOHFWLRQRIGDWDLQWKHILHOGUHVHDUFKHUV
from Bogor visited the area and supervised the
DFWLYLWLHV VXFK DV DFFXUDF\ RI WKH PHDVXUHPHQW
LQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHILQGLQJVFRYHUDJHDQGRWKHUV
5RXJK WDEXODWLRQ RI GDWD ZDV GRQH RQ VLWH VR
the local staff could know the temporary results.
342Paediatr Indones, Vol. 50, No. 6, November 2010

Figure 2 shows the trend of nutritional status
of the children studied. On average the weight for
DJHOHQJWKIRUDJHDQGZHLJKWIRUZHLJKWLQHDFKDJH
JURXS ZDV DERYH PLQXV RQH = VFRUH ,W LV DSSDUHQW
that nutritional status was better in younger children
HLWKHUE\WKHLQGH[RIZHLJKWIRUDJHOHQJWKIRUDJH
or weight for length.
 Mahdin A. Husaini Et al: Normal motor milestone development to promote child care

Table 2. Characteristics of samples parents Motor development by age for sex combined
Characteristics Values (N=2100) is illustrated in Figure 3. The figure depicts the age
Average mothers age (years) 20-29 DW ZKLFK   DQG  LH WKH WK WK WK
Average fathers age (years) 30-39
percentiles) of the children reached a particular
University graduate:
PLOHVWRQHV)RUH[DPSOHDWPRQWKVRIFKLOGUHQ
a. Mothers (%) 27.6
b. Fathers (%) 42.5
DUHDEOHWRFUDZODUHDEOHWRZDONZLWKDVVLVWDQFH
Fathers occupation DQGRQO\FRXOGZDONDORQHVHYHUDOVWHSVTable 3
a. Private company staff (%) 79.2 presents the Mann-Whitney different test of motor
b. )QXGTPOGPVQHEKCNU
 14.4 achievement scales between males and females. The
c. Others (%) 6.4 difference is not significant at any points of observation
Place of birth: DWHDFKRIDJHJURXSVIURPWRPRQWKV
a. Hospital (%) 52.2
Based on these findings the sex combined
b. Birth clinics (%) 45.6
c. Missing (%) 2.2
motor milestone development as shown in Figure
Birth assistant: 4 represents for both females and males can be
a. Doctors (%) 48.3 used either for females or for males. This curve
b. Midwives (%) 50.1 is presented in the motor milestone development
c. Missing (%) 1.6 tool for use in identifying children at risk and for
Average birth weight (g) 3100-3400 monitoring.
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
Z-Score

0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Age (Months)

Z-Sc W/A Z-Sc L/A Z-Sc W/L

Figure 2. Means of Z-score weight-for-age, length-for-age, and

weight-for-length, sex combined aged 3-18 months
17
16
15
Motor milestones achievements

14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Age (months)

PCTL-05 PCTL-50 PCTL-95

Figure 3. Scattered of motor milestone percentiles, sex combined

aged 3-18 months

Paediatr Indones, Vol. 50, No. 6, November 2010343

 Mahdin A. Husaini Et al: Normal motor milestone development to promote child care

Table 3. Statistical different test of motor milestone achievements between boys and girls Mann-Whitney
Mann-Whitney Mann-Whitney
Age (months) Age (months)
Z-value P (2-tail) Z-value P (2-tail)
3 - 1.298 0.194 11 - 2.332 0.020
4 - 0.318 0.750 12 - 1.591 0.112
5 - 1.493 0.135 13 - 0.057 0.954
6 0.000 1.000 14 - 1.151 0.250
7 - 1.286 0.198 15 - 0.121 0.904
8 - 0.018 0.985 16 - 0.497 0.632
9 - 0.112 0.911 17 - 1.956 0.050
10 - 1.090 0.276 18 - 0.100 0.920
3-18 - 0.930 0.352 0QVUKIPKECPV

MOTOR MILESTONES
Run 17
Walk with large steps 16

Walk alone with small steps 15

Advanced
Walk a few steps without support 14

Stand without support 13

Walk by himself with support 12

Stand with support 11

10
Normal
Walk with assistance of other
Walk with assistance, his feet are not steady yet 9

Learning to stand 8

Creep on all fours (on his hands and knees) 7

Crawl and starting by going backwards 6
Lying flat on his abdomen, can raise the body 5
Delayed
on his hands, and the tips of his toes
4
Sit without support; the body is upright
Sit without support; the body is not upright 3
Lying on abdomen, can raise himself up with 2
his hands
1
Sit with support
Cannot do movement number 1 0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Age (Months)
Figure 4. The motor development curve, sex combined, aged 3-18 months.

Discussion
The characteristics of education of parents as shown
in Table 2ZHUHUHODWLYHO\KLJKRIPRWKHUVDQG
RIIDWKHUVJUDGXDWHGIURPXQLYHUVLW\:KHQWKLV
condition is compared to the national wide where
women and men (sex combined) with university
JUDGXDWHLVWKHUHIRUHWKHSRSXODWLRQVWXGLHG
is belonged to the high socio-economic class.
This study revealed that there were no
differences in the comparison of the achievement
of motor milestones between females and males at
any age groups. This finding is consistent with the
evidence from our previous study in Pengalengan
Indonesia.7,QWKHVHFRPPXQLWLHVZHIRXQGQR
ethnographic or statistical evidence of a bias against
females children. These current findings are in part
VLPLODUWRWKHVWXG\LQ86FDUULHGE\&DSXWHHWDO
:+20XOWLFHQWUH*URZWK5HIHUHQFH6WXG\*URXS
and in Japan. They reported that comparison of
males and females in the attainment of milestones
scales revealed inconsistency within the race groups.
$PRQJZKLWHVPDOHVWHQGHGWREHDGYDQFHGUHODWLYH
WR IHPDOHV EXW IHPDOHV ZHUH DGYDQFH UHODWLYH WR
males among black.
,QWKLVVWXG\PRQWKVLQFRQWUDU\ZLWKRXU
previous study in malnourished children7 the mean age
RIZDONLQJZDVPRQWKV7KRVHVWXG\7 concluded

344Paediatr Indones, Vol. 50, No. 6, November 2010

 Mahdin A. Husaini Et al: Normal motor milestone development to promote child care
WKDWDPRQJSRSXODWLRQDWULVNIRUPDOQXWULWLRQPRWRU
development is more likely to correlate with length-
for-age than weight-for-length. When these findings
comparing the mean age of walking for American
DQG (XURSHDQ SRSXODWLRQ WKHUH ZDV D GHOD\ LQ WKH
achievement of motor milestones. Malina reported
WKDWWKHPHGLDQDJHDWZDONLQJLVPRQWKV
IRU $PHULFDQ VDPSOHV DQG  PRQWKV IRU
(XURSHDQVDPSOHV,QDGGLWLRQD:+2ORQJLWXGLQDO
multi-centre growth reference study showing that
the role of nutrition in motor development of infants
provides an important addition to the literature and
should serve as a baseline for more focused studies of
both motor and cognitive development.
In contrast to early theories of motor develop-
ment  the onset changes among individuals does
not follow a fixed chronology as suggested by the
curves generated in this cross-sectional study (Figure
PD\OHDGWRVXEVHTXHQWSUREOHPVLQGHYHORSPHQW6
,QWKHDUHDVZKHUHPDOQXWULWLRQLVHQGHPLFLWLVOLNHO\
that the influence of nutrition is becoming more
significant. The motor development tool is useful in
evaluating and monitoring the motor development
RIPDOQRXULVKHGFKLOGUHQDQGRUDWULVNFKLOGUHQRYHU
time. It will be also expected to promote better child
FDUHE\LQFUHDVLQJWKHOHYHORIDZDUHQHVVRIWKHZRPHQ
village cadres and health personnel.
Acknowledgments
The study was funded by the Indonesian Ministry of Health . The
authors wish to thank the director and staff of Nutrition Academy
LQ6XUDED\D0DODQJDQG%DQGXQJIRUWKHLUJUHDWFRRSHUDWLRQDQG
ZRUNIRUGDWDFROOHFWLRQDQGWR6XGMDWPLNR0'IRUKLVDGYLFH
during the preparation of the study.
4+RZHYHUWKHVHGDWDEDVHGRQHVWLPDWHVRIWKHDJHV
DWZKLFKLQGLYLGXDOFKLOGUHQDFTXLUHSDUWLFXODUPRWRU
PLOHVWRQHSURYLGHDUHIHUHQFHIRUFRPSDUDWLYHSXUSRVHV
among individuals.
6LQFH WKH PDMRULW\ RI VWXGLHV RI LQIDQW PRWRU
development have collected cross-sectional rather
WKDQORQJLWXGLQDOGDWDYDULDWLRQDPRQJLQGLYLGXDOV
(inter individual variability) are discussed more often
in developmental literature than is variation within the
same infants (intra individual variability). Although
some variability of motor skills among infants is
UHFRJQL]HG LW LV ZLGHO\ DFFHSWHG WKDW VHTXHQFH RI
motor skills is consistent. A child may miss a skill
HQWLUHO\VXFKDVFUDZOLQJZKLOHWKHRWKHUUHPDLQLQJ
skills emerge in a predicted order. Because of this
SUHGLFWDEOHVHTXHQWLDOSDWWHUQRIPRWRUGHYHORSPHQW
assessment of milestones provides an observable way
to evaluate motor skills and to detect deviance or
motor delay. The pattern of skills may vary across
LQGLYLGXDOV EXW WKH RUGHU UHPDLQV FRQVWDQW IRU WKH
PDMRULW\RIQRUPDOO\GHYHORSLQJLQIDQWV
The curve of motor milestones for normal
children in Indonesia has been constructed to measure
WKH PRWRU GHYHORSPHQW RI FKLOGUHQ DJH  WR 
months. The purpose of this particular assessment is
to identify children who are delayed or deviant in their
motor development and evaluate motor development
or maturation over times. Infants are considered to be
DWULVNEHFDXVHRIDGYHUVHJHQHWLFSUHQDWDOQHRQDWDO
SRVWQDWDOHQYLURQPHQWRUQXWULWLRQLQIOXHQFHVWKDW
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LQ KXPDQ FRJQLWLYH DQG VRFLDO GHYHORSPHQW ,Q 3ROOLWW (
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LQQXWULWLRQDQGGLVHDVH9RO1HZ<RUN$ODQ5/LVV,QF
S
 0HHNV *DUGQHU -0 *UDQWKDP0F*UHJRU 6 &KDQJ 60
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QRQVWXQWHGFKLOGUHQLQ.LQJVWRQ-DPDLFD3DUW,,2EVHUYHG
DFWLYLW\(XU-&OLQ1XWU
 3ROOLWW(*RUPDQ.6/RQJWHUPGHYHORSPHQWDOLPSOLFDWLRQRI
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SRSXODWLRQ,Q6FKXUFK%6FULPVKDZ16HGLWRUV$FWLYLW\
HQHUJ\H[SHQGLWXUHDQGHQHUJ\UHTXLUHPHQWVRILQIDQWVDQG
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3RZHOO&$7KHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQXQGHUQXWULWLRQDFWLYLW\
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6FULPVKDZ 16 HGLWRUV $FWLYLW\ HQHUJ\ H[SHQGLWXUH DQG
HQHUJ\ UHTXLUHPHQWV RI LQIDQWV DQG FKLOGUHQ /DXVDQQH
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activity in children and their relation to food intake in poor
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screening test. Colorado: University of Colorado Medical
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energy and micronutrient supplement on motor development
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