Logic Quiz 2 || 021417

Divisions of Logic and Acts of Intellect

Acts of Intellect Mental Product External Sign Logical Issue Strength

(Criteria)
Simple Idea (s) Term (s) in eng Predictability Clear (whether
Apprehension grammar; Nouns (Clarity) term is
clear/unclear)
Judgment Enunciation Proposition Prediction True (whether
Declarative (Veracity) the term is true
Sentences or false)
Reasoning Argumentation Syllogism Inference Valid (whether
Paragraphs (Validity) term is
valid/invalid)

Conclusion what you draw out

Premises evidence
Simple Apprehension and Judgment Building blocks of Logic

3 Acts of Intellect

Simple apprehension first act of the intellect wherein the mind mentally graps a thing
without affirming or denying anything
o Product: Idea(s)
o External sign: Term(s)
Judgment- second act of intellect wherein we join two understood terms obtained in
simple apprehension by affirmation or decompose the 2 terms by negation.
o Product: Enunciation
o External Sign: Proposition
Reasoning- third act of the intellect wherein we draw a conclusion from a given set of
validly joined premises.
o Product: Argumentation
o External Sign: Syllogism

Idea Intellectual image/representation of a thing aka mental concept

Phantasm- sensible image of things and it is found in the imagination
Term- Lt. Terminus; Last element which a proposition may be resolved, namely the
spoken/written word - External manifestation or a sign of an idea
Logical Properties of Ideas /Twofold Elements of Terms

Comprehension (Sense)
- Sum-total of the thought elements or conceptual features or
characteristics, attributes, quality/ies contained in an idea/term
- Connotation, implication
Extension (Reference)
- Sum-total of individuals or categories of beings or group of individual
objects to which the idea/term may be applied.
- Denotation, application
C: Rizal Monument in Luneta Park
E: Rizal Monument (structure itself)
Ex. Ballpen
C: Writing instrument with ink and ballpoint
E: Pilot, HBW etc.
General Law on C&E
o The greater C, the lesser the E

CLARITY IS IMPORTANT
Relationship between C&E
Greater extension- superior
Lesser Extension Inferior

Classification of Terms
According to meaning/quality

Universal/Homlogous
- Gk. Homo + logos same conceptual meaning
- Expressing same meaning as applied to several subjects
- No other possible meaning other than itself
Ex. Homo sapiens, man, rooster
Absolute Similarity

Equivocal
- Lt. aequae vocic same as to the articular sound only
- Outwardly and externally identical as the same, but expressing altogether
different meanings
- Changes meaning when it is predicated of different individuals
Ex. Pronunciation son-sun; sweet-suite; pain-pane
 Spelling/Writing cow- bow; live-live; lead-lead
Both- club-club; watch-watch; bat-bat

Analogous
- Gk: ana + logos related conceptual meaning
- Expressing cognate meaning that is partly the same and partly different
Ex. Metaphor
By proportion r/n of the objects to a formal feature that is properly or primarily
found in one of them
Not used in their literal sense like idioms and metaphors
By attribution when the term is used in an absolute sense
Healthy: body, food
Head: leader, head of the family
According to Application/Quantity

Singular one/definite individual object

- May prefer noun, name
- May be prefixed by a demonstrative pronoun (this person, that pen)
- May be term with restrictive qualification (Chairperson of Department)
Universal all members of a class
- Usually prefixed with All, Every, No, Each, None
- When a term is a necessary predicate of the subject (All square are
polygons)
Particular same portion of a class
- Usually prefixed by some, few, several, majority, many, a number of
- When a term is not a necessary predicate of the subject (students are
philosophy majors)
- The term philosophy majors does not apply to all students, and so, the
subjects students is considered as particular in quantity
Some Issues
Whether or not
- Classification is purely numerical
- Proper noun is singular or universal
- Demonstrative indicates present a singular quantity or particular one
1. No. in the absence of indicators, what is operative is determinateness in singularity,
indeterminateness in particularity and unreserved or universality
2. Irrespective of number Ex. Three men (particular) these three men (singular). Since no
other reference or extension can be inferred from the term
3. Generally yes, However in one way universality is applied so far as the idea and its
features can be seen in totality of extension.
Proper nous = only one have extension (reference)
- We can only adduce singularity in reference to a general idea. As such
proper nouns, being ideas in themselves, do not merit singularity.