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Technologies
Reading 2
First Generation (1G) Systems
Analog with reasonably reliable networks but
limited service offerings and did not permit
roaming between networks.
The 1G period began in the late 1970s and lasted
through the 1980s.
These systems featured the first true mobile
phone systems, known at first as "cellular mobile
radio telephone."
These networks used analog voice signaling, and
were little more sophisticated than the repeater
networks used by amateur radio operators.
Second Generation (2G) Systems
Digital, brought significant advantages in
terms of sophistication, capacity and quality.
The following technologies are under 2G
systems:
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
GPRS General Packet Radio Service (2.5)
EDGE Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution
(2.75)
2G technologies have steadily improved, with
increased bandwidth, packet routing, and the
introduction of multimedia.
Third Generation (3G) Systems
3G refers to the third generation of
developments in wireless technology,
especially mobile communications.
Third Generation (3G) Systems
Capabilities and Features
Enhanced multimedia (voice, data, video, and remote
control).
Usability on all popular modes (cellular telephone, e-
mail, paging, fax, videoconferencing, and Web
browsing).
Broad bandwidth and high speed (upwards of 2
Mbps).
Roaming capability throughout Europe, Japan, and
North America.
Interoperability and roaming
Capability to determine geographic position of
mobiles and report it to both the network and the
mobile terminal
Third Generation (3G) Systems
Capability to support circuit and packet data
at high bit rates:
144 kilobits/second or higher in high mobility
(vehicular) traffic
384 kilobits/second for pedestrian traffic
2 Megabits/second or higher for indoor traffic
Third Generation (3G) Systems
Common billing/user profiles:
Sharing of usage/rate information between
service providers
Standardized call detail recording
Standardized user profiles
Third Generation (3G) Systems
Support of multimedia services/capabilities:
Fixed and variable rate bit traffic
Bandwidth on demand
Asymmetric data rates in the forward and reverse
links
Multimedia mail store and forward
Broadband access up to 2 Megabits/second
Third Generation (3G) Systems
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications
Service) is a third-generation (3G) broadband,
packet-based transmission of text, digitized
voice, video, and multimedia at data rates up
to 2 megabits per second (Mbps).
Third Generation (3G) Systems
UMTS is based on the Global System for Mobile (GSM)
communication standard.
UMTS also makes it possible to provide new services
like alternative billing methods or calling plans. For
instance, users can choose to pay-per-bit, pay-per-
session, flat rate, or asymmetric bandwidth options.
The higher bandwidth of UMTS also enables other new
services like video conferencing or IPTV.
UMTS may allow the Virtual Home Environment (VHE)
to fully develop, where a roaming user can have the
same services to either at home, in the office or in the
field through a combination of transparent terrestrial
and satellite connections.
Third Generation (3G) Systems
The electromagnetic radiation spectrum for
UMTS has been identified as frequency bands
1885-2025 MHz for future IMT-2000 systems,
and 1980-2010 MHz and 2170-2200 MHz for
the satellite portion of UMTS systems.
Third Generation (3G) Systems
CDMA is a form of multiplexing, which allows
numerous signals to occupy a single
transmission channel, optimizing the use of
available bandwidth.
The technology is used in ultra-high-frequency
(UHF) cellular telephone systems in the 800-
MHz and 1.9-GHz bands.
Third Generation (3G) Systems
The original CDMA standard, also known as
CDMA One and still common in cellular
telephones in the U.S., offers a transmission
speed of only up to 14.4 Kbps in its single
channel form and up to 115 Kbps in an eight-
channel form. CDMA2000 and wideband
CDMA deliver data many times faster.
Third Generation (3G) Systems
CDMA2000, also known as IMT-CDMA Multi-
Carrier or 1xRTT, is a code-division multiple
access (CDMA) version of the IMT-2000 standard
developed by the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU).
The CDMA2000 standard is third-generation (3-G)
mobile wireless technology. The world's first 3G
commercial system was launched by SK Telecom
(South Korea) in October 2000, using CDMA2000
1X.
Third Generation (3G) Systems
CDMA2000 can support mobile data
communications at speeds ranging from 144
Kbps to 2 Mbps.
Versions have been developed by Ericsson and
Qualcomm.
As of March 2006, the CDMA Development
Group reports more than 250,300,000
subscribers worldwide.
Fourth Generation (4G) Systems
4G (also known as beyond 3G), an acronym for
Fourth-Generation Communications System, is a
term used to describe the next step in wireless
communications.
A 4G system will be able to provide a
comprehensive IP solution where voice, data and
streamed multimedia can be given to users on an
"Anytime, Anywhere" basis, and at higher data
rates than previous generations.
Fourth Generation (4G) Systems
A spectrally efficient system (in bits/s/Hz and
bits/s/Hz/site)
High network capacity: more simultaneous
users per cell
A nominal data rate of 100 Mbit/s while the
client physically moves at high speeds
relative to the station, and 1 Gbit/s while
client and station are in relatively fixed
positions as defined by the ITU-R
Fourth Generation (4G) Systems
A data rate of at least 100 Mbit/s between any
two points in the world
Smooth handoff across heterogeneous networks
Seamless connectivity and global roaming across
multiple networks,
High quality of service for next generation
multimedia support (real time audio, high speed
data, HDTV video content, mobile TV, etc)
Fourth Generation (4G) Systems
The technologies which are being considered
as pre-4G are the following: WiMax, WiBro
(wireless broadband), iBurst, 3GPP Long Term
Evolution and 3GPP2 Ultra Mobile Broadband.
Summary
1G 2G 3G 4G
CHANNEL CODING
Channel coding is used to detect and correct
errors in a received bit stream. It adds bits to a
message. These bits enable a channel decoder to
determine whether the message has faulty bits.
Solutions to Transmission Problems
Antenna Diversity
Antenna Diversity increases the received signal
strength by taking advantage of the natural properties
of radio waves.
Space Diversity
An increased received signal strength at the BTS may
be achieved by mounting two receiver antennae
instead of one. If the two Rx antennae are physically
separated the probabilty that both of them are
affectec by deep fading at the same time is low.
Solutions to Transmission Problems
Polarization Diversity
With polarization diversity the two space diversity
antennae are replaced by one dual polarized
antenna. The most common types of ploarized
antenna rays are vertical/horizantal and are in 45
degree slant orientation.
Solutions to Transmission Problems
Solutions to Transmission Problems
FREQUENCY HOPPING
It is possible for the BTS and MS to hop from
frequency to frequency during a call. The
frequency hopping for the BTS and MS is
synchronized.
In GSM there are 64 patterns of frequency
hopping; one of them is a simple cyclic or
sequential pattern. The remaining 63 are pseudo-
random patterns, which an operator can choose
from.
Solutions to Transmission Problems
Two types of hopping are supported by the
BSC:
BASEBAND hopping involves hopping between
frequencies on different tranceivers in a cell
SYNTHESIZER hopping involves hopping from
frequency on the same tranceiver in a cell.
CDMA: Code-Division Multiple Access
Also known as IS-95 (Interim Standard 95),
proposed by Qualcomm as a cellular
telephone system and standard based on
spread spectrum technology with the primary
goal of increasing capacity.