Abstract

Background. Occupational therapy has broaden its scope over time. At the same time it is

believed that the public does not understand the role of OT. Purpose. Given that newspapers

shape public opinion we analyzed how occupational therapy is framed in Canadian newspapers.

Methods. Qualitative and quantitative data was generated through content analysis of Canadian

newspapers: The Globe and Mail, with national scope, and Calgary Herald, with local scope.

Findings. Occupational therapy was portrayed mostly through a medical lens. The newspapers

missed contemporary shifts in OT such as the increased engagement with occupational justice,

enablement and disability studies, and failed to portray the societal importance of occupational

therapy. Implications. The limited portrayal of OT might be one reason why OTs think that

there is confusion around their role as readers do not get the full picture and as such approach OT

with wrong expectations.

Keywords: occupational therapy; purpose; scope; clients; newspapers; disability studies

Introduction

Occupational therapy was formed in the context of historical events that created its purpose and

aim at the beginning of the 20th Century (Bing, 1981). The effectiveness of occupational therapy

on shell shock patients one of occupational therapys first clients, was first documented in 1918

(Peloquin, 1991). Occupational therapists, whose role at the time was limited to being an aid,

were qualified through basic medical instruction and equipped to teach arts and crafts (Peloquin,

1991). Initially meant for war veterans, those institutionalized in mental hospitals, tuberculosis

sanatoriums, and community workshops, occupational therapy later expanded to a focus on

children with disabilities and general hospitals in the 1920s (Friedland, 2000). By World War II,
the role of occupational therapy was gaining importance in Canada and occupational therapy

with focused efforts, in orthopaedic, neurological and psychiatric conditions with returning

soldiers (Cockburn, 2001b). Canada in the 1950s and 1960s saw a burst in occupational therapy

research and increased academic attention and organizations began to incorporate occupational

therapy into their programs (Cockburn, 2001c). Since 1963, occupational therapy seeks to do

more than have a patient return to his previous level for we seek to help him grow and develop,

to make use of all of his abilities and thus more effectively realize his potential" (H. J. Polatajko,

2001). As such, to realize ones potential reveals more than physical health, but to have

meaningful occupation in their own environments with dignity and independence (H. J.

Polatajko, 2001). The 1970s brought more progress to the field of occupational therapy, when it

became organized nationally, was reinforced in the educational system, and the World Federation

of Occupational Therapists (WFOT) was established. Research was incorporated into university

programs, where new methods of practice and services were considered, and provincial

legislation was enacted to standardize occupational therapy (Cockburn, 2001a). The scope of

occupational therapy continued to expand in the 1980s, when occupational therapists were

challenged to advocate on behalf of the growing number of people living with chronic illness

and disability and to take a global interest in the social issues that affects the lives of the people

occupational therapists serve. Some of the social issues mentioned include enablement or

empowerment (E. A. Townsend & Polatajko, 2007); employment, marital breakup, child care,

(Teasell, McRae, & Finestone, 2000); housing, education, elder abuse, injury prevention in older

drivers, fall prevention (E. Townsend & Rappolt, 2014); poverty, homelessness, forced

migration, substance abuse, addictions, culturally marginalized groups, social rights, social

inclusion, occupational justice, human rights (Malfitano, Lopes, Borba, & Magalhes, 2014);
poverty, homelessness, unstable housing (Bernardin, Toews, Restall, & Vuongphan, 2013); social

injustice (B. Braveman & Suarez-Balcazar, 2009); social inclusion (Ripat, Redmond, &

Grabowecky, 2010). From 1991 to 2001, occupational therapy shifted away further from the

medical perspective and towards promotion of well-being, enablement, person-centered services,

evidence-based practice, community-based practices with new roles in companies, greater

government relations, and greater access to emerging technology (Green, 2001). Occupational

therapy research has started to investigate issues such as the ecological sustainability of

occupations (Wagman, 2014) and other areas (Kronenberg, Pollard, & Sakellariou, 2011).

According to the WFOT, occupational therapists work primarily with those who have an

impairment of body structure of function owing to a health condition, or who are restricted in

their participation or who are socially excluded owing to their membership of social or cultural

minority groups (WFOT, 2010) and a wide range of settings public, private and voluntary.

Environments of occupational therapists include the home, schools, workplaces, health centres,

supported accommodation, housing for seniors, rehabilitation centres, hospitals, and forensic

services (WFOT, 2010).

The Future of Occupational Therapy

The Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy lists trends in occupational therapists practice

that are increasingly important in the field: an aging population, increased survival in events of

accidents and injuries, increased awareness of disability, job stress, greater promotion of well-

being and prevention, greater numbers of mental problems, and a more informed audience about

health and health concerns (CAOT, 2014).

The influence of occupational therapists have become increasingly important as a

multidisciplinary practice for all ages, groups, or populations, either working in the community,

in professional practice, hospitals, rehabilitation centers, care homes, or direct service with

clients (CAOT, 2012). Occupational therapy has changed its purpose and scope over time,

adding to the initial medical scope (Green, 2001; Thomas, Gray, & McGinty, 2011), becoming

part of policy-making, addressing social issues and socially disadvantaged groups (Schmitt &

Branscombe, 2002). Occupational therapy is a benchmark profession that is crucial in the

development of society and addressing societal issues of the present and future (Freeman et al.,

2014). As indicated in Service Canadas statistics, occupational therapys annual growth rate

from 2012 to 2016 is 3.2 per cent, compared to 0.7 per cent for all occupations (Canada, 2013)

and is expected to grow sharply. However, despite the important role of occupational therapists

according to (Helene J Polatajko, 2012) occupational therapists often complain that no one

knows who they are and what their role is. This can have many reasons, one stemming from how

occupational therapy is portrayed in newspapers. Printed media is an essential fabric of society

for enablement and has a vital role to play in generating keyword recognition for the general

public (Wolbring, 2012).

As such, this study analyzes the portrayal of occupational therapy in two Canadian newspapers

in relation to the changing face of occupational therapy as documented by academic journals.

Methods

2.1. Analytical Framework

We used a content analysis and issue-specific framing procedure to selectively choose articles

that pertains to occupational therapy. Additional qualitative data was generated from manual
reading of newspaper articles to further understand the content. We were focused on how various

social groups and concepts emerged under the scope of occupational therapy as covered in the

newspaper, and how the coverage compared to the shift away from historical occupational

therapy. The issue is whether readers would be able to understand the full scope and importance

of occupational therapy in the 21st century.

Data Source

To obtain quantitative data for the research question on the extent to which newspapers cover the

purpose and scope of occupational therapy and which social groups and issues are or are not

covered, we used the Calgary Herald and The Globe and Mail, which are of local and national

reach respectively. Calgary was chosen because it is a growing city that requires the attention of

occupational therapists in various issues. Information was also obtained from Google Scholar

and academic literature from occupational therapy journals, such as Canadian Journal of

Occupational Therapy, Hong Kong Journal of Occupational Therapy, Scandinavian Journal of

Occupational Therapy, and OccupationNow.

Data Collection

Phase 1: To compile articles relevant to this paper, a keyword search was performed on June 9th,

2014 using the ProQuest online databases of the Canadian Newsstand Complete and ProQuest

Historical Newspapers: The Globe and Mail, provided by the University of Calgary. We

searched for articles from the Calgary Herald and The Globe and Mail as follows: [one of the

two newspapers] (exact in publication) AND Occupational Therapy (in all fields of text).

Irrelevant types of documents, such as obituaries, advertisements, classified advertisements, birth

notices, and stock quotes were removed from the list. All articles that fit the inclusion criteria
(n=1171 full text articles of The Globe and Mail; n=159 of Calgary Herald) were used for

analysis.

Using the ProQuest online database, the frequency of words associated with the scope and aim of

occupational therapy was found using the search within function of the newspapers; the

frequency of the words were separated into 1931-1940, 1941-1950, 1951-1960, etc according to

their date of publication. This allows for observations of trends and what words were covered in

the articles.

Phase 2: Articles from occupational therapy journals listed in data source were downloaded, then

imported into Atlas.ti for the word cruncher function, which creates a table of the number of all

words found in the articles. Words relevant to social groups and social issues or concepts were

compiled in a separate table. Words that related to social groups are as follows: child, famil*,

student*, disab*, parent*, patient*, senior*, women/woman, government, mother*, teacher*,

worker*, speciali*, doctor*, physician*, adult*, teen*, youth*, elder*, nurse*, aide*, employe*,

citizen*, caregiver, surgeon, pediatri*, engineer*, immigrant*, amputee*, consumer*, veteran*,

addict*, homeless, aborigin*, instructor*, paramedic*, educators, the poor, publisher*, geriatric*,

adolescen*, politician*, spouse, First Nation, low income, practitioner*, minorit*, Inuit,

criminal*, quadriplegic*, refugee, indigenous, eskimo, inmate*, and some countries. Words that

related to health care professionals, government officials, specific countries, medical terms, and

some age groups are not included in Table 2, but exist within academic literature and does show

up in some newspaper articles. Words that related to occupational therapy concepts are the

following: education, employment, mental health, housing, poverty, child caree, addiction, elder

abuse, fall prevention, homlessness, enablement, social injustice, marital breakup, injury

prevention in older drivers, forced migration, substance abuse, culturally marginalized group*,
social right, social inclusion, sustainability, occupational justice, and human right*. Terms that

related specifically to certain age groups, such as marital breakup, injury prevention in older

drivers, elder abuse, and fall prevention, as well as synonymous terms, use as forced migration

and substance abuse, are not shown in Table 2, but do exist within academic literature. We

included the terms occupational science, occupational rights, and engaging with political issues

because of occupational therapys significant relevance to concepts in the Journal of

Occupational Science. We applied these keywords to the media, in particular, The Globe and

Mail through the ProQuest database and their frequencies were recorded into the following time

frames: 1800-1917 representing the pre-war years, 1918-1949 representing the war years, 1950-

1979 post-war years until we switched to a different database, 1980-1999, and 2000-2014.

For each of the keywords, a Google Scholar search was performed to find the first appearance of

those words in the context of occupational therapy, as well as when those keywords were highly

discussed within academic literature.

Data Analysis

The Calgary Herald and The Globe and Mail was then compared to each other to see differences

between local and national papers concerning the scope and aim of occupational therapy. Then,

excerpts from these terms were read manually to see whether they were relevant and what they

said about occupational therapy. The table for social groups and social issues or concepts were

analyzed for how well the newspaper coverage matched academic coverage within the keywords

historical contexts. Results from the analyses are then used to discuss implications of the

findings for the present and future occupational therapy field.

Limitations
The findings for this paper were only based on two North American newspapers in only the

English language. Other languages, Canadian cities or other countries were not covered. The

findings cannot be generalized beyond other media mediums or other newspapers. However, a

pattern of neglect in some areas and scopes of occupational therapy is still apparent in the

sources that is covered in this paper and the authors posit that this can be used to guide future

media analyses.

Findings

Frequency of Mentioning Purpose of Occupational Therapy in Calgary Herald and The

Globe and Mail

One way how newspapers can alleviate or add to the confusion of the perception of occupational

therapy is whether they thematize the purpose of occupational therapy. We searched for the

following words purpose*, motiv*, objective*, aim* that could reveal the purpose of OT. In the

Calgary Herald, only n=4 of the articles described the purpose of occupational therapy. One

article discussed how occupational therapists volunteered in Haiti to modify a task to increase

independence {Simnett, 2009 #154}. Other articles looked at preventing falls in seniors {Frazer-

Harrison, 2007 #156}, providing access to being an active participant in the community

{Boothby, 2013 #157}, improving memory {Louie, 2008 #297}, increasing mobility in children

with cerebal palsy {Ketcham, 1999 #298}, relearning body coordination {Brennan, 1994 #158 }

use what abilities the patient has (Carson, 1969), and aim for rehabilitation (James, 1954). In The

Globe and Mail there were more articles that discussed what occupational therapists did,

however most of them stem from 1941-1960 and most were very vague and limited in scope and

clarity. Some purposes of occupational therapy mentioned were: diversional therapy

("Orthopedists Praise Work of Therapists," 1959), for physical recovery ("Occupational Therapy

Shortens Recovery Road," 1945), for handling environmental requirements (Kieran, 1981), or

to adapt to community life after being hospitalized ("Occupational Therapy Gets Red Feather

Aid," 1950).

Portrayal of concepts and clients of Occupational Therapists in Calgary Herald and The

Globe and Mail

Most occupational therapists work directly with clients and the social construction of each client

influences occupational therapy practice. The media should reflect these differences in client

population and thus reflect the scope of occupational therapy. Social groups were found based on

selection of terms from the word cruncher list from both compiled academic journals and from

the newspapers. Social issues and concepts such as sustainability, human rights, and poverty

also taken from the word cruncher listalso impact the independence and enablement of an

individual through their environment and engagement in activities, which thus impacts the

practice, enablement, and advocacy components of occupational therapy (H. J. Polatajko, 2001).

Frequency of Keywords Mentioned in The Globe and Mail

Categorized into Years
Given themes first appearance in academic literature (using Google
Scholar) in red
Keywords 1800-1917 1918-1949 1950-1979 1980-1999 2000-
2014
Occupational therapy 0 1822 788 (1st time 348 78 42
1918)
Medical aspect 0 1822 111 113 25 11
Occupational Therapy Concepts
Importance of work OT 0 1896 547 190 47 24
can help employment
Education of others 0 1990 0 0 0 0
Education of OTs 97 1918 56 17 6
Homeless/homelessness 0 1928 0 1 0
Engage with political 0 1970s 0 0
issues
Poverty 0 1970 2 1
Human rights 1 1967 0 0
Social 0 1980 0
justice/inclusion/right
Culturally/marginal 0 1984 0
groups
Sustainability 0 1985 0 2000
Occupational science 0 1989 0
Enablement 0 1992 0
Occupational justice 0 2000
Occupational rights 0 2003
Clients
Disabled 0 1909 29 18 9 2
Children 0 1909 233 138 23 22
Soldier 112 1918 6 1 1
Veteran 64 1918 15 0 2
Mental (people with 84 1918 58 18 4
mental issues)
Elderly 8 1918 26 11 2
Immigrant 0 1930s 0 0 1980s 0
Addict 0 1931 5 1 0
Sex offender 0 1955 0 1
Aboriginal people 0 1960 0 1980s 0
Criminal 0 1937 1 1 1
Table 2: Frequency of Keywords Mentioned in The Globe and Mail Categorized into Years, in
relation to first appearance in academic literature and peak of keyword trend.

Evaluating the coverage of socially disadvantaged groups of occupational therapy in

newspapers.

In Table 2, minority groups with the most disadvantages to full inclusion in society made up

most of the terms least mentioned. Manual analyzing of social groups mentioned less than n=10

times (criminal, aboriginal peoples, sex offenders, addicts, homeless, low income, and

immigrants) showed that many of the articles did not relate occupational therapy to those

minority groups. In The Globe and Mail, articles pertaining to low income, inuit,

indigenous, and homeless showed no relation to occupational therapy, albeit mentioned as a

social issue that fits under the realm of occupational therapy in academic journals. In most
articles in the Globe and Mail pertaining to the aforementioned socially disadvantaged groups,

occupational therapists target individuals, not the social issue. Some articles revealed that

occupational therapists help addicts in rehabilitation (Dr, 1955), suicidal adolescents in group

therapy (Hollobon, 1965), and unsuccessfully advocating more care for those with Alzheimers

and their families (Kelly, 1985). In Calgary Herald, out of 47 articles under keyword patient*,

10 patients mentioned were Caucasian, 1 Caucasian name was used to describe general patients,

while 28 referred to patients in general, 2 articles referring to the same Indian patient, 1 Asian

criminal, 1 unknown, and 1 used patient as a personal characteristic. Most of these articles

referred to a specific time in a patients life, or was a memorandum. A quick search and manual

analysis of the ProQuest database for occupational therapy and keyword lifelong yielded no

relevant results that showed that occupational therapists can be involved in lifelong interactions

with a client and not limited to their professional appointments.

Children were significantly mentioned more often than other age groups in both newspapers. The

consistently medical framework can be clearly seen in how much medical terms dominate the

articles. For example, the term patient was mentioned much more than the word client, again

reinforcing the false idea that occupational therapy is under a medical framework. A clear

medical standpoint is seen in both The Globe and Mail and Calgary Herald. The terms surgeon,

physician, doctor, nurse, and patient occurred with greater frequency than client or aide in The

Globe and Mail. Groups that are much marginalized, such as those with low income, First

Nations, amputees, and homeless, experienced even less growth.

Concepts emerging in the 20th and 21st centuries were not well reflected in the newspapers,

despite their growing importance in other professional fields. In particular, concepts tied to

policy-making and political aspects of occupational therapy were not covered at all, such as
occupational justice and rights. Other social issues and concepts from academia and CAOT also

lacked coverage, which included housing, child care, elder abuse, fall prevention, marital

breakup, forced migration,

Discussion

Lack of Clear Definition of Purpose and Scope for Occupational Therapy

The Globe and Mail and Calgary Herald do not define occupational therapy in the same

perspective as academic journals. The scope of occupational therapy, as reflected in the

newspapers, is limited to rehabilitation and addressing some social issues, such as international

aid {Simnett, 2009 #154}, homelessness and mental health {Ho, 2011 #205}. However, it falls

short of the scope as defined by academic literature, in which occupational therapy also includes

evaluating practices, research, maintaining health, and being multidisciplinary in practice

(Manitoba, 2013). The purposes highlighted in the newspapers are still predominantly medically

oriented towards patients, and those with physical disabilities. This is an extremely limited

perspective on the scope of clients for occupational therapists, as defined by WFOT. The use of

medical language is evidence of a medical frame, instead of the social view that CAOT

embraces, which includes advocacy, breaking barriers, meaningful occupation, and inclusion.

The newspapers do not address how occupational therapy can work with people who are

restricted in their participation or who are socially excluded owing to their membership of social

or cultural minority groups. (WFOT, 2010). Newspaper articles, as reflected by the keywords

and its content, indicates that it contains a simplistic view on the purpose and scope of

occupational therapy.

Reflecting the History of Occupational Therapy in Selected Newspapers

According to the history of occupational therapy as outlined by the Canadian Association of

Occupational Therapists, occupational therapy flourished during the wartime years and the years

between the two world wars. Occupational therapy was most mentioned in the selected

newspapers around 1941-1960, several years after occupational therapy was found to be

significant in the war effort. Access to the Calgary Herald was limited to 1980 to present day,

but occupational therapy was still not discussed at all during the 1980s, when therapists were

starting to take interest in social issues and developing Canadas health and social services. This

lack of coverage of major events in the history of occupational therapy reveals the discrepancy

between what is covered in newspapers and history itself. Another discrepancy is found in Table

2, where very few minority groups, who experience the bulk of social and socioeconomic issues

(Karlsen & Nazroo, 2002), are reflected in the newspapers, although occupational therapists

were encouraged to take an interest in social issues of their clients (Trentham, 2001). Although

occupational therapy emerged from a medical framework, it is increasingly becoming associated

with Disability Studies and the social model. Newspaper coverage fails to cover this

transformation of becoming more engaged with occupational justice, Disability Studies theories,

and social issues.

Lack of Reflecting Holistic View of Occupational Therapy in Selected Newspapers

Occupational therapy in the two newspapers is not seen as holistic, but confined to a particular

time in a patients life or to address only the patient and his or her family. As mentioned in the

findings of qualitative data for the keyword patient*, Calgary Herald either focused on

patients in general, or patients in a case study. Because occupational therapy can be applied to

different age groups, ethnicities, abilities, genders, and other differences, across undetermined

time spans, as individuals, groups, communities, or populations (CAOT, 2012) and different
extents of peoples lives, occupational therapists have a large influence on different aspects of

peoples lives. As such, the possibilities of what occupational therapists are to do in a clients life

is undefined (Sachs & Labovitz, 1994). Holism is a characteristic that distinguishes occupational

therapy from other medical professions and sees the client as a whole person influenced by

interacting forces of sociocultural, physical, mental, and spiritual components (McCOLL), as

reflected in CAOT beliefs and values (CAOT, 2007). The two newspapers simply focuses on the

physical and mental components within a specific lens, presenting occupational therapists as

medical experts, lumped together with physicians, doctors, or other specialists. This is evident in

the heavily medical language of the newspapers when describing social groups or concepts of

occupational therapy, as shown in Table 2. For example, client is a term often used to describe

users of occupational therapy, while patient is more of a medical term. N=36 articles referred

to client*, while n=402 articles referred to patient*. The highly medical use of language

limits occupational therapy to a limited perspective, rather than the holistic view occupational

therapists endorse. Occupation as reflected in the newspaper uses an industrial view of labour,

but occupational therapy has shifted to a social view of occupation as a determinant and means

of health, wellness and justice (Whiteford, Townsend, & Hocking, 2000). Occupational therapy

has moved onto broader aspects of well-being, engaging with occupational justice and inclusion.

Occupational justice is the recognition of occupational rights for all, regardless of age, gender,

social class, or ability. Injustices to occupational rights stem from social policies and governance

that ultimately restricts participation from particular groups (Nilsson & Townsend, 2014). As

shown in the data and analysis of what was covered by the newspapers, there are discrepancies

between racial groups, social classes, and marginalized identities. Searches for keywords, such as

immigrant and aboriginal people yield zero results. This illustrates that newspapers fail to
mention that these groups have the right to occupational justice, inclusion, and participation.

Occupational therapists are giving increasing attention to not only individuals, but populations

(Nilsson & Townsend, 2014), and thus social problems that afflict certain populations. The

implications of a client-centered profession is to initiate social change, thus influencing other

professions to take on advancements in well-being and justice, go beyond treating medical

symptoms, and explore the link between human well-being and human rights (Nilsson &

Townsend, 2014).

Lack of Reflecting Occupational Therapy Services

Articles taken from the Calgary Herald and The Globe and Mail relating to occupational therapy

for specific patients in hospitals were mostly Caucasian. As mentioned before, out of 47 articles

under keyword patient*, 10 patients mentioned were Caucasian, 1 Caucasian name was used to

describe general patients, while 28 referred to patients in general, 2 articles referring to the same

Indian patient, 1 asian criminal, 1 unknown, and 1 used patient as a personal characteristic. This

scope that the selected newspapers chooses to cover leaves out those needing occupational

therapy that choose not to go to the hospital, use alternative medicine, or go to a private clinic.

The CAOT occupational therapist profile shows that only 83 per cent of occupational

therapists work directly with clients. Other occupational therapists are managers, professional

coordinators, educators or researchers, and other positions. The newspapers does not reflect the

remaining 17 per cent of work occupational therapists may do. The articles analyzed also did not

follow the shift to community-based services that occupational therapists experienced in the past

three decades (CAOT, 2012). There is one article that spoke of allowing medical students,
including occupational therapists, in post-secondary to do work in the community, but did not

focus on how occupational therapy can be applied in the community (Collison, 2009).

Lack of Exploring Diverse Social Groups

Academia also speaks of exploring occupation cross-culturally, across the lifespan, and

at different levels of service delivery (Lal, 2010) for all stakeholders, not just the patient.

Recovery is an essential component of coping and rehabilitation and academic journals call for a

reflection on recovery and how it relates to culture, race, gender, diversity, lifespan, and levels

of mental health service delivery (Lal, 2010). The selected newspapers fails to see that

occupation differs cross-culturally and thus does not reflect the entirety of occupation as

occupational therapists know it. This is evident in Table 2, where articles mention little about

immigrants, aboriginal peoples, those in poverty, and other terms indicating a minority group,

despite academic literature tying occupational therapy to those groups. Socially disadvantaged

groups are most often marginalized and experience greater health risks than more advantaged

groups; disparity in health is linked to education, occupation, income, and living conditions, (P.

Braveman, 2006). It is problematic if these socially disadvantaged groups are not mentioned in

the newspapers, but can be benefited by occupational therapy. CAOT acknowledges that

culturally safe practice is important in occupational therapy practice (CAOT, 2011). Diverse

stakeholders are important in the effective, client-centered service that is fundamental to

occupational therapy. Immigrants help create the multicultural aspect of Canada and is an

important stakeholder in the scope and culturally-sensitive practice of occupational therapy. The

lack of diverse groups that are mentioned in the newspapers is problematic in that it creates a

view that occupational therapy is limited to particular social groups, and thus limits the number

of diverse stakeholders that occupational therapy can reach. As listed under Table 1.2, the groups
of people mentioned in articles that explain the purpose of occupational therapy is very limited to

patients in hospitals, people with disabilities, and addictions. Minority groups are not mentioned

and thus presents a limited scope for occupational therapists to the general public and may affect

occupational therapy in the futurethe expansion of the professional field and the cultural

understanding of future occupational therapists. Although the newspapers may mention these

groups, articles do not relate to how occupational therapy can be a force in addressing the social

issues these minority groups face, and instead focus on case studies.

Limited Social Issue Coverage and Connection to Disability Studies

A greater issue is the lack of reflecting social issues that clients of occupational therapists

face. Occupational therapy is meant to address problems both in the client and the environment

(Madill, Townsend, & Schultz, 1989). Social issues are an integral part to the work of

occupational therapists because they influence the lives of clients and is the root of many of the

problems that act as barriers to employment, health, sociocultural interaction, and other

determinants of well-being (Heath, Rothon, & Kilpi, 2008). It is problematic that the newspapers

did not express how homelessness, social injustice, poverty, housing, enablement, and other

major social issues were linked to occupational therapy. For example, academia explores the

nature of occupational engagement for people who are homeless and with a mental illness and

how occupational therapy interventions "provides opportunities for achieving meaning in life and

affirms a sense of self-worth, fulfillment, and belonging (Illman, Spence, OCampo, & Kirsh,

2013). Articles in Calgary Herald that discuss homelessness is just that it help[s] the individuals

understand themselves better, (Ho, 2011)a vague generalization of what occupational therapy

is, according to Illman. There is also a disparity between the time difference when the social

issue has become a major problem in society and when the social issue is related to occupational
therapy in the selected newspapers. This is evident in Table 2, where social concepts are often

discussed many years later and still do not reflect the role of occupational therapy in that social

concept, or simply not covered at all. According to the Canadian Journal of Occupational

Therapy, professional organizations representing occupational therapy have taken few public or

official stands on health and social issues (Madill et al., 1989). Having a better definition of

health and social issues, as well as expanding and shifting the scope of occupational therapy to

socially disadvantaged groups may help influence the media to truly reflect the work that

occupational therapists do. Following the expectations of CAOTs vision, occupational therapy

should be multidisciplinary, other than the medical. The lack of involvement with social issues

discussed above undermines the role of occupational therapists in combating and influencing

social policies and social constructions that are the root of the problems in their clients. Concepts

from disability studies have been linked to occupational therapy since its shift away from the

medical. Townsend questions the use of medical language and labelling within occupational

therapy, stating that it must reflect occupation in a context that aligns practice not only with

medicine but with architecture, economics, engineering, law, political science, psychology,

sociology, and other fields (E. Townsend, 1996). Hammell believes that disability studies raise

important questions about many of occupational therapy's central issues, and critique

professional power and privilege and the systemic oppression of disabled people with which

rehabilitation professionals are perceived to collude (Hammell, 2007). As such, disability

studies guides occupational therapy towards greater involvement with other disciplines,

providing a greater holistic approach and address the systemic oppression of not only people

with disabilities, but marginalized populations.

Conclusions and Further Research

Occupational therapy is distinct in that it addresses the problems of its clients in its work in every

aspect of the clients lives, which changes both the client and the environment around him or her

(Rowe, 1979). The media, which is selective in what knowledge is shown to the general public,

should reflect the many facets of occupational therapy. Occupational therapy is mentioned in

news articles, but whether it is depicted correctly is another issue. People acquire information

through the media; occupational therapy should thus be represented accurately, in scope and

purpose, for those unsure of what the field is. The media and academia should also reflect

socially disadvantaged and marginalized groups who do not have equal access to participation.

The public must have the skills and knowledge to search for keywords that leads to the purpose

and scope of occupational therapy. Media is significant in society, as it presents groups of people

in a certain way and shapes the way the public thinks about certain groups of people (Abroms &

Maibach, 2008). This, however, is not the case; as presented in this paper, the newspapers fails to

link together important social issues, socially disadvantaged groups that are marginalized and in

need of occupational therapy, and reflect the purpose of occupational therapy. This lack of

coverage on these issues do not reflect what occupational therapy does, its scope, or the

importance of occupational therapy in society. As occupational therapy and Disability Studies

become more linked, the role of occupational therapists as advocates and social policy

stakeholders will become more prominent, as CAOT has called upon its members to work on.

This paper focused only on Canadian newspapers and only one local newspaper. Further

research can expand internationally and other forms of media, such as social networking sites

and videos that may cover occupational therapy in a different perspective. Other social groups,

such as different ethnicities, people with different disabilities or illnesses that occupational

therapists tend towards, and sexualities can also be explored.

Three Key Messages

The coverage of occupational therapy in media is limited and medically oriented, which
does not reflect occupational therapys shift towards enablement and use of social lens.
The skewed image of occupational therapy in the media is reflected onto potential
occupational therapists, who may not understand the full scope of occupational therapy.
The occupational therapy field can benefit from a disability studies lens, since many in
occupational therapy still follow the medical paradigm in their perception of people with
disabilities.

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