Sa1 Frame

CBE2027 Structural Analysis I Chapter 3 Analysis of Determinate Plane Frames
PLANE FRAMES
A frame is a structure composed of straight-line members. The members

may be connected by rigid joints, pin-connected joints and semi-rigid joints.
If all the joints are pins (which transmit no bending moments), the frame is
commonly called a truss. Rigid joints are capable of transmitting both
forces and bending moments.
A rigid frame is one in which some or all of its joints are rigid. Rigid frames
are usually statically indeterminate. Our study will be confined to
determinate plane frames. In a plane frame, all the members and loading
must be in the same plane.
A frame is completely analyzed when its support reactions, and the

variations in axial forces, shear forces and bending moments along all its
members are found.
Frame with an
internal hinge
Rigid Frame
Truss (Pin-jointed Frame)
HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-1

Rigid Joints
At rigid joints, the ends of connected members must not only move together
vertically and horizontally but must all rotate by the same amount. A rigid
joint preserves the angle between members connected to it.
In steel structures, rigid and pin-joints consist of welded connections and

simple bolted connections respectively. There is another type of connection
in between of these two extremes and it is called a semi-rigid connection
(the connection is neither rigid nor pinned, it is in between these two
extremes). In reinforced concrete structures, beams and columns are
usually formed together resulting in substantially rigid joints.
B B' C C'
P.I.
H P.I. P.I.
A D

PROCEDURES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE PLANE

FRAMES
1. Find the support reactions. (By using the equations of equilibrium

and the equations of condition if any).
2. Find the member end forces.

(a) Take each member and joint as free-body, find the axial force,
shear force and bending moment at the ends of the member
and joint.
(b) Each free-body diagram must show all external loads, support
reactions and possible internal forces acting on the member
and joint.
(c) A rigid joint can transmit two force components (V & N) and
a moment.
At a hinge, the internal moment is zero.
3. Plot the axial force, shear force and bending moment diagrams on an
outline of the frame.
(a) A common convention is to draw the bending moment
diagram on the tension side of the frame. (For reinforced
concrete frames, designers often draw the bending moment
diagram on the tension side. This allows the designer to tell at
a glance on which side of the frame steel reinforcement
should be placed.)
(b) The axial force diagram may be plotted on either side of the
member, with proper indication for tension and compression.
(Tension --- +ve, compression --- -ve)
(c) The shear force diagram may be plotted on either side of the
member but normally follows the convention used for the
bending moment diagram. (i.e. follows the convention of
plotting shear force and bending moment of beam). This can
be done by treating each individual member as a beam
element, plot the shear force diagram from the left end to the
right end of the member and draw the bending moments on
the tension side of the member.

Example 1
Determine the support reactions, and draw the axial force, shear force and
bending moment diagrams for the frame. Joint B is a rigid joint.
10 kN
2 kN
B
C
6m
A
4m

Solution:
10 kN
2 kN
B
6m C
A
HA V
MA A
4m
X = 0, HA = 2 kN
Y = 0, VA = 10 kN
Take moment about A,

MA = 10*4 + 2*6 = 52 kNm

Free-body diagrams for the members and joint, and their member end
forces.
10 kN
40 40 B
B 10
10 2 2
10 2 C 2kN
40
40
10
2
B
Free-body Diagrams
A
2 kN 10 kN
52 kNm

Axial force, shear force and bending moment diagrams
10 10
2 2
-10 B + 2
B
C C
-10 A 2 A
Axial Force (kN) Shear Force (kN)
- 40
- 40
B C
Bending Moment (kNm)
A
- 52

Example 2
bending moment diagrams for the frame. Joint B is a rigid joint.
A B
4m
C
12 kN
6m 3m

Solution:
MA
HA A B
VA
4m
C
12 kN
6m 3m
X = 0, HA = 0kN
Y = 0, VA = 12kN

MA = 12*9 = 108 kNm

Free-body diagrams for the members and joint, and their member end
forces.
108 kNm B 36 B
36
A 36
12 kN 12 12
12
36
B
12
Free-body Diagrams
C
12 kN

In order to draw the axial force and the shear force diagram of member BC,
we have to resolve the member end forces so that the member end forces are
perpendicular and along the member axis. This is because member BC is
an inclined member.
12
9.6 7.2
B
36

4 5
3
C
123/5 = 7.2
124/5 = 9.6
12

A B 9.6
9.6
Axial Force (kN) C
12 12
7.2
A B
7.2
Shear Force (kN) C
-108
-36
-36
A B
0
Bending Moment (kNm) C

Example 3
bending moment diagrams for the frame. Joints C and E are rigid joints.
96 kN
C E
D
3m
48 kN
5m
B
F
4.5 m
A
3m 3m

Solution:
96 kN
C E
D
3m
5m
48 kN
B
F
4.5 m
VF
A
HA
VA
3m 3m
X = 0, HA = 48 kN

48*4.5 + 96*3 = VF*6, VF = 84 kN
Y = 0, VA + VF = 96 kN VA = 12 kN

Free-body diagrams for the members and joints, and their member end
forces.
216 216 96 kN
C C E E
12 84
12 12 D 84 84
216
216
12
84
C E
48 kN
B
F
Free-body Diagrams 84
A
48
12

C E
-12 -84
D
-
B
-
F -84
Axial Force (kN)

-12 A
12 12 D
E
C
48
B
-84 -84
F
A Shear Force (kN)

48

C 216 D E
216
B 252
216
F
A

Example 4
bending moment diagrams for the frame. Joints C and E are rigid joints.
96 kN
C E
D
3m
5m
48 kN
B
F
4.5 m
A
3m 3m

Solution:
96 kN
C E
D
3m
5m
48 kN
B
F
4.5 m
A
HA V
MA A
3m 3m
X = 0, HA = 48 kN
Y = 0, VA = 96 kN

48*4.5 + 96*3 = MA, MA = 504 kNm

forces.
288 288 96 kN
C 96
C E E
96 96 D
288
288
96
C
E
48 kN
B
F
Free-body Diagrams
A
96 48
504

-96 C E
D
B
-
F
Axial Force (kN)

A
-96
96 96
E
C D
48
B
48 A Shear Force (kN)

-288
0 E
-288
C D
-288 B
A
-504 Bending Moment (kNm)

Example 5
bending moment diagrams for the frame. Joints B and C are rigid joints.
15 kN/m
50 kN
B C
2m
20 kN
D
6m
2m
E
A
8m

Solution:
15 kN/m
50 kN
B C
2m
20 kN
D
6m
2m
E
VE
A
HA
VA
8m
X = 0, HA + 20 = 50, HA = 30 kN

50*6 + 15*8*8/2 20*4 VE*8 = 0
VE = 87.5 kN
Y = 0, VA + VE = 15*8 kN, VA = 32.5 kN

forces.
15 kN/m
50 kN B
32.5
180 180
20 40 40 87.5
C
20 20
32.5 30 32.5 B C 20
20 87.5
180 87.5
40
180 40
30 32.5 87.5
20
B C
20 kN
D
E
Free-body Diagrams
87.5
A
30
32.5
-20 -20
-32.5 - -87.5
B C
D -
-
E -87.5
Axial Force (kN)
A
-32.5

2.17m
32.5
30 20
B C
20
D
-87.5
E
Shear Force (kN)
A
30
2.17m
180 -40
-40
B C
180 D
215.2
E
A Bending Moment (kNm)

Example 6
bending moment diagrams for the frame. Joints B and D are rigid joints.
30 kN
B D
C
3m
10 kN
E
8m
3m
F
5kN/m A
3.5m 3.5m

Solution:
30 kN
B D
C
3m
10 kN
E
8m
3m
F
VF
5kN/m A
HA V
A
3.5m 3.5m
X = 0, HA + 10 = 5*8/2, HA = 10 kN

5*(8/2)*(8/3) + 30*3.5 - 10*(3+2) VF*7 = 0
VF = 15.5 kN
Y = 0, VA + VF = 30 kN, VA = 14.5 kN

forces.
30 kN
26.7 26.7 B D 10 30 30
B C
10 14.5 10 10 10
10 14.5 C 15.5
14.5 15.5 15.5
26.7 30
26.7 30
14.5
10 10 15.5
B D
10 kN
E
F
Free-body Diagrams
15.5kN
5kN/m A
10kN
14.5kN

Determination of the position of zero shear force and the maximum bending
moment of member AB.
5x/8 kN/m
M 14.5 26.7
14.5
V
B
10
x
Free-body Diagram for Part of Member AB
Consider the free-body diagram for part of member AB. The loading
intensity of the triangular load = (5x/8) kN/m. Set V = 0, and determine x.
To determine the position of zero shear force (i.e. V = 0 kN), take moment
about the cut,
Y = 0, (5x/8)*(x/2) 10 = 0, x = 5.66 m
To determine the value of maximum moment of member AB, consider

M = 0, M + 26.7 + (5*5.66/8)*(5.66/2)*(5.66/3) 10*5.66 = 0
M = 11.0 kNm
To determine the position of zero moment of member AB, we have to use

trial and error method to solve a cubic equation. Consider the free-body
diagram for part of member AB. Set M = 0, to determine x
M = 0, 26.7 + (5*x/8)*(x/2)*(x/3) 10*x = 0

0.1042x3 10x + 26.7 = 0
Solving this equation by trial and error, we get x = 2.93m.

-10 -10
B - D
-14.5 -15.5
C
E -
-
F
-15.5
-14.5
Axial Force (kN)
A
14.5 14.5
B C D
10
-10
-15.5
5.66m
E 10
F
2.34m
A Shear Force (kN)

10

-26.7 -30
-26.7 C D
-30
2.93m
B
24.3
E
F
11.0
2.34m

Example 7
bending moment diagrams for the frame. Joint B is a rigid joint and joint C
is an internal hinge of the frame.
15 kN/m
30 kN
B C
4m
A D
6m

Solution:
15 kN/m
30 kN
B C
4m
A D
HA HD
VA VD
6m
30*4 + 15*6*6/2 VD*6 = 0
VD = 65 kN
Y = 0, VA + VD = 15*6 kN, VA = 25 kN
Consider the free-body of CD,

65
HC
C
D
HD
65
Take moment about C,
HD*4 = 0, HD = 0 kN
X = 0, HA + HD = 30, HA = 30 kN

forces.
120 120 15 kN/m

30 kN B C
25 25 65 65
25 30
B C 65
120
120
25 65
30
B C
Free-body Diagram
A D
30 25 65
-25 -65
B C
- -
A D
-25 -65
Axial Force (kN)

1.67m
25
30
B C
A D -65
30
Shear Force (kN)
1.67m
120
B C
120
140.9
A D

Example 8
bending moment diagrams for the frame. Joints B and C are rigid joints,
and joint E is an internal hinge of the frame.
20 kN
3m
B F E C
3 kN/m
4m
A D
4m 4m

Solution:
3m 20 kN
3 kN/m B F E C
4m
A D
HA HD
VA VD
4m 4m

20*3 + 3*4*4/2 VD*8 = 0
VD = 10.5 kN
Y = 0, VA + VD = 20 kN, VA = 9.5 kN
Consider the free-body of ECD,

VE
HE E C
D
HD
10.5
Take moment about E,
HD*4 = VD*4, HD = 10.5 kN
Consider the whole frame,

X = 0, HA + HD = 3*4, HA = 1.5 kN

forces.
20 kN
18 18 10.5
B B C 10.5 C10.5
10.5 9.5 10.5 9.5 10.5
F E 10.5 42 42 10.5 10.5
9.5
18 42
18 42
9.5 10.5
10.5 10.5
B C
3 kN/m
A Free-body Diagrams D
1.5 9.5 10.5 10.5

-10.5 -10.5
-
-9.5 -10.5
B F E C
- -
A D
-9.5 Axial Force (kN) -10.5
9.5 9.5
-10.5 F
10.5
B E C
-10.5 -10.5
0.5m
1.5
A D 10.5
Shear Force (kN)

-42
-18
-18
F
-42
B E C
10.5
0.5m
0.375
D

Example 9
bending moment diagrams for the frame. Joints B and E are rigid joints, and
joint D is an internal hinge of the frame.
40 kN
B E
C D
5 kN/m
4m
6m
1m 2m 3m

Solution:
40 kN
B E
C D
5 kN/m
4m
6m
F
HF
VF
A
HA
VA
1m 2m 3m
Take moment about F,

5*4*4/2 + 40*5 + HA*2 VA*6 = 0
3VA HA - 120 = 0
3VA = HA + 120 (1)

Consider the free-body diagram of ABCD,
40 kN
VD
B HD
C D
HA
VA
Take moment about D,

40*2 + HA*6 VA*3 = 0
3VA 6HA - 80 = 0 (2)
Sub. (1) into (2)

HA + 120 - 6HA 80 = 0
HA = 8 kN (3)
Sub. (3) into (1),

3VA = 8 + 120
VA = 42.7 kN

Y = 0, VA + VF = 40 kN, VF = -2.7 kN
VF = 2.7 kN ()

X = 0, HA + HF = 5*4, HF = 12 kN

forces.
40 kN
2.7
48 48 8 8
B B E E8
8 42.7 8 8 42.7 8 8
42.7
C D 2.7
2.7
48 8
48 8
42.7 8 2.7
8
B E
5 kN/m
F
Free-body Diagrams 12 2.7
A
8 42.7
-8 -8
-42.7
B - E 2.7
C D
- +
F 2.7
A Axial Force (kN)

-42.7

42.7 42.7
2.7 2.7 E
B C 8
-8 D
2.4m
F
-12
A -8
Shear Force (kN)
-48
-5.3 E
-48 B C 8
D 8
14.4
2.4m
A
Tutorial 3 (Analysis of Frames)
Find the support reactions, and draw the axial force diagram, shear force
diagram and bending moment diagram for the frames shown below.
Q1.
6 kN/m
C D
2.5m
30 kN
B
5m
2.5m
A E
6m
Q2.
50 kN 40 kN
1.5m 2m 1.5m
E is an internal hinge
B C D E
4m
15 kN/m
6m

Q3.
60 kN 30 kN
B C D E
6 kN/m
B & E are internal hinges
5m
F
A
3m 3m 3m
Q4.
24 kN
E 20 kN
2m
D
B C
2 kN/m
4m
3m 3m

Q5.
20 kN
10 kNm 6 kNm
B
C D E
C is an internal hinge
2 kN/m
4m
A F
2m 1m 1m
Q6.
15 kN/m
C D E F G
3m
E is an internal hinge
65 kN
B
3m
A H
3m 5m 5m 2m

Q7.
10 kN/m
30 kN
C D E
3m
B F
3m
A G
3m 3m
B, D & F are internal hinges
Q8.
2 kN/m
B C D
4m
6m
E
3 kN/m
A
3m 3m

Q9.
200 kN
C
B
3m
100 kN
D
3m
A E
3m 4m
Q10.
4 kN/m
B C 4m
A D
4m 6m 4m

Sa1 Frame

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CBE2027 Structural Analysis I Chapter 3 Analysis of Determinate Plane Frames

A frame is a structure composed of straight-line members. The members

A frame is completely analyzed when its support reactions, and the

Truss (Pin-jointed Frame)

HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-1

In steel structures, rigid and pin-joints consist of welded connections and

HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-2

PROCEDURES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE PLANE

1. Find the support reactions. (By using the equations of equilibrium

2. Find the member end forces.

HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-3

HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-4

Take moment about A,

HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-5

HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-6

Axial force, shear force and bending moment diagrams

Bending Moment (kNm)

HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-7

HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-8

Take moment about A,

HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-9

HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-10

HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-11

Axial force, shear force and bending moment diagrams

HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-12

HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-13

Take moment about A,

HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-14

HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-15

Axial force, shear force and bending moment diagrams

Axial Force (kN)

A Shear Force (kN)

HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-16

HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-17

HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-18

Take moment about A,

HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-19

HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-20

Axial force, shear force and bending moment diagrams

Axial Force (kN)

48 A Shear Force (kN)

HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-21

HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-22

HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-23

Take moment about A,

Y = 0, VA + VE = 15*8 kN, VA = 32.5 kN

HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-24

HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-25

A Bending Moment (kNm)

HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-26

HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-27

Take moment about A,

HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-28

HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-29

Axial force, shear force and bending moment diagrams

Free-body Diagram for Part of Member AB

To determine the value of maximum moment of member AB, consider

To determine the position of zero moment of member AB, we have to use

M = 0, 26.7 + (5*x/8)*(x/2)*(x/3) 10*x = 0

HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-30

A Shear Force (kN)

HD in Civil Engineering Page 3-31

A Bending Moment (kNm)

M = 0, 26.7 + (5x/8)(x/2)(x/3) 10x = 0