CE 462A

Hydraulic and Hydrologic Design

(2016-17-II)

Instructor: Ashu Jain

Department of Civil Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
1
 Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
CE 462A Hydraulic and Hydrologic Design (2016-17-II)

Instructor: Ashu Jain

Schedule: Lec-M 12:00-13:15, T 09:00-10:15; Tut-Th 09:00-09:50, WL228
Text Books/ Hydrologic Analysis and Design by Richard H. McCuen, Prentice
Reference: Hall, New Jersey, USA.
Applied Hydrology by V. T. Chow, David Maidment, and Larry Mays,
Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, India.
Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures by S. K. Garg, Khanna
Publishers.
Class handouts.

Course Synopsis: This course is designed as an elective course for an undergraduate student
in civil engineering at IIT Kanpur to introduce him/her the advanced
topics in the design of water systems. At the end of the course, a
successful student is expected have a thorough knowledge of the following
topics for hydraulic and hydrologic design: Synthetic design storms &
Estimation of peak discharge, Urban storm drainage design, Culvert
design, Detention storage design, Watershed modeling, Flood frequency
analysis and hydrologic design under uncertainty; Design of water
distribution network, Analysis and design of rigid boundary channels,
Tractive force concepts in channel design, Design of canal headworks,
distribution works, and cross-drainage works, Design of gravity dams,
spillways, and energy dissipators.

Course Evaluation: The course will be evaluated based on the following scheme:

Final Exam 40%

Mid Semester Exam 25%
Quizzes 15% (2@7.5%each)
Tutorials/Homeworks 20%

The final letter grade will be awarded based upon the cumulative performance throughout
the semester according to the following guidelines:

90 and above A+
80 to 89 A
70 to 79 B
60 to 69 C
50 to 59 D
40 to 49 E
39 and less F

2
 Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Storm Design
6
Chapter 2 Pavement Drainage Design
11
Chapter 3 Design of Culvert
19
Chapter 4 Design of Detention Basins
29
Chapter 5 Pipe Network Design
36
Chapter 6 Open channel Design
42
Chapter 7 Mobile bed Channel Design
46
Chapter 8 Diversion Head work
49

3
 List of Figures
Figure No. Caption Pg. No.

Figure 1.1 IDF Relationships in English System for USA Data 9

Figure 2.1 Types of Inlets 15

Figure 3.1 Four Standard Inlet Types/Configurations 20

Figure 3.2 Entrance Contraction 21

Figure 3.3 Typical Inlet Control Flow Condition 21

Figure 3.4 Typical Outlet Control Flow Conditions 22

Figure 3.5 Culvert Design Form 24

Figure 3.6 Head Water Depth For Concrete Culverts with Inlet Control 25

Figure 3.7 Head Water Depth For C.M. Culverts with Inlet Control 26

Figure 3.8 Head Water Depth For Box Control Culverts with Inlet 27

Figure 3.9 Critical Depth for Rectangular Section 28

Figure3.10 Critical Depth for Rectangular Section 29

Figure 4.1 Design chart for estimating preliminary storage of detention basin using SCS 34

Method

Figure 5.1 Moodys Diagram 38

Figure5.2 Head loss coefficient (K) for gradual expansion as per Gibson 41

4
 List of Tables
Figure No. Caption Pg. No.
Table 1.1 Commercially Available Materials and Sizes for Sewer/Storm Drain 10
Pipes
Table 1.2 Minimum Pipe Slopes Necessary to Ensure a 1 m/sec Velocity 11
Table 2.1 Conventional Curb and Gutter Sections 15
Table 2.2 Manning's n for Street and Pavement Gutters 17
Table 4.1 Classification for Antecedent Moisture Conditions (AMC) for 31
determining runoff depth (Pe) using the SCS Method
Table 4.2 Part-1-Runoff Curve Numbers [CN-II] for Hydrologic Soil Cover 32
Complexes [Under AMC-II conditions]
Table 4.3 Runoff Curve Numbers [CN-II] [Under AMC-II conditions] 33
Table 5.1 Coefficient of contraction (Cc) for estimating head loss due to sudden 41
contraction
Table 5.2 Head-loss coefficients (K) for various fittings 42
Table 6.1 Different property of hydraulically efficient channels 43
Table 6.2 Mannings Roughness Coefficient-Part 1 44
Table 6.3 Mannings Roughness Coefficient-Part 2 45
Table 6.4 Recommended Side Slopes for Unlined Trapezoidal Channels in Cutting 45
Table 6.5 Permissible Maximum Velocities in Open Channels 46
Table 6.6 Recommended Values of Freeboard for Open Channels 46

5
 Chapter 1
Storm Design
Depth Area Duration Relationship

n
P P e kA (1.1)
o

Where P = average precipitation

P = Maximum precipitation
o

IDF Relation

kT x
i (1.2)
D a n
Where i is intensity in cm/hr, T is return period in years, D is the duration in hours and k, x, a and
n are tabulated

Estimation of peak discharge

Rational formula

1
Q CiA (1.3)
3.6

Where Q is in m3/s, C is runoff coefficient, i is intensity in mm/hr, A is area in sq-km

Kirpits equation for time of concentration

t 0.01947 L0.77 S 0.385 (1.4)

c

is in minutes, L is in meters, S is slope

Equivalent roughness coefficient

in 1Ci Ai
C (1.5)
eq in 1Ai

6
 1 n
Q
P 3.6 eq t , T i
C i A (1.6)
c i 1

Clarks Model (1945)

= 2.78 (1.7)

Where is ordinate of inflow hydrograph in m3/s, is in sq-km, is in hours

ds
I Q (1.8)
dt

For linear reservoir S kQ

Muskinghams Routing Equation

Q 2C I C Q (1.9)
2 12 2 1
0.5 0.5
Where 1 = and 2 =
+0.5 +0.5

Nash Model (1957)

t
1 t n 1
u t e k (1.10)
k nk

Where u(t) IUH ordinate in cm/hr, t is in hours and n is Gamma function

Synthetic Unit hydrograph (SUH)

For standard UH

t 5.5 t (1.11)
p r

0.3
t C C L*L (1.12)
p 1 t c

Where C1 = 0.75 for SI and 1.00 for English, tp is in hours and L & Lc are in km.

C
p
q C (1.13)
p 2 t
p

7
Where C2 = 2.75 for SI and 640 for English. Ct and are to be found from nearby
hydrologically similar catchment.

Required peak discharge

t
p
q q (1.14)
PR pt
PR

Time base

C
t 3 (1.15)
b q
PR

Where 3 =5.56 SI and 1290 for English

w c q 1.08 (1.16)
w PR

For 75% = 1.22 for SI and 440 for English

For 50% = 2.14 for SI and 770 for English

Urban Storm Drainage design

Diameter of the drainage pipe

3
3.2084 Q n 8
D P (1.17)
S
o

8
Important Tables and Graphs for Storm Water Design

Figure 1.1: IDF Relationships in English System for USA Data

9
 Table 1.1: Commercially Available Materials and Sizes for Sewer/Storm Drain Pipes

Nominal CONC RCCP CSP ESCP ABS PVC CPVC CI VCC CD CAA
Diameter
(inches)

4 X X X X X X X X X
6 X X X X X X X
8 X X X X X X X X

10 X X X X X X X X X X X
12 X X X X X X X
14

15 X X X X X X X X
16 X
18 X X X X X X X

20 X X X X X X X
21 X
24 X X X X X X X

27 X X X X X X X
30 X X X X
33 X X X

36 X X X X X X
39
42
X X X

48 X X X
54 X X
60 X X

66 X
72 X
78 X

84 X
90 X
96 X

102 X
108 X

X Available in pipe size

CONC Concrete pipe
RCCP Reinforced concrete culvert and storm drain & sewer pipe
CSP Concrete sewer and storm drain & culvert pipe
ABS Acrylontrile - Butadiene - Styrene composite sewer piping
PVC Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe
CPVC Corrugated poly (vinyl Chloride) (PVC) pipe with smooth interior
CI Cast iron pipe
VCC Vitrified clay culvert
CD Clay draintile (extra quality)
CAA Corrugated aluminum alloy

10
 Table 1.2: Minimum Pipe Slopes Necessary to Ensure a 1 m/sec Velocity

Pipe Diameter Percent Slope (m/m x 100)

(inches)
n = 0.013 n = 0.014 n = 0.015
10 0.555 0.643 0.739

12 0.435 0.505 0.579

15 0.323 0.375 0.430
18 0.253 0.294 0.337
21 0.206 0.239 0.275
24 0.173 0.200 0.230
27 0.148 0.171 0.196
30 0.128 0.149 0.171
36 0.101 0.117 0.134
42 0.082 0.095 0.109
48 0.069 0.079 0.091
54 0.059 0.068 0.078
60 0.051 0.059 0.068
66 0.045 0.052 0.060
72 0.040 0.046 0.053
78 0.036 0.042 0.048

11
 Chapter 2
Pavement Drainage Design
Flow in gutter

3 SL 8 3
Q d (2.1)
G 8n S
T

Spread

d
T (2.2)
S
T

Efficiency of the gutter

1
0 = (2.3)


1+ 2.67


[1+ ] 1
{ 1 }

= 1 +1 (2.4)
0 2.67
{ ( )+1} 1
10

w is width of the inlet

Interception Capacity of Grate Inlet

Frontal interception efficiency ( R )

f

Q
Frontal flow interception i, f
R (2.5)
f Total frontal flow Q
w

R 1.0 if v v (2.6)
f o

R 1.0 Ku (v v ) if v v0 (2.7)
f o

12
Ku = 0.295 for SI and 0.09 for English

Q
Side flow interception i, s 1
R (2.8)
s Total side flow Q
s KuV 1.8
1
S L2.3
x

Ku = 0.0828 for SI and 0.15 for English

Q
V = velocity of the gutter =
Area

L = length of the grate

Overall Efficiency

E R E R 1 E
f 0 s o
Qi
Q
(2.9)

Intercepted Flow

f o s
Qi Q R E R 1 E
o (2.10)

If width of the grate is less than w then efficiency is modified

A'
E E w
' (2.11)
o o A
w

Interception Capacity of Curb-opening Inlet

Uniform section

Length required for 100% interception

0.6
1
L Ku Q 0.42 S 0.3 (2.12)
T L nS
x

Ku = 0.817 for SI and 0.6 for ENGLISH

If L < then the Efficiency

13
 1.8
L
E 1 1 (2.13)
L
T

Composite section

Replace S by S S S E in the uniform section

x e x w o

Grate Inlet in Sag [sump condition]

As a weir

Q C Pd1.5 (2.14)
i w

Where P = perimeter of the grate ignoring the side along the curb

d = average depth of flow across the flow

C 1.6 For SI and 3.0 for English

w

As an orifice

Q C A 2 gd (2.15)
i o g

C = orifice coefficient having value 0.67 for both SI and English

o

Curb opening inlet in Sag valley

As a weir (for the curb opening with end depression)

Q C L 1.8w d1.5 (2.16)

i w

C = 1.25 for SI and 2.3 for English

w

As a weir (for the curb opening without end depression)

Q C Ld1.5 (2.17)
i w

C = 1.6 for Si and 3.0 for English

w

As an Orifice

14
 Q C hL 2 gd (2.18)
i o o

C = orifice coefficient 0.67

o

d = effective head above center of orifice (in m or ft)

o

d = total depth at curb

i

h
d d (2.19)
o i 2

Combination inlet in Sag

As a weir

Q 1.6 Pd1.5 1.25 L 1.8w d1.5 for SI (2.20)

i

Q 3.0 Pd1.5 2.3 L 1.8w d1.5 for ENGLISH (2.21)

i

As an orifice

Q 0.67 A 2 gd 0.67hL 2 gd (2.22)

i g avg o

Determination of inlet spacing (S)

S

3.6 Q Q
i b for SI (2.23)
CIw

Where w is the width of the pavement in km, S is spacing in km and I in mm/hr

S

43560 Q Q
i b for ENGLISH (2.24)
CIw

15
Table 2.1: Conventional Curb and Gutter Sections

d = T SX

Ku = 0.376 SI (0.56 English)

n = Manning's coefficient
Q = flow rate, m3/s (ft3/s)
T = width of flow (spread), m (ft)
Sx = cross slope, m/m (ft/ft)
SL = longitudinal slope, m/m (ft/ft)
(a) Uniform Section

QW = Q - QS
QS
Q
(1 EO )
SW = SX + (a/W)
EO = Q W / Q

T SW / S X
(b) Composite Section 1 0.375
W SW EO
1 1
SX (1 EO

(c) Parabolic Section

16
 Shallow Swale Sections

(a) V-Shape Gutter

(b) V-Shape Median

TW 2 r 2 (r d ) 2
0.5

d = depth of flow, m (ft)

D = diameter, m (ft)
TW = to width, m (ft)
r = radius, m (ft)
Ku = 1.179 SI
0.972 English
(c) Circular Shape Gutter

17
 Table 2.2: Manning's n for Street and Pavement Gutters
Type of Gutter or Pavement Manning's n
Concrete gutter, troweled finish 0.012
Asphalt Pavement:
Smooth texture 0.013
Rough texture 0.016
Concrete gutter-asphalt pavement:
Smooth 0.013
Rough 0.015
Concrete pavement:
Float finish 0.014
Broom finish 0.016
For gutters with small slope, where sediment may 0.020
accumulate, increase above values of "n" by
Reference: USDOT, FHWA, HDS-3(36)

18
 (a) Grate Inlet

(b) Curb Opening Inlet

19
 (c) Slotted Drain Inlet

(d) Combination Inlet

Figure 2.1: Types of Inlets

20
 Chapter 3
Design of Culvert
Hydraulics of outlet control (Full-Barrel)

V 2 V 2
HW L u TW d H (3.1)
o s 2g 2g L

Vu and Vd are very small hence

HW TW H L (3.2)
o L s

H H H H H (3.3)
L e f 0 other

= Entry loss,

n2 L V 2
H K (3.4)
e u 1.33 2 g
R

Ku = 19.63 for SI and 29 for ENGLISH

L = length of the culvert barrel

n = Mannings coefficient for uniform section

R = hydraulic radius

V = velocity of flow

= Friction loss

0 = Exit loss,

H H H H (3.5)
other b j g

= bend loss,

= joint/ junction loss

= Grate loss,

21
 V2
H K (3.6)
e e 2g

is entrance loss coefficient

V 2 V 2
H K u d (3.7)
0 0 2g 2g

V 2
Neglecting vd2 we get H K u
0 0 2g
(3.8)

K n2 L V 2
Hence
H 1 K u (3.9)
L e
R1.33 2 g

H
f K n2 L V 2
S u (3.10)
f L R1.33 2 g

HGL calculations can be done starting at

d D d D
h c if Tail Water, TW c (3.11)
0 2 2

And HGL calculations can be done starting at

d D
d = TW if TW c (3.12)
2

22
Figure 3.1: Four Standard Inlet Types/Configurations

Figure 3.2: Entrance Contraction

23
 Figure 3.3: Typical Inlet Control Flow Condition

Figure 3.4: Typical Outlet Control Flow Conditions

24
Figure 3.5 Culvert Design Form

25
Figure 3.6 Head Water Depth For Concrete Culverts with Inlet Control

26
Figure 3.7 Head Water Depth For C.M. Culverts with Inlet Control

27
Figure 3.8 Head Water Depth For Box Control Culverts with Inlet
28
Figure 3.9 Critical Depth for Rectangular Section

29
Figure 3.10 Critical Depth for Rectangular Section

30
 Chapter 4
Design of Detention Basins
Estimation of Preliminary Storages

tb
Vs (Qi Q0 ) (4.1)
2

Where Vs is storage volume

tb = time base of inflow hydrographs (seconds)

Qi =peak inflow rate into basin (m3/sec)

Qo =peak outflow into basin (m3/sec)

SCS METHOD

Vr kr * Pe * A (4.2)

Where Vr is ha-m

kr = unit constant (1 in SI and 53.33 in English)

Pe = effective excess rainfall (mm)

A = area of catchment in ha

Vs
Vs Vr (4.3)
Vr

Determination of Pe

Fa Pe
(4.4)
S P Ia

P=Total depth of rainfall (Design Storm)

Ia = Initial abstractions

Pe = effective excess rainfall (mm)

Fa= Depth of water retained in catchment (mm)

S= Potential Maximum retention Catchments

31
 (P I a )2
Pe (4.5)
P Ia S

100
S 2.54 1 (4.6)
CN

Here CN is curve number.

Table 4.1: Classification for Antecedent Moisture Conditions (AMC) for determining
runoff depth (Pe) using the SCS Method

32
Table 4.2: Part-1-Runoff Curve Numbers [CN-II] for Hydrologic Soil Cover Complexes
[Under AMC-II conditions]

33
Table 4.3: Runoff Curve Numbers [CN-II]

[Under AMC-II conditions]

34
Curve Number

CN ( II )
CN ( I ) (4.7)
2.281 0.01281* CN ( II )

CN ( II )
CN ( III ) (4.8)
0.427 0.00573* CN ( II )

Where CN(I) is Curve number corresponding AMC(I)

CN(II) is curve number corresponding AMC(II)

CN(III) is curve number corresponding AMC(III)

Figure 4.1: Design chart for estimating preliminary storage of detention basin using SCS
Method

35
Stage Storage Relationship

Volume of Retention Basin

a) Rectangular

D2
V 0.5 * W * IF D< L*S (4.9)
S

V L *W * D

Where V =volume of rectangular basin

W = width of basin

L= length of basin

S = slope of channel

b) Natural channel

A A2
V12 1 d (4.10)
2

V12 is storage between elevations (1) and (2)

A1 = surface area at elevation (1)

A2 = surface area at elevation (2)

Stage outflow relationship

Multiple Opening Outlet Orifices

n
Q Qi (4.11)
i 1

Qi =discharge from Individual orifice

Q = Total Discharge from all the orifices

Broad Crested Weir

36
 Q CBCW * L * H 1.5 (4.12)

CBCW =1.35-1.8 in SI ANS 2.34- 3.32 in English

V notch weir

Q ku tan H 2.5 (4.13)
2

Where Ku=1.38 in SI and 2.5 in English

Routing of Inflow Hydro graph

I1 I 2 Q Q2
t 1 t S 2 S1 (4.14)
2 2

Where I1 and I2 are inflow at section 1 and 2

Q1 and Q2 are outflow at section 1 and 2

t is time interval.

37
 Chapter 5
Pipe Network Design
fLV 2
hf (5.1)
d 2g

Hf = head-loss due to friction

f=friction factor

L= pipe length

d= diameter of pipe

g= acceleration due to gravity

V= Velocity through pipe

38
Design Aids for Hydraulic Design of Pipes

Figure 5.1: Moodys Diagram

39
Colebrooks Equations

1
/ D 2.51

0.86 ln (5.2)
f
3.7 R f

R= Reynolds Numbers

= pipe roughness

Reynolds Number:

VD
R (5.3)

= kinematic viscosity of fluid

Laminar Flow Reynolds Number:

64
f (5.4)
Re

Turbulent Flow Reynolds Number:

Swami and Jain Equation 1976

1.325
f (5.5)

2
5.74
log( 3.7 * D R 0.9 )

Swami and Jain Equation for Discharge

gDh f
1.775
Q 0.955D 2 ln (5.6)
L D * 3.7 D gDh f
L

Swami and Jain Equation for Diameter

5.2 0.04
2
4.75
L
1.25 LQ
D 0.66 (5.7)
gh gh
f f

40
Pipe Loss

Sudden Expansion

(V1 ) 2
he K (5.8)
2g

2
D 2
Where K 1 1 (5.10)
D2

Sudden contractions
2
1
K 1 (5.10)
Cc

Equivalent Length:

KD
Le (5.11)
f

Equivalent Pipe:
2
f D1
L2 L1 1 (5.12)
f2 D2

Hardy Cross Method

h f 0 (5.13)

rQ0 | Q0 |
Q (5.14)
2 r | Q |
0

41
 Figure5.2: Head loss coefficient (K) for gradual expansion as per Gibson

Table 5.1: Coefficient of contraction (Cc) for estimating head loss due to sudden
contraction

42
Table 5.2: Head-loss coefficients (K) for various fittings

43
 Chapter 6
Open channel Design
V2
E y (6.1)
2g

E= specific Energy

Y= Depth of water

V= velocity through open channel

Condition for Critical Flow

Q 2 A3
(6.2)
g T

Hydraulically Efficient design

Hydraulically Efficient Depth for Rectangular channel

3/ 8
Q*n
ye 1 / 3 (6.3)
2 S0

Hydraulically Efficient for Trapezoidal channel

3/ 8
Q * n * 22 / 3
ye (6.4)
3 S
0

Table 6.1 Different property of hydraulically efficient channels

Property Rectangular Trapezoidal

Area 2y2 2 3
Width (B) 2y 2
( )
3
Perimeter (P) 4y 23
Hydraulic Radius (R) y/2 /2
Top width (T) 2y 4/3

44
Conveyance

1
K AR 2 / 3
n

Open Channel Design Aids

Table 6.2: Mannings Roughness Coefficient-Part 1

45
 Table 6.3: Mannings Roughness Coefficient-Part 2

Table 6.4: Recommended Side Slopes for Unlined Trapezoidal Channels in Cutting

46
 Table 6.5: Permissible Maximum Velocities in Open Channels

Table6.6: Recommended Values of Freeboard for Open Channels

Discharge Freeboard
S. No.
(m3/s) (m)
1 < 0.15 0.30
2 0.15 to 0.75 0.45
3 0.75 to 1.50 0.60
4 1.50 to 9.00 0.75
5 > 9.00 0.90

47
 Chapter 7
Mobile bed Channel Design

Mobile Bed Design

0 RS0 (7.1)

o = Tractive force

= weight density of fluid

R= Hydraulics Radius

S0 =Bed Slope

Stickler formula

1 1/ 6
n d (7.2)
24

Where n= Mannings roughness

d= diameter of bed particles (m)

Mannings Formula

1
Q AR 2 / 3 S 0 (7.3)
n

Q= Discharge flowing through channel (m3/s)

n= Mannings roughness

A= Cross Sectional Area of open channel

S0 =Bed Slope

R= Hydraulics Radius

Channel having banks unprotected

48
 d 11RS 0 (7.4)

Where d= diameter of bed particles

S0 =Bed Slope

R= Hydraulics Radius

Channel having protected banks

d (8.12RS 0 ) / k (7.5)

sin 2
k 1 2 (7.6)
sin

Where = angle of repose

= side slope of channel

For trapezoidal channel

A ( B my0 ) y0
P ( B 2(m2 1)1/ 2 y0 )
[2(m2 1)1/ 2 m] y 2 P * y A 0 (7.7)
ay2 b * y c 0

Optimal Design of Open Channel

A ( y f ) * b ( y f )2 ( z1 z2 ) * 0.5
P b [( z1 1)1/ 2 ( z2 1)1/ 2 ]( y f )
2 2
(7.8)

Where f= free board (m)

49
z1 and z2 are side slope

b= width

y = depth of water

Distributed Approach for optimization (Trapezoidal Channel)

Min cost
3
C C0 At C1 P1 (7.9)
i 1

Subjected to
0.67 0.67 0.67
Q A R Aw 2 Rw 2 Aw3 Rw3
w1 w1 (7.10)
So n1 n2 n3

50
 Chapter 8
Diversion Head work

= . . . +(1 1.2 ) (8.1)

= . . . (8.2)

= 0.5( ) (8.3)

lu 1.5 * x ' (8.4)

= 2 ( )
(8.5)

Q1
2
3

Cd 1 B h hv hv
1.5 1.5
(8.6)

Q2 Cd 2 Bh1 2 g h hv (8.7)

Q = Q1 + Q2 (8.8)

51