Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
BLUEPRINT of LIFE
What is this topic about?
To keep it as simple as possible, (K.I.S.S.) this topic involves the study of:
1. EVOLUTION OF LIFE
2. MENDELIAN GENETICS
3. CHROMOSOMES & DNA STRUCTURE
4. MOLECULAR GENETICS & MUTATION
5. REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES &
GENETIC DIVERSITY
Chromosomes
Part of a DNA
molecule
The THEORY
of EVOLUTION Dominant-RRecessive
inheritance.
The Monohybrid crosses
Divergent
EVIDENCE
&
for Evolution Mendels
Convergent
Evolution experiments
Pedigrees
(Family trees)
Evolution
Mendelian
of Life
Genetics
Chromosomes,
genes & DNA
Sex-llinkage
&
Codominance
Molecular Genetics
Reproductive
& DNA
Technologies
Mutations Replication
&
Genetic Diversity
Transcription &
Translation
Effects on Punctuated
genetic Genetic Equilibrium
diversity Engineering
Mutation
&
The link to mutagens
Artificial insemination evolution
and pollination.
Cloning
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 2 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
1. EVOLUTION OF LIFE
The Evidence for Evolution Fossils of Transitional Forms
There is overwhelming evidence that life on Only a tiny fraction of all the zillions of
Earth has undergone a sequence of changes organisms that have ever lived have ended up
over the past 3.5 billion years or so. Here, briefly being fossilised. The fossil record is, therefore,
(K.I.S.S. Principle) are the main sources of that incomplete and a rather patchy record of
evidence: evolution.
Palaeontology The Study of Fossils Despite this patchiness, there are some
The fossil evidence is undoubtably our most fossils that have given us a glimpse of the
important, direct evidence showing that life on change that occurred when one type of life was
Earth has changed. evolving into another. Such fossils are called
Transitional Forms
The fossils not only show that life was once
different, but that the changes follow a pattern Perhaps the most famous is Archaeopteryx.
or sequence... this is evolution. (Archae= ancient, pteryx= wing)
Pa
atterns of Cha
ange Fossil Reconstruction
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 3 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
Biogeography (how life is distributed) Comparative Embryology
When Charles Darwin travelled around the world If the embryos of various vertebrate animals are
on board HMS Beagle in the 1830s, it was the compared, it is found that they are remarkably
distribution of different types of life in different similar, even though they later develop into
places that first gave him the idea for Evolution. quite different animals.
Some Vertebrate Embryos...
He noticed that each continent had its own
characteristic biota, often showing similar
features although often not closely related to
each other. For example, each continent has
characteristic grazing mammals:
North America
...and
OZ what they develop into
(Penta= 5, dactyl=fingers)
organisms are compared, it is often obvious that
Evolution explains why. On each separate they share common features, even though those
continent different animals have evolved to fill body parts might be used in different ways.
the large grazing herbivore role, often
beginning that evolution from an ancestor quite The classic example of this is the Pentadactyl
different to that on other continents. Limb structure of the vertebrate animals.
BIOGEOGRAPHY doesnt prove Evolution has Evolution explains this as the result of all these
occurred, but many facts about the distribution animals evolving from a common ancestor
of organisms are best explained by Evolution which had this bone structure.
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 4 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 5 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
Origin of a Theory
Darwin & Wallace Meanwhile, another Englishman, Alfred
Wallace (1823-1913) came up with
In the 1830s a young naturalist, exactly the same idea after his journeys
in the 1840s and 1850s. We often give
Charles Darwin (1809-1882), voyaged
Darwin most of the credit for this major
around the world on the naval survey scientific theory, but Wallaces
ship HMS Beagle. He became contribution should not be forgotten.
convinced that living things had
changed, and spent the next 20 years In 1859 they jointly published an outline
researching, gathering evidence and Charles of their theory, and Darwin followed up
developing the how of a theory to Darwin with his detailed book Origin of
explain evolution. Species about 2 years later.
If the change is sudden and drastic, there will be Now that industrial pollution has been stopped,
fewer survivors every generation and the the moths have evolved back to being mostly of
species may decline into extinction! the lighter-coloured type.
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 7 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
ER
Species using resource. N
Population stable IN
W
New competitor LO
enters ecosystem SE
R
TIME (years)
However, this is not the only possible outcome.
If among the natural variations within either This outcome is called Resource Partitioning
species there are some individuals who are and is commonly observed in nature. For
perhaps less fussy about their food or nesting example, the predatory big cats of the African
sites (what ever the resource might be) and who plains avoid competition because each has
can survive on slightly different foods, or utilise slightly different preferences among the various
different nesting sites, then they will have an prey animals. They also have different hunting
advantage to survive. techniques, so they avoid direct competition.
Directions of Evolution
It is easy to imagine that evolution has a target that it aims for.
Looking back at fossil ancestors of a modern species, its easy to think that those
ancestors were deliberately evolving to become the modern, final species.
Ancestors always look primitive compared to their modern descendants.
Of course, the modern species is NOT the final outcome at all.
Evolution has no targets. It is an on-going process which continues to cause changes.
In 100 million years time, the fossils of todays creatures will seem primitive.
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 10 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
4.
Natural Selection refers to b) State how this example is evidence of
A. those organisms best suited to the evolution.
environment survive and reproduce.
B. factors of the environment determining which
organisms survive and which do not.
C. the changes to living things over generations. 10. ( 3marks)
D. the way that not all organisms can survive Briefly discuss, using an example, how
because too many offspring are produced. advances in technology have changed
scientific thinking about evolutionary
5. relationships.
The really important part of Survival of the
Fittest is:
A. being very well adapted to the environment.
B. living a long and healthy life.
C. being chosen to survive.
D. reproducing many offspring. 11. (5 marks)
Outline the Darwin-Wallace Theory of Evolution.
6.
A species has a better chance of long-term
survival during changes to the environment if:
A. it reproduces asexually.
B. most individuals are similarly adapted.
C. the species has a lot of genetic variation.
D. there are many large, strong individuals.
7. 12. (4 marks)
An example of microevolution that has Differentiate between convergent and
actually been observed to happen, is: divergent evolution, giving examples of each.
A. the extinction of the dodo.
B. divergence of Darwins finches on the
Galapagos Islands.
C. convergence of the shark and dolphin.
D. change in the population of Pepper Moths.
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 11 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
2. MENDELIAN GENETICS
In Charles Darwins lifetime there were 2 parts of Next, he self-pollinated the plants of the F1.
his Theory of Evolution that no-one could TALL F1 plant
explain: SELF
Where Does Variation in a Species Come From?
(That will be explained later in this topic)
How Are Characteristics Passed On to X SELF
Offspring? That will be explained right now! POLLINATED
F1 (1st Generation) Offspring were ALL TALL He began with pure-breeding parent
plants.
Mendel explained this result by suggesting that (If hed bred just a few offspring then
the factor (GENE) which caused Tallness was random chance could have produced
DOMINANT to the gene for Dwarfism. misleading results.)
Dwarf is RECESSIVE to Tall.
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 12 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
Which one of the 2 genes for each characteristic Ratio of Phenotypes 3 Tall : 1 Dwarf
is passed on is completely at random.
His experimental ratios were approximately 3:1, but not exactly 3:1. This is
because the actual combinations of gametes at fertilisation occur at random.
He bred large numbers of plants and so his actual ratio
was very close to theoretical.
He was not a recognised scientist, and had no contact with the scientific establishment of his
time. His work was read by only a small circle of people, who failed to see its significance.
His work was written only in German, while all the important science of that time was
appearing in English or French, in well-known journals in England, France & USA.
It was not until well after Mendels death that in 1900 his work was discovered by scientists,
and his great contribution was recognised. He is now known as the Father of Genetics.
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 13 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
List of all
gametes l
b b
possible L& l L&
gametes
B Bb Bb L l
Punnett Square
table shows all L LL L l
b bb bb the possible
offspring
genotypes
l L l ll
Phenotypes of Offspring
Black : Albino
1:1 The phenotypes
Phenotypes of Offspring
50% : 50% of offspring are
Long Wing : Short Wing
written as a ratio
3:1
or percentage
75% : 25%
You will soon come to realise that If the F2 comprises 240 flies, we should expect close to
only 3 outcomes are possible: 180 long wing flies and 60 short wing flies.
100% : zero
50% : 50% However, this is a statistical prediction only, and
75% : 25% we should not be surprised if the actual numbers
were (say) 190 to 50, just by random chance.
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 14 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
Pedigrees (Family Trees) Interpretation of this Pedigree
Another skill you must learn is how to read, In Generation I, individuals 1 & 2 were both
interpret and construct a pedigree diagram. tongue-rollers. They had 4 children, a daughter
and 3 sons. Most of the kids can roll their
This is a diagram showing the inheritance of a tongues, but son 4 cannot.
trait through a family. It is used particularly with
human families to trace some characteristic This means the inability to tongue roll must be
over a number of generations. recessive.
(Whenever a child shows a trait different to both
Symbols Used in Pedigree Diagrams parents, the childs phenotype must be
recessive.)
Male Male
with trait being studied without trait Therefore, tongue-rolling ability must be
dominant.
Female with trait Female
without trait We can now assign symbols...
Horizontal connections are marriage lines.
Vertical lines lead to children of that couple.
tongue-rolling = R non-rolling = r
...and work out most peoples genotypes:
Each generation is numbered by Roman
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Numerals.
Rr Rr ? rr ? Rr rr rr rr
Individuals may be numbered for identification.
(Individuals 3 & 5 might be either RR or Rr.
Example
... more information needed to be sure which)
In humans, some people can roll their tongue
while others cannot. This is passed on by
simple Mendelian Inheritance. Here is a
Questions & Answers
How can we be sure that parents 1 & 2 are both
pedigree of a family showing how this trait was
Rr (heterozygous)?
passed on.
A: Since they produced son 4 who is a non-
roller (must be genotype rr) both 1 and 2 must
1 2
Generations be carrying the recessive gene. Therefore, both
I must be Rr.
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 15 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
iii) yellow?
i) Gg x Gg
ii) Gg x GG
ii) In fact, they produced 7 babies; 5 black & 2
iii) gg x GG brown. Is this result surprising? Explain your
answer.
iv) Gg x gg
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 16 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
Worksheet 6 Pedigrees 1 2 3 4
in 2
B B b b
Each part of a double
chromosome is called a
Chromatid. C C c c
The chromatids in a
double chromosome are
Indentical Chromatids in
identical... (look at the each chromosome DIPLOID CELLS HAPLOID CELLS
genes in the diagram) 2n = 4 n=2
but the homologous partners are not
2 Daughter cells 4 Gamete cells
identical... merely corresponding. Identical to each other and to NOT identical to each other,
the parent cell nor to parent cell
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 18 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
Chromosomes & Mendels Genes The Structure of DNA
In 1902, two scientists independently noticed a Like many biological molecules, DNA is a
similarity between the way that chromosomes polymer, made of many smaller units which are
behaved in meiosis, compared to how Mendels joined in long chains. The basic unit of DNA is a
genes were inherited. Nucleotide. (named for nucleus)
A NUCLEOTIDE
Walter Sutton (USA) and Theodor Boveri
(Germany) had both been studying meiosis
using new staining techniques which made Phosphate
group
chromosomes more visible. Both were aware of Base molecule
Mendels discoveries, which had been re-
discovered just 2 years before. Sugar There are 4 different
(Deoxyribose) bases, so 4 nucleotides
Chromosomes Mendels are in DNA
During Meiosis Genes
The 4 different bases are usually known just by
Begin in homologous Two genes for each the first letter of each name:
pairs characteristic A Adenine
C Cytosine
Pairs separate The 2 genes separate G Guanine
in meiosis in gamete formation T Thymine
Gametes have only 1 Gametes have only 1 DNA molecules are composed of 2 strands of
of each chromosome of each gene pair nucleotides (one running upside-down
pair (haploid)
compared to the other) which are joined by the
At fertilisation, each At fertilisation, each bonding between base molecules.
gamete supplies one gamete supplies one Two Strands of Nucleotide Chains
chromosome, so the gene, so the offspring
zygote gets back to gets back to having
having paired chromo- two genes per
somes (Diploid) characteristic
A T
Bases A-T
T bonded
The obvious similaries made it clear that the genes
must be located on the chromosomes in the cell
nucleus.
C G
Chromosomes Contain DNA Bases C-G
G bonded
Chemical analysis reveals that chromosomes
are made of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA for
short) wrapped in proteins.
G C
We now know that DNA is a double helix-shaped
molecule which carries a chemical code... it is a
gene.
T A
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 19 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
Non-Mendelian Inheritance
Gregor Mendel discovered the basics of Genetics, but it was found early in the 20th century
that genes dont always work in that simple Mendelian fashion.
Thomas Morgan began experimenting with Morgan produced hundreds of flies in the
Drosophila fruit flies and quickly found they experiment so, like Mendel, his results were
were ideal for genetics experiments. statistically significant.
F2
XRy x XRXr
Xry x XRXR
F1 XR & y gametes XR & Xr
Xr & y gametes XR & XR The F2 are
red : white
3:1 XR Xr
XR XR just like
The F1 are all
red-e
eyed. Mendels XR XRXR XRXr
Xr XRXr XRXr results, but
Note that
females are all the sexes are
y XRy Xry
heterozygous. y XRy XRy different.
Phenotypes of Offspring
Phenotypes of Offspring (both sexes) FEMALES MALES
Red:White Red : White Red : White
100% : 0 100% : 0 50% : 50%
There are a number of genes in humans that are sex-linked. The best-known are 2 genetic disorders:
Red-Green Colour Blindness, is where a person cannot distinguish between certain colours.
Haemophilia, is a condition in which the blood does not clot properly, putting the person at constant
risk of internal bleeding. It was always a fatal condition, but in modern times people with
haemophilia are treated with clotting factors from donated blood.
Genotype RW F2
Phenotypes: RED : ROAN : WHITE
Note that it is best to use 1 : 2 : 1
2 different CAPITAL letters as 25% : 50% : 25%
symbols in this case, since neither gene is
recessive. Try to verify for yourself the F2 result by using a
Punnett Square.
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 21 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 23 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
5.
Some plants have flower colours controlled as
follows: There are only 2 alleles involved, but
2.
there are 3 phenotypes possible... red flowers,
In humans, a recessive gene (Xn) carried on the X
chromosome causes colour-blindness. The white flowers and pink flowers.
normal vision gene can be symbolized by XN. a) Suggest how just 2 genes can result in 3
Use these symbols to write the genotype of: different colours.
a) a homozygous normal-vision female.
b) a normal-vision male. b) Suggest suitable symbols for the alleles.
c) a colour-blind male.
d) a colour-blind female.
e) a carrier female (heterozygous) c) Use these symbols to write the genotype for:
f) A man with normal vision married a woman i) red flower
who is colour blind. Use a Punnett Square to ii) pink flower
predict the pattern of inheritance in their
iii) white flower
children.
d) Use a Punnett Square to predict the
phenotypes resulting from crossing a red-
flowering plant with a white-flowering plant and
breeding through to the F2 in a Mendel-type
experiment. (show working on back of sheet)
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 24 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 25 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
No one of these scientists could have made New strand TWO IDENTICAL DNA
progress alone. Each had certain data, or skills MOLECULES
or expertise, but only by bringing it all together
was the great discovery possible. Success This is how the DNA molecules,
came from different people communicating and which are the genes on the chromosomes,
unselfishly sharing their knowledge and talents. are replicated in preparation for cell division.
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 26 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 27 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
Ribosome
One strand of the DNA (the gene) moves along
acts as a template for the m-RRNA
You should recall
production of a single-sstranded that the Ribosomes are
messenger RNA (m-R RNA) organelles responsible for
protein synthesis in cells
Maybe it becomes a
then, Perhaps its a
molecule of
Part 2. From Polypeptide to Phenotype structural protein,
used to build Haemoglobin, used
muscle or skin to carry oxygen in
the blood
It could be a Hormone,
which controls some
It could be an aspect of Homeostasis
ENZYME, able to
Example: Eye Colour catalyse a chemical
reaction
The colour of your eyes is a Substrates
genetically determined phenotype.
The coloured pigment is made by
enzymes, which are proteins,
coded in your DNA Enzyme
STARTING Product;
CHEMICALS a Coloured
(Substrates) Enzyme catalyses reaction(s)
Pigment
to produce coloured pigment
in cells of the iris of the eye
The gene(s) for eye colour are present in every cell of your body, but are only expressed in your iris cells.
Similarly, the genes for liver functions are only expressed in your liver cells, and genes to make taste buds are
only expressed in your tongue. What controls which genes are expressed is still unknown in most cases.
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 28 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
Mutation DNA Change Makes a New Gene
In all organisms, cells divide all the time. You will see at the bottom of this page that
Theres mitosis to make new cells for growth, mutations can have many possible effects,
and meiosis to make gametes for sexual ranging from absolutely nothing, to a new
reproduction. Whenever a cell is about to divide, inheritable characteristic. How could a new
the chromosomes are replicated and all the DNA characteristic happen?
they contain makes an exact copy of itself.
Imagine an accidental change to just 1 base in a
But sometimes mistakes happen... DNA strand.
Errors can occur in duplicating the DNA. Change will occur
Original DNA Strand here
Chromosomes get broken, then incorrectly
repaired. Entire chromosome can be lost. Bases T A C T G G C A T C A A
Codon
Any accidental change to the genetic material is
a Mutation.
Causes of Mutation
Amino Acids forming a Polypeptide
Some mutations do not have any clear cause...
Changed base
they are just accidents that happen. However, it Altered DNA Strand
is known that certain factors can increase the
Bases T A C T G G A A T C A A
likelihood of mutations. These factors are called Codon
mutagens, and include:
Effects of Mutation
It depends on what sort of cell Gamete NOT
Mutation during Meiosis involved in
the mutation occurs in. Affects a Gamete reproduction.
No effect.
Mutation during Mitosis
Affects a Body Cell Gamete involved in fertilisation
Mutation might
Cell might
cause malfunction
not be able Offspring might get new inheritable gene.
in cell, which
Mutation to function New trait might be:
becomes cancerous.
might properly. detrimental; less chance to survive.
have no Cell dies. an improvement; helps survival.
Organism seriously
effect on No effect on neither good nor bad, just different.
affected, but future
cell. multicellular The mutation becomes a new variation to be
generations are not.
organism. inherited by future generations
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 29 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 30 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 31 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
Thus a top-quality bull can become the father of Diploid Nucleus from
many thousands of calves, thereby improving body cell placed into Egg
Cell
the quality of cattle herds all over the world.
This works too, for racehorses, dogs, sheep and Surrogate Fertilized egg
Mother placed in uterus
so on. There are huge advantages, such as
entire herds of high-quality beef cattle, but there
may be disadvantages too. (Discussed later)
Almost every field was planted with the same Human genes for blood- Sheep can be milked and blood
variety of high-yield potato. The plants were grown clotting factors inserted factors extracted to treat
from seed-potatoes saved from the best plants into sheep, which produce patients suffering Haemophilia.
of the previous years crop. This was asexual blood factors in their
reproduction, so there was little genetic variety, milk.
and everyone was growing the same crop!
Strawberry plants have Allows strawberries to be
In 1847, a fungal disease struck. Its spores received a gene from a grown in colder areas not
spread on the breeze and it destroyed a crop fish, which allows them previously possible.
field within days of infection. This Potato to resist freezing better.
Blight totally destroyed the crops for 3
successive years until different, resistant Crop plants have received Crops do not need to be
varieties were slowly introduced. a gene from the sprayed with insecticides to
Pyrethrum plant which control insect pests...
By then, an estimated 1 million people had causes the crops to any insect which eats the crop
starved to death. Millions more fled Ireland, produce a natural will die.
settling in USA, Canada and Australia. insecticide chemical.
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 33 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 34 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
2. 7. (5 marks)
DNA replication is possible because: a) What is a mutagen?
A. DNA acts as a template to make m-RNA.
B. Each DNA strand makes an identical copy
of itself.
C. Each DNA strand makes a complementary b) Describe 2 pieces of evidence that radiation is
strand. mutagenic.
D. The polypeptide chains in DNA are
mirror images.
3.
The factor least likely to be mutagenic is:
A. nuclear radiation. c) Describe using a simple flow chart, how a
B. herbicide chemicals like agent orange. change in a DNA sequence could result in a
C. ultra-violet light. change in cell activity.
D. low temperatures.
4.
The base sequence on a part of a DNA chain is
...ATTCGAGGCTAC...
Which of the following statements is correct? 8. (4 marks)
Compare and contrast the idea of Gradualism
A. This section could code for 4 amino acids. in Evolution, with the theory of Punctuated
B. The complementary strand would read Equilibrium.
TAACGACCGTAC.
C. This section contains 6 codons.
D. The corresponding m-RNA section would be
ATTCGAGGCTAC.
5. 9. (5 marks)
When genes are transferred from one species to a) Outline the process that can be used to make
another: a clone of a mammal.
A. this reduces the genetic diversity of
the species. b) Explain the effect that cloning could have on
B. this is a mutation. the genetic diversity of the cloned species.
C. this produces a transgenic species.
D. the result would be a clone of the original. 10. (5 marks)
a) Give an example of the use of a transgenic
species, stating:
i) precisely which species are involved,
and
ii) the benefit or purpose achieved.
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 35 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
CONCEPT DIAGRAM (Mind Map) OF TOPIC
Some students find that memorizing the OUTLINE of a topic
helps them learn and remember the concepts and important facts.
Practise on this blank version.
THE
BLUEPRINT
OF LIFE
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 36 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
Answer Section 9.
a) An example is the Pentadactyl Limb
Worksheet 1 structure in vertebrate animals. The bone
a) Palaeontology b) fossils structures in the fore-limb of a whale, bat, dog,
c) less d) more human, lizard, etc. are all essentially the same,
e) less f) more even though each looks very different on the
g) present-day organisms outside, and each is used for very different
h) millions (billions) purposes... swimming, flying, walking, etc.
i) relative j) correlating b) This is evidence of descent from a common
k) Radiometric l) transitional ancestor which had that bone structure.
m) Archaeopteryx n) dinosaur
o) bird 10.
p) how living things are distributed Sequencing the DNA of different species allows
q) very similar r) very different their degree of relatedness to be determined
s) common ancestor t) bone structure very precisely, since closely related species
u) for different purposes v) Pentadactyl limb have very similar DNA.
w) DNA x) enzymes This has revealed some surprises that have
y) common ancestry z) species can be changed changed the thinking on evolutionary
relationships. For example, it has previously
been thought that lizards and crocodiles (both
Worksheet 2 classified as reptiles) are more closely related to
a) Charles Darwin & Alfred Wallace each other than to birds. DNA analysis reveals
b) more offspring than can possibly survive that birds are more closely related to crocodiles
c) variation (genetic diversity) than either is to the lizards.
d) Natural Selection
e) best suited f) reproduce / breed 11.
g) Survival of the Fittest h) evolves / changes (Best in 5 numbered points)
i) predators, food, supply 1. All species produce more offspring than can
j) who are best suited survive.
k) reproduce l) survive 2. There is variation within each species... not all
m) reproduce n) Pepper the same.
o) industrial p) black to light moths 3. Natural Selection: the factors of the
q) DDT r) selection environment choose which individuals survive.
s) resistant t) extinct 4. Survival of the Fittest: those best suited to
u) Partitioning v) using slightly different the environment survive and reproduce.
resources 5. The survival characteristics get passed on
w) evolves into several / more than one to offspring so each generation is slightly
x) isolated y) selection different than before. Over many generations
z) Convergent aa) resemble the species changes... it evolves.
ab) similar / same
ac) characteristics / adaptations 12.
ad) dolphin ae) features / adaptations Divergent evolution is when one ancestral species
af) closely related evolves into 2 or more different species. An
example is the finches of the Galapagos islands,
Worksheet 3 where a different species of finch has evolved on
1. C 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. D 6. C 7.D each separate island, all from a single ancestral
8. species.
Relative Dating is done by correlating fossils Convergent evolution is when different species
from one place with those elsewhere. It allows evolve to resemble each other, even though they
scientists to put things in order, from oldest to are not closely related. An example is the shark &
youngest, but the actual ages cannot be dolphin which are both streamlined, fast-
determined. swimming look-alikes, but are not related in an
Absolute Dating involves measuring the evolutionary sense.
radiation from naturally occurring radio-
isotopes. These decay at known rates, so the
amount of radiation remaining in a rock or fossil
allows the actual age in years to be determined.
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science 37
Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
Worksheet 4 Worksheet 6
a) Mendel b) pea a) Recessive. Couple 7 & 8 have straight fingers,
c) inherited d) pure but had a child (11) with curved little fingers. This
e) pure-breeding f) dwarf can only happen if both parents are carrying a
g) F1 h) tall hidden gene... therefore it must be recessive.
i) self j) 2nd generation
k) 3:1 l) genes b) S = Straight, s = curved.
m) alleles n) allelic
o) 2 p) the same c) 1=ss, 2=SS, 3=ss, 4=SS, 5=Ss, 6=Ss, 7=Ss,
q) heterozygous r) gametes 8=Ss, 9=Ss, 10=SS or Ss(uncertain), 11=ss
s) fertilization t) parent
u) recessive v) dominant d) No chance of curved-finger children, because
w) homozygous x) phenotype all children must receive a S gene from
y) actual genes present. z) simple, easily identified mother who is SS.
aa) pure-breeding ab) large
ac) statistically ad) a recognised scientist e) Ss x ss would give 50% curved, 50% straight.
ae) German
f) It is quite possible. Prediction is not wrong.
Worksheet 5 In small samples, random chance can result in
1. a) i) green ii) yellow iii) green offspring ratios that are not in agreement with
b) i) GG ii) Gg iii) gg the prediction. (In a large sample of offspring
c) there should be approximately 50-50)
Gg x Gg
i)
Worksheet 7
G&g gametes G&g 1. B 2. A 3. C
4.
G g a) Dominant gene will always be expressed.
Recessive gene can only be expressed when no
G GG Gg other allele is present (i.e. if homozygous for the
recessive gene)
g Gg gg
b) Homozygous means having 2 copies of the
same allele for a particular trait. eg, AA, or bb.
Phenotypes of Offspring
Green : Yellow Heterozygous means to have 2 different alleles
3:1 for the trait. eg, Aa
75% : 25%
c) Genotype is the description (usually in
Answers only for the rest of these. symbols) of the actual genes present for a trait.
ii) Gg x GG: 100% green eg Aa.
iii) gg x GG 100% green Phenotype is the outward appearance caused
iv) Gg x gg 50% green : 50% yellow by the genes for that trait. eg Purple flowers or
Dwarf stem.
2. a) i) BB x bb: all offspring will have genotype Bb
ii) Phenotype: all will be black 5.
b) i) a) Mendels experiments were successful
Bb x bb
because:
he chose to study simple traits that occurred in
B&b gametes b&b
just 2 alternative forms, such as Tall v. Dwarf.
he began with pure-breeding parent plants.
b b he bred large numbers of offspring so the
results could be interpreted statistically.
B Bb Bb
b) His work was ignored because:
b bb bb
he was not a recognised scientist, but a monk
Phenotypes of Offspring
in an obscure monastery.
Black : Albino his findings were published in a little-known
50% : 50% journal, in German, so were not read by many
ii)Not surprising. people (and those that did, didnt realize the
In such small samples, random chance can give significance).
results not exactly in the expected ratio.
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 38 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
XR Xr
II
3 4 5 6 7 Xr XRXr XrXr
y XRy Xry
III
Phenotypes of Offspring
8 9
FEMALES MALES
Red:White Red : White
b) Red-headedness must be recessive, because 50% : 50% 50% : 50%
Fred & Mary are not red-heads, but had red-
headed children. They must both carry a ii) Females 100% Red-eyed.
recessive gene. Males 100% white eyed.
c) Must both be red-heads, since their parents
are. Since its recessive, both 6 & 7 must be 2. a) XNXN b) XNy c) Xny
homozygous for red-hair and must pass on d) XnXn e) XNXn
genes to children 8 & 9, who also must be
homozygous.
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 39 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
Q Q q q
R R
R RR RR
W RW RW
b)
i) in a single line ii)
Phenotypes of Offspring
Red : Roan
1:1
50% : 50%
4. BW x BW
iii) in pairs
iv)
a)
B&W gametes B&W
B W
B BB BW
W BW WW Xry x XRXr
8.
c) i) RR ii) RW iii) WW 9.
d) Gene symbols: B= Black, W=White
Parents: RR x WW
Gametes: R only W only GREY BLACK
BW x BB
F1: 100% RW (Pink)
B&W gametes B&B
F2 RW x RW
R&W gametes R&W B B
R W B BB BB
R RR RW W BW BW
W RW WW Phenotypes of Offspring
Black : Grey
Phenotypes of Offspring 1 : 1
Red : Pink : White 50% : 50%
1 : 2 : 1
25% : 50% : 25%
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 40 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
keep it simple science
Worksheet 10 (cont) Worksheet 12
10. 1. B 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. C
a) Crossing-over is when 6. TRANSCRIPTION
homologous chromosomes DNA m-R
RNA
exchange corresponding
parts of a chromatid with Moves to a
Ribosome
each other.
HSC Biology Topic 2 Blueprint of Life 41 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
copyright 2005-22009 keep it simple science Site Licence Conditions only
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
Site Licence Conditions
A school (or other recognised educational School staff may allow students enrolled at
institution) may store the disk contents in that school and campus only to obtain
multiple computers (or other data retrieval copies of the disk files and store them in
systems) to facilitate the following usages of each students personal computer for non-
the disk contents: profit, educational use only.
School staff may print unlimited copies on
paper and/or make unlimited photocopies at IN SUCH CASE, THE SCHOOL
one school and campus only, for use by SHOULD MAKE PARTICIPATING
students enrolled at that school and campus STUDENTS AWARE OF THESE SITE
only, for non-profit, educational use only.
LICENCE CONDITIONS AND ADVISE
School staff may use the disk contents to THEM THAT COPYING OF DATA
make audio-visual displays, such as via FILES BY STUDENTS MAY
computer networks, or by using data CONSTITUTE AN ILLEGAL ACT.
projectors or overhead projectors, at one
school and campus only, for viewing by In every usage of the disk files, the KISS
students enrolled at that school and campus logo and copyright declaration must be
only, for non-profit, educational use only. included on each page, slide or frame.