Why do we provide extra reinforcement bars at the end portion of beam?

and how we can calculate the amount of reinforcement?

1. That's for resist diagonal tension stress and in order to prevent inclined cracks to occur by
action of maximum shear stresses which concrete fails to resist

We can calculate the amount of steel reinforcement bars by determining the dead and live loads
exerted on the beam or any structures member

2. You have more links at the end of your beams to resist shear because shear is usually
maximum at the support and decreases as you move away from the support. This can be seen
from your shear-force diagram.

Generally the bending moment diagram would do the reverse of a shear force diagram in that
bending would increase as you move away from the support assuming its simply supported you
would have a maximum bending at the supports. For continuous beam there is a hogging
moment there hence you would need to provide more steel to counteract that moment.

Also how you idealise your element that is if you assume if you beam fully fixed or simply
supported or partially fixed then moment redistribution would now affect the amount of
reinforcement at the supports.

3. Steel is good to resist the diagonal negative tension that concrete fail to resist.
We can calculate the amount of the reinforcement through the sheer force diagram.

4. By examining the bending moment diagram of a beam it clears that the negative moment
occurs at the corners so in that area steel is increased.

5. The top reinforcement in the ends of beam above the supports is used to resist the negative
bending moment ..

The additional shear reinforcement "diagonal or vertical" in the ends of beam is used to resist the
maximum shear forces affecting on the beam

6. Extra reinforcement bars at end of beam are two types First is top reinforcement at the end of
beam to resist negative bending moment at support, it's calculated from bending moment
diagram. Second is concentration of links at support to resist shear force, it's calculated from
shear force diagram
why extra top bars are used in reinforcement detailing of slab?

Top extra bars at discontinues edges is preferable if spacing exceeds 300mm at top, as partial fixity condition may
arise.

You may provide extra bars if it is framed structure, and if the slab is monolithic with the edge beam due to fixity.
Otherwise there may be some cracks will develop before the moment is thrown to the span from support. If it is
simply supported say on masonry wall or so, then no extra bars are required. At least one third of span steel should
be provided at the end at top.

Also for partial fixity at the corners square mesh is needed. Even if it a one way slab it is necessary to provide some
top bars at the ends of longitudinal span supports (parallel to the longitudinal direction distribution bars.

WHY DO WE PROVIDE DEVELOPEMENT LENGTH AND EXTRA BARS AT TOP?

Answer / Muqdad Jawad Jafar

negative moment normally require providing extra additional

bar at the top of horizontal concrete casted members that
often positioned within the area supported by column/wall.
the top extra length should exceed the inflection point
between negative and posetive moment.

35 Yes 3 No
Is This Answer Correct ?

Answer / Manoj

Development length is provided for ancorage stress or to

provide anchorage length (bonding stress)of steel in
concrete.steel bars are provided as per failure pattern of
the structure if steel is not present to take tension.At
ends /supports due to fixity negative moment is developed
which is resisted my steel at top.
the top extra length should exceed the inflection point
between negative and posetive moment.

8 Yes 1 No
Is This Answer Correct ?

how much extra rod length should be provided for beam?

Answer / Udhaykumar

Extra rod should be provided for beam in two section

(i.e) compression zone & Tension zone.*It depending on the size of beam*.
In compression zone , the extra rod should be provided on compression zone of the beam and extent up to one-third
of beam's clear span both side of support....

In tension Zone, provide extra bottom bar in the middle of beam's bottom portion.
15 Yes 3 No
Is This Answer Correct ?

Typical Reinforcement Placement of RCC Staircase

Liton Biswas Construction , RCC , Reinforcement , Structural 5 comments

Stair, step is a civil structure used to easily going up and down. In civil engineering world it is called staircase.

Placement of Staircase reinforcement is always confusing for construction workers. Considering that I'm showing here

typical reinforcement placement of a staircase.

Short description of above image

1st landing (Landing 1): From where step will start.

2nd Landing (Landing 2): where step will over or will start new steps.

Waist slab: The inclined slab between 1st and 2nd landing. The thickness of this slab generally 6 inches.

Main Reinforcement (M1): Main reinforcement number one. Which will start from the bottom of 1st landing and go

through the inclined slab and will stay on top of 2nd landing. M1 bar Spacing depends on structural designing. For

better understanding, assume that spacing is 8 inches.

Main Reinforcement (M2): This is also main reinforcement start from the top of 1st landing and go through the

waist slab and will stay on the bottom of 2nd landing. Assume M2 spacing here is also 8 inches. Concrete clear cover

for both M1 and M2 bar is normally maintained three-fourth inch.

Extra Top Bar (E1): E1 is extra top at 1st landing. It is extended up to one-third length (L) of waist slab from the 1st
landing edge.

Extra Top (E2): E2 is also extra top bar same as E1. But it is placed at 2nd landing and extended up to one-third

length of waist slab into the the waist slab. Clear cover for both E1 and E2 is normally kept three-fourth inch.

Binder (B): Bottom binder is placed above main reinforcement (M1) but the top binders are placed below main

reinforcement (M2). In waist slab those are placed above main reinforcement (M1 and M2). But they are placed below

top extra bar in waist slab.

Details (A): Since we placed M1 and M2 at 8 inches spacing and both comes at same level in waist slab then the

spacing of main reinforcement here will be at 4 inches center to center.