J. Great Lakes Res.

8(3):379-412
Internat. Assoc. Great Lakes Res., 1982

FEATURE ARTICLE

LARGE LAKES OF THE WORLD

Charles E. Herdendorf
Center for Lake Erie Area Research
and
Ohio Sea Grant Program,
The Ohio State Universiiy
Columbus, Ohio 43210

ABSTRACT. An inventory ofthe distribution. origin. and morphometry ofthe world's large lakes has
been undertaken. Natural lakes, fresh and salt, with a surface area greater than 500 km 2 are included;
253 such lakes have been identified. Large lakes occur on all continents, except Antarctica. but nearly
half of them (48 percent) are found in North America and most of these lie above the 40th parallel.
attesting to the scouring action of continental glaciers. Tectonic belts. such as the Riff Valley of east
Africa and the Lake Baikal region ofSiberia. are the second most common loci oflarge lakes. Tabular
morphometric data include: surface area, drainage basin. elevation. mean and maximum depth,
volume. length and breadth. and orientation of longest axis. These data show that the large lakes of
the world occupy a surface area of1,456,000 km 2 and they have an estimated volume of202.000 km3
Large lakes account for approximately 90 percent ofthe total surface area and volume ofwater held in
all lakes of the world. Revisions and supplements to the data presented are welcomed.
ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS: Morphometry. water quality. limnology. bathymetry, lake
geography.

INTRODUCTION published (Murray 1910, Lane 1948, Hutchinson

The International Association for Great Lakes
Research (IAGLR) was founded in 1966 to stimu-
late interest in and facilitate information exchange
on the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America.
These objectives date back to the early 1950s when
the first conferences on Great Lakes research were
organized by several Canadian and United States
institutions. However, during the past three dec-
ades several presentations of research conducted on
the other large lakes of the world have been
included at the annual conferences and published in
the Journal of the Association. Recognizing this
interest and the scientific importance of large lakes,
the Board of Directors of IAGLR has stated that
the Journal of Great Lakes Rese.'lrch will hence-
forth be "devoted to research on large lakes of the
world." thus, an inventory of the large, natural
lakes of the world was undertaken as an initial con-
tribution to large lakes research.
Morphometric and other characteristic data on
the world's largest lakes are scattered throughout
the literature or in many cases apparently lacking.
Several lists of the world's major lakes have been
1957, Gresswell and Huxley 1965, van der Leeden
1975, UNESCO 1978, Showers 1979, and NOAA
1980) as well as a few excellent works which
describe lakes in specific regions (USSR-Zhadin
and Gerd 1961, USA-Bue 1963, Canada-Gilliland
et al. 1973, and Africa-Beadle 1974). However, no
single, comprehensive data base is available on the
large natural lakes of the world. The following
inventory is intended as a contribution toward the
assembly of such a data base. Members of the
scientific community are invited to submit revisions
and supplements to the data presented in this
paper.
SELECTION CRITERIA
The objective of the inventory is to collect reliable
information on the names, locations, geologic
origins, morphometry, and water quality of the
world's largest lakes. The present inventory is
intended to include all of the world's natural lakes,
both freshwater and salt water, which have a
surface area in excess of 500 km 2. For reference,
this includes natural lakes the size of Lake Tahoe

379
380 C.E.HERDENDORF

(California-Nevada border) and larger. For the
purpose of this inventory, natural lakes are defined
as essentially static bodies of water, including both
inland basins and those separated from the oceans
by spits and barrier bars (coastal lagoons). A total
of 253 lakes has been identified which satisfies these
criteria.
Reservoirs have not been included in this inven-
tory, but many exist which have a surface area in
excess of 500 km2 . These man-made bodies of
water are to be inventoried in a future paper.
LAKE NAMES
One of the most perplexing problems in compiling
an inventory of the world's largest lakes is dealing
with lake names. The diverse ways in which letters
of the Latin alphabet are pronounced lead to a
variety of spellings when non-Latin alphabet scripts
are transcribed. This problem is further exacer-
bated by the fact that different countries often use
different names for the same lake. Attempts at
international standardization have not yet been
fully successful, and the literature abounds with
lakes that are referred to by a variety of names. In
an attempt to minimize this confusion, Table 1 lists
all lakes by a simple code name (generally a proper
name without its lake-word modifier) followed by
its English conventional name and its local name
transliterated into the Latin alphabet. Latinized
lake names are those used in The Times Atlas ofthe
World (Bartholomew et al. 1980) which were
constructed by systems agreed to jointly by the
British Permanent Committee on Geographical
Names and the United States Board on Geograph-
ical Names. Lakes in China are given in their
Pinyin spellings. A final column in Table 1 lists
alternate names and spelling variants which have
been observed in the literature or on various maps
and atlases. Wade-Giles spellings of Chinese lake
names are given in this column.
LAKE DISTRIBUTION
The continent, nation(s), and geographic coordi-
nates of the 253 large lakes of the world are
presented in Table 2. With the exception of the
Canadian lakes, the location for most lakes was
obtained from the tables prepared by Showers
(1979). The outstanding inventory published by
Environment Canada, Inland Waters Directorate
(Gilliland et al. 1973), was used for Canadian lakes.
All locations were confirmed on 1: 1,000,000 scale
maps published by the U.S. Defense Mapping
Agency, Topographic Center (the designation code
for the map upon which each lake appears is also
listed in Table 2) and on larger scale maps in the
Times Atlas of the World (Bartholomew et al.
1980) and the Rand McNally new International
Atlas (Voisin and Leverenz 1980). Geographic
coordinates (latitude and longitude) are given to
the nearest minute for the center of the lake area.

TABLE 1. Nomenclature for the large lakes of the world

English Latinized
NO. Code Name Conventional Name Local Name Alternate Name
I. ABAYA Lake Abaya Lake Abaya
2. ABE Lake Abe Lake Abbe
3. ABERDEEN Aberdeen Lake Aberdeen Lake
4. ABITIBI Lake Abitibi Lake Abitibi
5. ABY Aby Lagoon Lagune Aby
6. ALAKOL Lake Alakol Ozero Aiakol Ala, Alakul
7. ALBERT Lake Albert Lake Albert Mobutu Sese Seko
8. ALEXANDRINA Lake Alexandrina Lake Alexandrina
9. AMADEUS Lake Amadeus Lake Amadeus
10. AMADJUAK Amadjuak Lake Amadjuak Lake
II. ANGIKUNI Angikuni Lake Angikuni Lake
12. ARAL Aral Sea Aralskoye More Aralskoje
13. ARGENTINO Lake Argentino Lago Argentino
14. ARTILLERY Artillery Lake Artillery Lake
15. ASHUANIPI Ashuanipi Lake Ashuanipi Lake
16. ATHABASCA Lake Athabasca Lake Athabasca
17. ATLIN Atlin Lake Atlin Lake
18. AUSTIN Lake Austin Lake Austin
19. AYLMER Aylmer Lake Aylmer Lake
 LARGE LAKES OF THE WORLD 381

TABLE 1, continued.
English Latinized
NO. Code Name Conventional Name Local Name Alternate Name
20. BAGHRASH Lake Baghrash Bosten Hu Bagrash, Possuteng
21. BAIKAL Lake Baikal Ozero Baykal
22. BAKER Baker Lake Baker Lake
23. BALATON Lake Balaton Balaton Platten
24. BALKHASH Lake Balkhash Ozero Balkhash Ala-Denghiz, Balchas, Se Hai
25. BANGWEULU Lake Bangweulu Lac Bangweolo
26. BAY Bay Lagoon Laguna de Bay
27. BECHAROF Becharof Lake Becharof Lake
28. BELOYE White Lake Beloye Ozero
29. BEYSEHIR Lake Beysehir Beysehir Golu Beishehr
30. BIENVILLE Lake Bienville Lac Bienville
31. BIG TROUT Big Trout Lake Big Trout Lake
32. BIWA Lake Biwa Biwa-Ko
33. BRAS D'OR Bras d'Or Lake Bras d'Or Lake
34. BUENOS AIRES Lake Buenos Aires Lago Buenos Aires General Carrera
35. BUFFALO Buffalo Lake Buffalo Lake
36. BUYR Lake Buyr Buyr Nuur Bor, Buir, Pei-erh
37. CARATASCA Caratasca Lagoon Laguna de Caratasca
38. CASPIAN Caspian Sea Kaspiyskoye More Kaspijskoje, Khazar
39. CEDAR Cedar Lake Cedar Lake
40. CHAD Lake Chad Lac Tchad
41. CHAMPLAIN Lake Champlain Lake Champlain
42. CHANY Lake Chany Ozero Chany
43. CHAO Lake Chao Chao Hu
44. CHAPALA Lake Chapala Lago de Chapala
45. CHILKA Chilka Lake Chilka Lake
46. CHILWA Lake Chilwa Lake Chilwa Chirua, Shirwa
47. CHIQUITA Lake Chiquita Lago Mar Chiquita
48. CHIRIQUI Chiriqui Lagoon Laguna de Chiriqui
49. CHURCHILL Churchill Lake Churchill Lake
50. CLAIRE Lake Claire Lake Claire
51. CLINTON COLDEN Clinton Colden Lake Clinton-Colden Lake
52. COLHUE HUAPI Lake Colue Huapi Lago Colue Huapi
53. CONSTANCE Lake of Constance Bodensee Costanza
54. CONTWOYTO Contwoyto Lake Contwoyto Lake
55. CREE Cree Lake Cree Lake
56. CROSS Cross Lake Cross Lake
57. DAUPHIN Dauphin Lake Dauphin Lake
58. DEAD Dead Sea Dead Sea Lut, Mayyit, Melah
59. DESCHAMBAULT Deschambault Lake Deschambault Lake
60. DORE Dore Lake Dore Lake
61. DUBAWNT Dubawnt Lake Dubawnt
62. EAU CLAIRE Clearwater Lake Lac Eau Claire
63. EBI Lake Ebi Ebinur Hu Aipi
64. EDWARD Lake Edward Lake Edward Idi Amin Dada
65. EGRIDIR Lake Egridir Hoyran Golu Egirdir
66. ENNADAI Ennadai Lake Ennadai Lake
76. ENRIQUILLO Lake Enriquillo Lago de Enriquillo
68. ERIE Lake Erie Lake Erie
69. ESKIMO NORTH Eskimo North lake Eskimo North lake Husky
70. ESKIMO SOUTHERN Eskimo Southern lake Eskimo Southern Lake Husky
71. EVANS Lake Evans Lac Evans
72. EVORON Lake Evoron Ozero Zvoron
73. EYRE Lake Eyre Lake Eyre
74. FAGNANO Lake Fagnano Lago Fagnano Cami
75. FAGUIBINE Lake Faguibine Lac Faguibine
76. FERGUSON Ferguson Lake Ferguson Lake
77. FLATHEAD Flathead lake Flathead Lake
78. FROBISHER Frobisher Lake Frobisher Lake
382 C.E.HERDENDORF

TABLE 1, continued.
English Latinized
NO. Code Name Conventional Name Local Name Alternate Name
79. FROME Lake Frome Lake Frome
80. GAIRDNER Lake Gairdner Lake Gairdner
81. GARRY Garry Lake Garry Lake
82. GENEVA Lake of Geneva Lac Leman Ginevra
83. GODS Gods Lake Gods Lake
84. GOOSE Goose Lake Goose Lake
85. GRAND Grand Lake Grand Lake
86. GRAS Lake Gras Lac de Gras
87. GREAT BEAR Great Bear Lake Great Bear Lake
88. GREAT SALT Great Salt Lake Great Salt Lake
89. GREAT SLAVE Great Slave Lake Great Slave Lake
90. GUILLAUME- Lake Guillaume-Delisle Lac Guillaume-Delisle Richmond G.
DELISLE
91. HAMMAR Lake Hammer Hawr al Hammer
92. HAR Lake Har Nar Nuur Hara, Khara
93. HAR US Lake Har Us Nar Us Nuur Hara Usa, Khara-Us
94. HAZEN Lake Hazen Lake Hazen
95. HELMAND Lake Helmand Daryacheh-ye Sistan Hamun-i-Helmand, Hirmand, Seistan
96. HOTTAH Hottah Lake Hottah Lake
97. HOVSGOL Lake Hovsgol Novsgol Nuur Hobsogol, Hubsugul, Khubsugul, Kosogol
98. HULUN Lake Hulun Hulun Nur Dalai
99. HUNGTZE Lake Hungtze Hongze Hu Hungtse
100. HURON Lake Huron Lake Huron
101. HYARGAS Lake Hyargas Hyargas Nuur Hirgis, Khirgis, Kirgis
102. ILIAMNA Iliamna Lake Iliamna Lake
103. ILMEN Lake limen Ozero limen
104. IMANDRA Lake Imandra Ozero Imandra
105. INARI Lake Inari Inari Enare
106. ISLAND Island Lake Island Lake
107. ISSYKKUL Lake Issykkul Ozero Issyk-kul Issyk
108. ISTADA Lake Istada Abi-i-istada Istadeh-ye Mogor
109. IZABAL Lake Izabal Lago de Izabal
110. KAMILUKUAK Kamilukuak Lake Kamilukuak Lake Kamiluk
II I. KAMINAK Kaminak Lake Kaminak Lake
112. KAMINURIAK Kaminuriak Lake Kaminuriak Lake
1l3. KAOYU Kaoyu Lake Gaoyu Hu Kaopao
114. KASBA Kasba Lake Kasba Lake
115. KHANKA Lake Khanka Ozero Khanka Chanka, Hanka, Hsingkai, Xingkai
116. KIVU Lake Kivu Lac Kivu
117. KOKO Lake Koko Nor Qinghai Hu Ching, Tsing
118. KULUNDINSKOE Lake Kulundinskoe Ozero Zulundinskoye Kulunda, Kulundinskaje
119. KURISCHES Kurisches Bay Kurskiy Zaliv Courland, Kursky
120. KYARING Lake Kyaring Gyaring Co Chalin, Dzharing
12I. KYOGA Lake Kyoga Lake Kyoga Kioga
122. LADOGA Lake Ladoga Ladozhskoye Ozero Ladozhskoje
123. LESSER SLAVE Lesser Slave Lake Lesser Slave Lake
124. LLANQUIHUE Lake Llanquihue Lago Llanquihue
125. LOBSTICK Lobstick Lake Lobstick Lake
126. LOP Lake Lop Nor Lop Nur Lob, Lopu
127. LOWER SEAL Lower Seal Lake Lacs des Loups Marins
128. LUANG Luang Sea Thale Luang Sap
129. MACKAY Mackay Lake Mackay Lake
130. MAI-NDOMBE Lake Leopold II Lac Mai-Ndombe
131. MALAREN Lake Malaren Malaren Malar
132. MANAGUA Lake Managua Lago de Managua Xolotlan
133. MANITOBA Lake Manitoba Lake Manitoba
134. MANOUANE Lake Manouane Lac Manouane
135. MANZALA Lake Manzala Bahra el Manzala Manzilah, Menzaleh
136. MARACAIBO Lake Maracaibo Lago de Maracaibo
 LARGE LAKES OF THE WORLD 383

TABLE 1, continued.
English Latinized
NO. Code Name Conventional Name Local Name Alternate Name
137. MARTRE Lake Martre Lac la Martre
138. MELVILLE Lake Melville Lake Melville
139. MICHIGAN Lake Michigan Lake Michigan
140. MICHIKAMUA Michikamua Lake Michikamua Lake
141. MILLE LACS Mille Lacs Lake Mille Lacs Lake
142. MINTO Lake Minto Lac Minto
143. MIRIM Mirim Lagoon Lagoa Mirim Merin
144. MISTASSINI Lake Mistassini Lac Mistassini
145. MOOSE Moose Lake Moose Lake
146. MWERU Lake Mweru Lac Moero
147. NAHUEL HUAPI Lake Nahuel Huapi Lago Nahuel Huapi
148. NAKNEK Naknek Lake Naknek Lake
149. NAM Lake Nam Nam Co Namu, Tengri
150. NAMAK Lake Namak Daryacheh-ye Namak
151. NETILLING Netilling Lake Netilling Lake Nettilling
152. NGORING Lake Ngoring Ngoring Hu Chaling
153. NICARAGUA Lake Nicaragua Lago de Nicaragua Cocibolca
154. NIPIGON Lake Nipigon Lake Nipigon
155. NIPISSING Lake Nipissing Lake Nipissing
156. NONACHO Nonacho Lake Nonacho Lake
157. NUELTIN Nueltin Lake Nueltin Lake
158. NYASA Lake Nyasa Lake Nyasa Malawi, Niassa
159. ODER Oder Bay Stettiner Haff Szczecinski
160. OKEECHOBEE Lake Okeechobee Lake Okeechobee
161. OLING Lake Oling Gyaring Hu Tsaring
162. ONEGA Lake Onega Ozero Onezhskoye Onezskoje
163. ONTARIO Lake Ontario Lake Ontario
164. OULU Lake Oulu Oulu Ule
165. PAIJANNE Lake Paijanne Paijanne
166. PANGONG Lake Pangong Bangong Co Lumuhu, Nyak, Pankung
167. PATOS Patos Lagoon Lagoa dos Patos
168. PAYNE Payne Lake Payne Lake
169. PEl PUS Lake Peipus Ozero Chudskoye Chudskoje
170. PETER POND Peter Pond Lake Peter Pond Lake
171. PIELINEN Lake Pielinen Pielinen
172. PLAYGREEN Playgreen Lake Playgreen Lake
173. POINT Point Lake Point Lake
174. POMO Lake Porno Puma Yumco Pumu, Pumuchang
175. PONTCHARTRAIN Lake Pontchartrain Lake Pontchartrain
176. POOPO Lake Poopo Lago de Poopo Pampa Aullagas
177. POYANG Lake Poyang Poyang Hu
178. PRINCESS MARY Princess Mary Lake Princess Mary Lake
179. PYA Lake Pya Ozero Pyaozero
180. PYRAMID Pyramid Lake Pyramid Lake
181. RAINY Rainy Lake Rainy Lake
182. RED Red Lake Red Lake (Upper &
Lower)
183. REINDEER Reindeer Lake Reindeer Lake
184. RONGE Lake Ronge Lac la Ronge
185. RUDOLF Lake Rudolf Lake Rudolf Turkana
186. RUKWA Lake Rukwa Lake Rukwa
187. SAIMAA Lake Saimaa Saimaa Saima
188. SAINT CLAIR Lake Saint Clair Lake Saint Clair
189. SAINT-JEAN Lake Saint-Jean Lac Saint-Jean
190. SAKAMI Lake Sakami Lac Sakami
191. SALTON Salton Sea Salton Sea
192. SAN MARTIN Lake San Martin Lago San Martin O'Higgins
193. SANDY Sandy lake Sandy Lake
194. SAP Lake Sap TonIe Sap Sab, Grand Lac
384 C. E. HERDENDORF

TABLE 1, continued.
English Latinized
NO. Code Name Conventional Name Local Name Alternate Name
195. SASYKKOL Lake Sasykkol Ozero Sasykkor Sasyk
196. SCUTARI Lake Scutari Skadarsko Jezero Shkodres, Skadar
197. SEG Lake Seg Ozero Segozero Segeza
198. SELAWIK Selawik Lake Selawik Lake
199. SELETYTENIZ Lake Seletyteniz Ozero Seletyteniz
200. SELWYN Selwyn Lake Selwyn Lake
201. SEUL Lake Seul Lac Seul
202. SEVAN Lake Sevan Ozero Sevon Gokcha
203. SHAMO Lake Shamo Lake Chamo Ruspoli, Margherita
204. SIMCOE Lake Simcoe Lake Simcoe
205. SNOWBIRD Snowbird Lake Snowbird Lake
206. SOUTHERN INDIAN Southern Indian Lake Southern Indian Lake
207. SOUTH HENIK South Henik Lake South Henik Lake
208. SUPERIOR Lake Superior Lake Superior
209. TAHOE Lake Tahoe Lake Tahoe
210. TAl Lake Tai Tai Hu
211. TAKIYUAK Takiyuak Lake Takiyuak Lake
212. TANA Lake Tana Lake Tana Tsana
213. TANGANYIKA Lake Tanganyika Lac Tanganyika
214. TANGRA Lake Tangra Tangra Yumco Dangrayum, Tangkulayumu
215. TATHLINA Tathlina Lake Tathlina Lake
216. TAUPO Lake Taupo Lake Taupo
217. TAYMYR Lake Taymyr Ozero Taymyr Taimyr, Tajmyr
218. TEBESJUAK Tebesjuak Lake Tebesjuak Lake
219. TENGIZ Lake Tengiz Ozero Tengiz
220. TERINAM Lake Terinam Zhari Namco Tiehlinanmu
221. TERMINOS Terminos Lagoon Laguna de Terminos
222. TESHEKPUK Teshekpuk Lake Teshekpuk Lake
223. TlTICACA Lake Titicaca Lago Titicaca
224. TOBA Lake Toba Danau Toba
225. TOP Lake Top Ozero Topozero
226. TORRENS Lake Torrens Lake Torrens
227. TROUT Trout Lake Trout Lake
228. TULEMALU Tulemalu Lake Tulemalu Lake
229. TUMBA Lake Tumba Lac Tumba
230. TUNGTING Lake Tungting Dangting Hu Dongtinghu
231. TUZ Lake Tuz Tuz Gam
232. UBINSKOE Ubinskoe Lake Ubinskoye Ozero Ubinskoje
233. ULUNGUR Lake Ulungur Ulungur Hu Pulunto, Ulyungur, Urungu, Wulunku
234. UPEMBA Lake Upemba Lac Upemba
235. URMIA Lake Urmia Daryacheh-ye Rezaiyeh Rizaiyeh, Urumiah
236. UVS Uvs Lake Uvs Nuur Ubsa, Ubsu
237. VAN Lake Van Van Golu
238. VANERN Lake Vanern Vanern Vaner, Vener
239. VATTERN Lake Vattern Vattern Vatter, Vetter
240. VICTORIA Lake Victoria Lake Victoria
241. VIEDMA Lake Viedma Lago Viedma
242. VYG Lake Vyg Ozero Vygozero
243. WEISHAN Lake Weishan Weishan Hu
244. WHOLDAIA Wholdaia Lake Wholdaia Lake
245. WINNEBAGO Lake Winnebago Lake Winnebago
246. WINNIPEG Lake Winnipeg Lake Winnipeg
247. WINNIPEGOSIS Lake Winnipegosis Lake Winnipegosis
248. WOLLASTON Wollaston Lake Wollaston Lake
249. WOODS Lake of the Woods Lake of the Woods
250. YAMDROK Lake Yamdrok Yamzho Yumco Yamdrog, Yangchoyung
251. YATHKYED Yathkyed Lake Yathkyed Lake
252. ZAYSAN Lake Zaysan Ozero Zaysan Zaisan, Zajsan
253. ZILING Lake Ziling Siling Co Chilin, Goring, Seling
TABLE 2. Location and origin of the large lakes of the world.
LOCATION
USDMA
NO. NAME CONTINENT NATION(S) LATITUDE LONGITUDE MAP NO. GEOLOGIC ORIGIN
I. ABAYA Africa Ethiopia 0620'N 3755'E NB-37
2. ABE Africa Djibouti, Ethiopia 11 IO'N 41 45'E NC-38
3. ABERDEEN N. Am. Canada (NWT) 64 32'N 8954'W NQ-15/16 Glacial (scour)
4. ABITIBI N. Am. Canada (Quebec, Ontario) 48 45'N 7947'W NM-17 Glacial (scour)
5. ABY Africa Ivory Coast 05 15'N 0314'W NB-30 Coastal (lagoon)
6. ALAKOL Asia USSR (Kazakhstan) 46 IO'N 81 50'E NL-44
7. ALBERT Africa Uganda, Zaire 01 4O'N 31 oo'E NA-36 Tectonic (graben)
8. ALEXANDRINA Oceania Australia (South Australia) 35 26'S 139 IO'E NI-54 Coastal (lagoon)
9. AMADEUS Oceania Australia (Northern Territory) 2430'S 131 25'E SG-52
10. AMADJUAK N. Am. Canada (NWT, Baffin Island) 64 54'N 7114'W NQ-19/20 Glacial (scour)
II. ANGIKUNI N. Am. Canada (NWT) 62 13'N 99 55'W NP-13/14 Glacial (scour)
12. ARAL Asia USSR (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan) 45oo'N 60 OO'E NL-40,41 Tectonic (uplift)
13. ARGENTINO S. Am. Argentina (Santa Cruz) 50 13'S 72 25'W SM-18/19 Glacial (scour, damming)
14. ARTILLERY N. Am. Canada (NWT) 63 IO'N 107 52'W NP-13/14 Glacial (scour)
15. ASHUANIPI N. Am. Canada (Newfoundland) 52 39'N 6608'W NN-20,19 Glacial (scour) ~
16. ATHABASCA N. Am. Canada (Alberta, Saskatchewan) 59 11 'N 10922'W NO-12,13 Glacial (scour) >
i:I:l
17. ATLIN N. Am. Canada (British Columbia, 59 27'N 13349'W NO-7/8 Glacial (scour)
Yukon) ~
trl
18. AUSTIN Oceania Australia (Western Australia) 2745'S 117 30'E SG/50
19. AYLMER N. Am. Canada (NWT) 6408'N 108 30'W NQ-II/12 Glacial (scour) ~
20. BAGHRASH Asia China (Sinkiang) 4200N 8700'E NK-45 >
~
21. BAIKAL Asia USSR (Russia) 5400'N 109OO'E NN-48,49 NM-48 Tectonic (graben)
~
22. BAKER N. Am. Canada (NWT) 6409'N 9516'W NQ-15/16 Glacial (scour) 'JJ
23. BALATON Europe Hungary 4650'N 17 45'E NL-34 Tectonic (graben)
24. BALKHASH Asia USSR (Kazakhstan) 46oo'N 74oo'E NL-43,44 Tectonic (graben) 0
~
25. BANGWEULU Africa Zambia 1105'S 29 45'E SC-36,35
loool
=
26. BAY Asia Philippines (Luzon Island) 1423'N 121 lYE ND-51
27, BECHAROF N. Am. USA (Alaska) 57 56'N 15623'W NO-3/4 NO-5/6
28. BELOYE Europe USSR (Russia) 60 15'N 3740'E NP-37/38 ~
29.. BEYSEHIR Asia Turkey 37 4O'N 31 30'E NJ-36 ~
30. BIENVILLE N. Am. Canada (Quebec) 55 05'N 72 50'W NN-18 Glacial (scour) 0
31. BIG TROUT N. Am. Canada (Ontario) 53 46'N 90 OO'W NN-15 Glacial (scour) i:I:l
32. BIWA Asia Japan (Honshu Island) 35 15'N 1360YE NI-53 t""
33. BRAS D'OR N. Am. Canada (Nova Scotia) 44 55'N 60 47'W NL-20 Coastal (lagoon) 0
34. BUENOS AIRES S. Am. Argentina (Santa Cruz), Chile 4630'S 72 OO'W SL-18/19 Glacial (scour, damming)
(Aisen)
35. BUFFALO N. Am. Canada (NWT) 60 14'N 11526'W NP-II/12 Glacial (scour)
36. BUYR Asia China, Mongolia 47 48'N 117 42' NL-50
37. CARATASCA N. Am. Honduras 15 23'N 8355'W ND-16/17 Coastal (lagoon)
38. CASPIAN Asia/ Iran, USSR 4200'N 50oo'E NJ-39 NK-38,39 Tectonic (uplift)
Europe NL-38,39
39. CEDAR N. Am. Canada (Manitoba) 53 18'N 10004'W NN-14 Glacial (scour)
40. CHAD Africa Cameroon, Chad, Niger, Nigeria 13 20'N 14oo'E ND-33 Tectonic (downwarp)
41. CHAMPLAIN N. Am. Canada, USA 44 35'N 7320'W NL-18 Tectonic (uplift, stream reversal)
42. CHANY Asia USSR (Russia) 54 50'N 7730'I;: NN-43,44
43. CHAO Asia China (Anhwei) 31 31'N 117 33'E NH-50 Fluviatile
44. CHAPALA N. Am. Mexico (Jalisco, Michoacan) 20 15'N 103OO'W NF-13
45. CHILKA Asia India (Orissa) 19 45'N 8525'E NE-45 Coastal (lagoon)
46. CHILWA Africa Malawi, Mozambique 1512'S 35 50'E SD-36
47. CHIQUITA S. Am. Argentina (Cordoba) 30 42'S 6236'W SH-20
48. CHIRIQUI N. Am. Panama 09 05'N 8205'W NC-17 Coastal (lagoon) ~
QC
49. CHURCHILL N. Am. Canada (Saskatchewan) 56oo'N 108 19'W NN-12 NO-12 Glacial (scour) til
TABLE 2, continued. ~
CliC
="
LOCATION
USDMA
NO. NAME CONTINENT NATION(S) LATITUDE LONGITUDE MAP NO. GEOLOGIC ORIGIN
50. CLAIRE N. Am. Canada (Alberta) 5835'N 11205'W NO-12 Glacial (scour)
51. CLINTON COLDEN N. Am. Canada (NWT) 63 58'N 10728'W NP-I3/14 Glacial (scour)
52. COLHUE HUAPI S. Am. Argentina (Chubut) 45 30'S 6848'W SL-19
53. CONSTANCE Europe Austria, Switzerland, 47 35'N 0925'E NL-32 Glacial (scour and damming)
West Germany
54. CONTWOYTO N. Am. Canada (NWT) 65 36'N 1I040'W NQ-12-14 Glacial (scour)
55. CREE N. Am. Canada (Saskatchewan) 57 29'N 10633'W NO-13 Glacial (scour)
56. CROSS N. Am. Canada (Manitoba) 54 43'N 9734'W NN-14 Glacial (scour)
57. DAUPHIN N. Am. Canada (Manitoba) 51 15'N 9946'W NM-14 Glacial (scour)
58. DEAD Asia Israel, Jordan 31 30'N 35 30'E NH-36 Tectonic (graben)
59. DESCHAMBAULT N. Am. Canada (Saskatchewan) 54 46'N 10328'W NN-13 Glacial (scour)
60. DORE N. Am. Canada (Saskatchewan) 5446'N 107 18'W NN-13 Glacial (scour)
61. DUBAWNT N. Am. Canada (NWT) 63 07'N 101 24'W NQ-I3/14 Glacial (scour)
62. EAU CLAIRE N. Am. Canada (Quebec) 5609'N 7424'W NN-18 NO-18 Glacial (scour)
63. EBI Asia China (Sinkiang) 44 55'N 8255'E NL-44
64. EDWARD Africa Uganda, Zaire 00 21 'S 29 35'E SA-35 Tectonic (graben)
65. EGRIDIR Asia Turkey 38 02'N 30 53'E NJ-36
.66. ENNADAI N. Am. Canada (NWT) 60 57'N 101 18'W NP-13/14 Glacial (scour) ~
67. ENRIQUILLO N. Am. Dominican Republic 18 27'N 71 39'W NE-19
68. ERIE N. Am. Canada, USA 4209'N 81 15'W NK-17 Glacial (scour) ~
69. ESKIMO NORTH N. Am. Canada (NWT) 69 23'N 131 54'W NR-7-9 Coastal (lagoon)
70. ESKIMO SOUTHERN N. Am. Canada (NWT) 68 53'N 13300'W NR-7-9 Coastal (lagoon) ==
~
71. EVANS N. Am. Canada (Quebec) 50 53'N 7656'W NM-18 Glacial (scour) ::c
72. EVORON Asia USSR (Russia) 51 28'N 136 30'E NM-53 ~
73. EYRE Oceania Australia (South Australia) 2830'S 13720'E SH-53, SG-53 Tectonic (uplift, stream reversal) ~
74. FAGNANO S. Am. Argentina (Tierra del Fuego) 5438'S 6800'W SN-18/19 Z
Chile (Magallanes ~
75. FAGUIBINE Africa Mali 1645'N 0354'W NE-30 0
76: FERGUSON N. Am. Canada (NWT) 69 25'N 105 15'W NR-12-14 ::c
~
n FLATHEAD N. Am. USA (Montana) 4751'N 1140TW NL-II, NM-II
78. FROBISHER N. Am. Canada (Saskatchewan) 56 22'N 108 I5'W NO-12,13 Glacial (scour)
79. FROME Oceania Australia (South Australia) 30 44'S 139 48'E SH-54 Tectonic (uplift, stream reversal)
80. GAIRDNER Oceania Australia (South Australia) 31 35'S 13600'E SH-53 SI-53
81. GARRY N.-Am. Canada (NWT) 65 54'N 10008'W NQ-12-14 Glacial (scour)
82. GENEVA Europe France, Switzerland 46 25'N 0630'E NL-32 Glacial (scour and damming)
83. GODS N. Am. Canada (Manitoba) 5441 'N 94 I3'W NN-15 Glacial (scour)
84. GOOSE N. Am. USA (California, Oregon) 41 55'N 120 25'W NK-IO Tectonic (graben)
85. GRAND N. Am. Canada (Newfoundland) 48 52'N 5734'W NM-21
86. GRAS N. Am. Canada (NWT) 6430'N 110 31'W NQ-12-14 Glacial (scour)
87. GREAT BEAR N. Am. Canada (NWT) 6600'N 12056'W NQ-9/1O Glacial (scour)
88. GREAT SALT N. Am. USA (Utah) 41 IO'N 112 30'W NK-12 Tectonic (block-faulting)
89. GREAT SLAVE N. Am. Canada (NWT) 61 47'N 113 43'W NP-II/12 Glacial (scour)
90. GUILLAUME-DELISLE N. Am. Canada (Quebec) 56 15'N 7620'W NO-18 Coastal (lagoon)
91. HAMMAR Asia Iraq 30 50'N 47 10'E NH-38
92. HAR Asia Mongolia 48 06'N 93 12'E NM-46
93. HAR US Asia Mongolia 4800'N 92 IO'E NL-46, NM-46
94. HAZEN N. Am. Canada (NWT) 81 47'N 7109'W NU-14-20
95. HELMAND Asia Afghanistan, Iran 31 OO'N 61 IO'E NH-41
96. HOTIAH N. Am. Canada (NWT) 6504'N 118 29'W NQ-II/12 Glacial (scour)
97. HOVSGOL Asia Mongolia 51 OO'N 10030'E NM-47
98. HULUN Asia China (Inner Mongolia) 4900'N 117 2TE NM-50 Fluviatile
99. HUNGTZE Asia China (Anhwei, Kiangsu) 33 18'N 118 41'E NI-50 Fluviatile
100. HURON N. Am. Canada, USA 4500'N 8115'W NL-17 Glacial (scour)
101. HYARGAS Asia Mongolia 49 12'N 93 24'E NM-46
102 ILIAMNA N. Am. USA (Alaska) 59 30'N 15500'W NO-5/6
103. ILMEN Europe USSR (Russia) 58 17'N 31 20'E NO-36
104. IMANDRA Europe USSR (Russia) 67 30'N 3300'E NQ-36-38 NR-38 Glacial (scour)
105. INARI Europe Finland 6900'N 28 OO'E NR-35-37
106. ISLAND N. Am. Canada (Manitoba) 53 49'N 9430'W NN-15 Glacial (scour)
107. ISSYKKUL Asia USSR (Kirghizia) 42 25'N 77 15'E NK-44,43 Tectonic (graben)
108. ISTADA Asia Afghanistan 32 32'N 67 57'E NI-42
109. IZABAL N. Am. Guatemala 15 30'N 89 IO'W ND-16
110. KAMILUKUAK N. Am. Canada (NWT) 62 20'N 10141'W NP-13/14 Glacial (scour)
Ill. KAMIN AK N. Am. Canada (NWT) 62 11 'N 95 05'W NP-15/16 Glacial (scour)
112. KAMINURIAK N. Am. Canada (NWT) 62 59'N 9541'W NP-15/16 Glacial (scour)
113. KAOYU Asia China (Anhwei, Kiangsu) 32 50'N 11915'E NI-50 Fluviatile
114. KASBA N. Am. Canada (NWT) 60 18'N 102 l1'W NP-13/14 Glacial (scour)
115. KHANKA Asia China, USSR 45 OO'N 13224'E NL-52,53
IJ.6. KIVU Africa Rwanda, Zaire 0200'S 29 10'E SA-35 Tectonic (graben) and
Volcanic (damming)
NJ-47 ~
117. KOKO Asia China (Tsinghai) 37 OO'N 10020'E
118. KULUNDINSKOE Asia USSR (Russia) 53 OO'N 79 36'E NN-44 >
::c
119. KURISCHES Europe USSR (Lithuania, Russia) 55 OO'N 21 OO'E NN-34 Coastal (lagoon)
~
120. KYARING Asia China (Tibet) 31 10'N 88 15'E NH-45 Tectonic ~
121. KYOGA Africa Uganda 01 30'N 3300'E NA-36 Tectonic (uplift, stream
reversal) ~
122. LADOGA Europe USSR (Russia) 6100'N 31 30'E NO-36 NP-35/ 36 Glacial (scour) and >
~
Tectonic (uplift) ~
123. LESSER SLAVE N. Am. Canada (Alberta) 55 26'N 11524'W NN-11 r:n
124. LLANQUIHUE S. Am. Chile (Llanquihue, Osorno) 41 08'S 72 48'W SK-18/19
125. LOBSTICK N. Am. Canada (Newfoundland) 54 02'N 64 59'W NN-20 Glacial (scour) 0
~
126. LOP Asia China (Sinkiang) 40 30'N 9030'E NK-46
"'"'l
127.
128.
129.
LOWER SEAL
LUANG
MACKAY
N. Am.
Asia
N. Am.
Canada (Quebec)
Thailand
Canada (NWT)
56 31 'N
07 30'N
63 55'N
7342'W
100 15'E
11102'W
NO-18
NB-47
NP-11/12
Glacial (scour)
Coastal (lagoon)
Glacial (scour)
=
~

130. MAI-NDOMBE Africa Zaire 0200'S 1820'E SA-34 ~

131. MALAREN Europe Sweden 59 30'N 17 12'E NO-34/35 Glacial (scour) and 0
132. MANAGUA 1221'N 8621'W ND-16
Tectonic (uplift) ::c
~
N. Am. Nicaragua
133. MANITOBA N. Am. Canada (Manitoba) 50 55'N 9833'W NM-14 Glacial (scour) l:l
134. MANOUANE N. Am. Canada (Quebec) 5043'N 70 46'W NM-19
135. MANZALA Africa Egypt 31 15'N 3200'E NH-36 Coastal (lagoon, delta)
136. MARACAIBO S. Am. Venezuela 0940'N 7130'W NC-19 Tectonic (downwarp) and
Coastal (lagoon)
137. MARTRE N. Am. Canada (NWT) 63 19'N 11757'W NP-Ilfl2 Glacial (scour)
138. MELVILLE N. Am. Canada (Newfoundland) 53 45'N 5926'W NN-20,21 Glacial (scour)
139. MICHIGAN N. Am. USA (I1linois, Indiana, 4400'N 8700'W NL-16 Glacial (scour)
Michigan, Wisconsin)
140. MICHIKAMAU N. Am. Canada (Newfoundland) 54 07'N 64 06'W NO-20 Glacial (scour)
141. MILLE LACS N. Am. USA (Minnesota) 46 14'N 9339'W NL-15
142. MINTO N. Am. Canada (Quebec) 57 16'N 7451'W NO-18 Glacial (scour)
143. MIRIM S. Am. Brazil, Uruguay 32 45'S 5250'W SI-22 Coastal (lagoon)
144. MISTASSINI N. Am. Canada (Quebec) 50 56'N 7334'W NM-18 Glacial (scour)
145. MOOSE N. Am. Canada (Manitoba) 53 56'N 10007'W NN-14 Glacial (scour)
146. MWERU Africa Zaire, Zambia 0900'S 28 45'E SC-35
147. NAHUEL HUAPI S. Am. Argentina (Neuquen, 40 58'S 7130'W SK-18/19 Glacial
~
Rio Negro) ClC
148. NAKNEK N. Am. USA (Alaska) 58 38'N 15552'W NO-3/4 NO-5/6 -...I
 w
TABLE 2, continued. QC
QCl
LOCATION
USDMA
NO. NAME CONTINENT NATION(S) LATITUDE LONGITUDE MAP NO. GEOLOGIC ORIGIN

149. NAM Asia China (Tibet) 300 45'N 90 0 30'E NH-46 Tectonic
150. NAMAK Asia Iran 34 30'N 51 50'E NI-39
151. NETILLING N. Am. Canada (NWT) 6630'N 7030'W NQ-17-20 Glacial (scour)
152. NGORING Asia China (Tsinghai) 3455'N 98oo'E NI-47
153. NICARAGUA N. Am. Nicaragua II 30'N 8530'W NC-16, ND-16 Tectonic and Volcanic
(damming)
154. NIPIGON N. Am. Canada (Ontario) 49 50'N 8831'W NM-16 Glacial (scour)
155. NIPISSING N. Am. Canada (Ontario) 46 16'N 7946'W NL-17 Glacial (scour)
156. NONACHO N. Am. Canada (NWT) 61 47'N 10928'W NP-I/12 Glacial (scour)
157. NUELTIN N. Am. Canada (Manitoba, NWT) 60 12'N 9935'W NP-13/14 NO-14 Glacial (scour)
158. NYASA Africa Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania 1200'S 34 30'E SC-36 SD-36 Tectonic (graben)
159. ODER Europe East Germany, Poland 53 46'N 1414'E NN-33 Coastal (lagoon)
160. OKEECHOBEE N. Am. USA (Florida) 26 57'N 80 52'W NG-17 Tectonic (uplift)
16I. OLING Asia China (Tsinghai) 3452'N 97 30'E NI-47
162. ONEGA Europe USSR (Russia) 61 30'N 3545'E NP-35/36, 37/38 Glacial (scour)
163. ONTARIO N. Am. Canada, USA 43 39'N 77 4TW NK-18 Glacial (scour)
164. OULU Europe Finland 6420'N 27 15'E NQ-33-35 ~
165. PAIJANNE Europe Finland 61 35'N 25 30'E NP-35/36 Tectonic (faulting) and
Glacial (scour) ~
166. PANGONG Asia China (Tibet), 33 45'N 7843'E NI-44 Tectonic (graben) and
India (Jammu and Kashmir) Glacial (scour) ==
t'!'j
167. PATOS S. Am. Brazil (Rio Grande do SuI) 31 06'S 51 15'W SH-22 Coastal (lagoon) ~
168. PAYNE N. Am. Canada (Quebec) 59 26'N 7408'W NO-18 Glacial (scour) t::l
169. PEIPUS Europe USSR (Estonia, Russia) 57 19'N 30 52'E NO-36 t'!'j
170. PETER POND N. Am. Canada (Saskatchewan) 55 57'N 10850'W NN-12 NO-12 Glacial (scour) Z
17 I. PIELINEN Europe Finland 63 15'N 2940'E NP-35/36 t::l
172. PLAYGREEN N. Am. Canada (Manitoba) 5403'N 9804'W NN-14 Glacial (scour) 0
173. POINT N. Am. Canada (NWT) 65 17'N 113 14'W NQ-II/l2 Glacial (scour) ~
174. POMO Asia China (Tibet), 28 35'N 90 20'E NH-46 Tectonic ~
175. PONTCHARTRAIN N. Am. USA (Louisiana) 30 13'N 90 OTW NH-15 Fluviatile (deltic levee)
176. POOPO S. Am. Bolivia 1845'S 670TW SE-20 Tectonic
177. POYANG Asia China (Kiangsi) 2900'N 116 25'E NH-50 Fluviatile (lateral damming)
178. PRINCESS MARY N. Am. Canada (NWT) 63 57'N 97 39' NP-I3/14 Glacial (scour)
179. PYA Europe USSR (Russia) 6605'N 30 58'E NQ-36-38
180. PYRAMID N. Am. USA (Nevada) 4002'N 11950'W NK-II Tectonic (graben)
181. RAINY N. Am. Canada, USA 48 42'N 930TW NM-15 Glacial (scour)
182. RED N. Am. USA (Minnesota) 48 02'N 9455'W NM-15
183. REINDEER N. Am. Canada (Manitoba, 57 18'N 10222'W NO-I3,14 Glacial (scour)
Saskatchewan)
184. RONGE N. Am. Canada (Manitoba, 55 08'N 10456'W NN-13 Glacial (scour)
Saskatchewan)
185. RUDOLF Africa Ethiopia, Kenya 03 30'N 3600'E NA-36,37 NB-36,37 Tectonic (graben, syn-
clinal folding)
186. RUKWA Africa Tanzania 0800'S 3225'E SC-36 Tectonic (graben)
187. SAIMAA Europe Finland 61 15'N 28 15'E NP-35/36 Glacial (scour) and
Tectonic (uplift)
188. SAINT CLAIR N. Am. Canada, USA 42 28'N 8240'W NK-17 Glacial (scour)
189. SAINT-JEAN N. Am. Canada (Quebec) 48 35'N 72 02'W NM-18,19 Glacial (scour)
190. SAKAMI N. Am. Canada (Quebec) 53 15'N 7645'W NN-18 Glacial (scour)
19I. SALTON N. Am. USA (California) 33 13'N 115 51'W NI-II Fluviatile
192. SAN MARTIN S. Am. Argentina (Santa Cruz), 48 52'S no40'W SM-18/19 Glacial (scour,
Chile (Aisen) damming)
193. SANDY N. Am. Canada (Ontario) 53 01 'N 9303'W NN-15 Glacial (scour)
194. SAP Asia Kampuchea 1300'N 10400'E ND-48/49 Fluviatile
195. SASYKKOL Asia USSR (Kazakhstan) 46 35'N 81 OO'E NL-44
196. SCUTARI Europe Albania, Yugoslavia 42 IO'N 19 15'E NK-34 Solution (karst) and
Tectonic (faulting)
197. SEG Europe USSR (Russia) 63 18'N 33 45'E NP-35-36
198. SELAWIK N. Am. USA (Alaska) 66 30'N 16009'W NQ-3/4 Coastal (lagoon)
199. SELETYTENIZ Asia USSR (Kazakhstan) 53 15'N 73 I5'E NN-43
200. SELWYN N. Am. Canada (NWT, Saskatchewan) 6002'N 10428'W NP-12/13 Glacial (scour)
201. SEUL N. Am. Canada (Ontario) 50 23'N 9225'W NM-15 Glacial (scour)
202. SEVAN Europe USSR (Armenia) 4020'N 4520'E NK-38
203. SHAMO Africa Ethiopia 05 50'N 3740'E NB-37
204. SIMCOE N. Am. Canada (Ontario) 44 25'N 7923'W NL-17 Glacial (scour)
205. SNOWBIRD N. Am. Canada (NWT) 6040'N 10256'W NP-I3/14 Glacial (scour)
206. SOUTHERN INDIAN N. Am. Canada (Manitoba) 57 06'N 9846'W NO-14 Glacial (scour)
207. SOUTH HENIK N. Am. Canada (NWT) 61 27'N 9722'W NP-13/14 Glacial (scour)
208. SUPERIOR N. Am. Canada, USA 47 33'N 8746'W NL-16,15 NM-16 Glacial (scour) and t""4
Tectonic (synclinal folding) >
~
209. TAHOE N. Am. USA (California, Nevada) 39 06'N 12002'W NJ-IO Tectonic (graben)
210. TAl Asia Fluviatile ~
China (Chekiang, Kiangsu) 31 15'N 120 IO'E NH-51 ~
211. TAKIYUAK N. Am. Canada (NWT) 66 18'N 11305'W NQ-lIj12 Glacial (scour)
212. TANA AFrica Ethiopia 12 IO'N 3720'E NC-37 ND-37 t""4
213. TANGANYIKA Africa Burundi, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia 0600'S 2930'E SA-35 SB-35,36 Tectonic (graben) >
~
SC-36 ~
214. TANGRA Asia China (Tibet) 31 OO'N 8622'E NH-45 Tectonic rJJ
215. TATHLINA N. Am. Canada (NWT) 60 32'N 11733'W NP-ll/12 Glacial (scour)
216. TAUPO Oceania New Zealand (North Island) 38 50'S 175 56'E SJ-60 Volcanic (caldera) and 0
~
Tectonic (faulting)
217. TAYMYR Asia USSR (Russia) 74 30'N 10230'E NS-46-48 1003
218. TEBESJUAK N. Am. Canada (NWT) 63 46'N 99 OO'W NP-I3/14 Glacial (scour) :=
~
219. TENGIZ Asia USSR (Kazakhstan) 50 24'N 68 57'E NM-42
220. TERINAM Asia China (Tibet) 31 06'N 85 35'E NH-45 Tectonic
Coastal (lagoon)
~
221. TERMINOS N. Am. Mexico (Campeche) 18 37'N 91 33'W NE-15 0
222. TESHEKPUK N. Am. USA (Alaska) 70 35'N 15326'W NR-5/6 ~
223. TITICACA S. Am. Bolivia, Peru 1548'S 6924'W SD-19 Tectonic (uplift, faulting) t""4
224. TOBA Asia Indonesia (Sumatra Island) 02 35'N 9840'E NA-47 Volcanic (caldera) and t:l
Tectonic (faulting)
225. TOP Europe USSR (Russia) 65 4O'N 3200'E NQ-36-38 Glacial (scour)
226. TORRENS Oceania Australia (South Australia) 3100'S 137 50'E SH-53 Tectonic (graben)
227. TROUT N. Am. Canada (NWT) 60 34'N 12116'W NP-9/10 Glacial (scour)
228. TULEMALU N. Am. Canada (NWT) 62 56'N 9927'W NP-13/14 Glacial (scour)
229. TUMBA Africa Zaire 00 48'S 1803'E SA-34
230. TUNGTING Asia China (Hunan) 29 18'N 112 45'E NH-50 Fluviatile (lateral damming)
231. TUZ Asia Turkey 38 45'N 33 25'E NJ-36
232. UBINSKOE Asia USSR (Russia) 55 30'N 8005'E NN-44
233. ULUNGUR Asia China (Sinkiang) 4720'N 87 IO'E NL-45
234. UPEMBA Africa Zaire 08 36'S 2626'E SC-35
235. URMIA Asia Iran 37 4O'N 4530'E NJ-38 Tectonic (block-faulting)
236. UVS Asia Mongolia 50 20'N 92 45'E NM-46
237. VAN Asia Turkey 38 33'N 4246'E NJ-38
238. VANERN Europe Sweden 58 55'N 13 30'E NO-32/33 Glacial (scour) and
Tectonic (uplift)
239. VATTERN Europe 58 24'N 1436'E NO-32/33 Glacial (scour) and ~
Sweden QC
Tectonic (uplift) IC
 ~
\Q
=

TABLE 2, continued.
LOCATION
USDMA
NO. NAME CONTINENT NATION(S) LATITUDE LONGITUDE MAP NO. GEOLOGIC ORIGIN

240. VICTORIA Africa Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda Olooo'S 3300'E NA36,SA-3 Tectonic (uplift, stream
damming)
241. VIEDMA S. Am. Argentina (Santa Cruz) 49 35'S 72 35'W SM-18/19 Glacial (scour,
damming) ~
242. VYG Europe USSR (Russia) 63 4O'N 344O'E NP-37/38
243. WEISHAN Asia China (Kiangsu, Shantung) 34 35'N 117 13' NI-50 ~
244. WHOLDAIA N. Am. Canada (NWT) 60 43'N 1040TW NP-I3/14 Glacial (scour)
245. WINNEBAGO N. Am. USA (Wisconsin) 4400'N 8825'W NL-16 ==
t'!'j
246. WINNIPEG N. Am. Canada (Manitoba) 5231'N 9747'W NN-14, NM-14 Glacial (scour) ~
247. WINNIPEGOSIS N. Am. Canada (Manitoba) 52 35'N 10009'W NN-14, NM-14 Glacial (scour) 0
248. WOLLASTON N. Am. Canada (Saskatchewan) 58 14'N 103 ITW NO-13 Glacial (scour) t'!'j
249. WOODS N. Am. Canada, USA 49 15'N 9439'W NM-15 Glacial (scour) Z
250. YAMDROK Asia China (Tibet) 29 00'N 90 4O'E NH-46 Tectonic 0
251. YATHKYED N. Am. Canada (NWT) 624O'N 9752'W NP-I3/14 Glacial (scour) 0
252. ZAYSAN Asia USSR (Kazakhstan) 4800'N 84 oo'E NL-44,45 NM-44,45 ~
~
253. ZILING Asia China (Tibet) 31 50'N 8900'E NH-45 Tectonic
 LARGE LAKES OF THE WORLD 391

For irregularly shaped lakes this point does not GEOLOGIC ORIGIN NO. OF PERCENT
necessarily lie within the lake outline. The area of OF LAKE BASIN LAKES OF TOTAL
each lake, the primary criterion for inclusion, is Glacial 102 40.31
given with other morphometric data in Table 3. Tectonic 37 14.63
Sixty-four nations contain or share with another Coastal 20 7.91
country one or more of the large lakes (Figures Fluviatile 10 3.95
1-9). Table 4 presents a breakdown by continent Volcanic 2 0.79
Solution I 0.40
and nation for these bodies of water. Distribution Unknown 81 32.01
by continent is summarized below:
TOTAL 253 100.00

NUMBER NUMBER TOTAL PERCENT

Table 2 contains a list of the geologic origins of all
OF OF LAKE WORLD lakes for which data are available (or for which a
CONTINENT NATIONS LAKES AREA LAKE AREA speculation can be made based on the regional
geology and lake morphometry). Sources of infor-
Africa 18 23 205,670 14.12
Asia 15 61 633,015 43.47
mation on geologic origin include Bayly and
Europe 13 25 60,481 4.15 Williams (1973), Cole (1979), Fairbridge (1968),
North America 8 122 487,614 33.49 Flint (1971), Frey (1963), Lerman (1978), Reid and
Oceania 2 8 23,539 1.62 Wood (1976), Ruttner (1974), Strahler (1971),
South America 8 14 45,830 3.15
Welch (1952), and Wetzel (1975). However, precise
TOTAL 64 253 1,456,149 100.00 information on the geologic origin of approxi-
mately one-third of the large lakes is lacking.
Pleistocene glaciation, particularly in the middle
and high latitudes of North America and Europe, is
North America possesses nearly half of all the large probably the most important process in producing
lakes but only one-third of the total surface area. large lakes. This process, along with tectonic
Asia, with less than one-fourth of the lakes, has movement (such as the rift valleys of east Africa
over 43 percent of the lake area. This is largely due and Siberia) and volcanic activity, can produce
to the presence of the Caspian Sea which alone extremely deep lakes. Coastal, fluviatile (river), and
accounts for over one-fourth of the area of all large solution actions produce comparatively shallow
lakes (62 percent of saline large lakes). Africa, the lake basins. Of the known origins, glacial and tec-
only other major locus for large lakes, accounts for tonic basins account for over 80 percent of the
less than 15 percent by area of the world total. total.
The Northern Hemisphere contains over 87
percent (220 lakes) of all the large lakes, with most MORPHOMETRIC DATA
of these occurring north of the 40th parallel (73
The morphometry of the large lakes is charac-
percent, 162 lakes). The Southern Hemisphere
terized in Table 3 by (1) lake basin area, (2) drain-
contains relatively few lakes and most of these are
age basin area, (3) elevation in relation to sea level,
found in Africa. The African large lakes are
(4) mean depth, (5) maximum depth, (6) volume,
distinguished, however, by their large size and the
(7) length, (8) breadth, (9) orientation of the longest
fact that they lie at relatively low latitudes. Table 5
axis, and (10) shoreline length. Reasonably reliable
contains a listing of the number of large lakes that
data are available for elevation and surface dimen-
occur within ten degree latitude intervals for both
sions of most lakes, but depth and volume informa-
hemispheres and a comparison of lake areas and
tion is lacking for many. Primary sources of data
available land masses for each interval.
listed in Table 3 include Bartholomew et ai. (1980),
Beadle (1974), Beauchamp (1964), Bue (1963),
Carpelan (1958), de Mello Vianna (1979), Fair-
Geologic Origin
bridge (1968), Gilliland et ai. (1973), Gresswell and
Hutchinson (1957) offers a detailed classification Huxley (1965), Hutchinson (1957), Kao-tang
system for the origin of lakes which includes eleven (1980), Lee (1976), Seltzer (1961), Showers (1979),
major categories. Six of these have been identified Upchurch (1976), U.S. Defense Mapping Agency
as the major causitive factor in forming the actual (various dates), van der Leeden (1975), Voisin and
basins which hold the world's large lakes: Leverenz (1980), and Zhadin and Gerd (1961).
TABLE 3. Morphometry of the large lakes of the world. Yo!
IC
N
AREA (km2) WATER
LENGTH/ SHORELINE QUALITY
DEPTH (m)
DRAINAGE ELEVATION VOLUME BREADTH LENGTH (F=fresh) ORIENTATION
NO. NAME LAKE BASIN BASIN (m) MEAN MAXIMUM (km 3) (km) (km) (S=salt ) (degrees)
I. ABAYA 1,160 17,300 1,268 7 13 8 72/23 225 F
2. ABE 780 310 24/24 S
3. ABERDEEN 1,100 80 90/26 368 F 97
4. ABITIBI 931 265 70/27 364 F 110
5. ABY 780 1 51/19 S
6. ALAKOL 2,650 347 54 57 92/49 S
7. ALBERT 5,590 617 25 58 64 161/40 F
8. ALEXANDRINA 570 1 5 37/21 F
9. AMADEUS 0-880 460 122/19 S
10. AMADJUAK 3,115 113 115/45 688 F 148
1I. ANGIKUNI 510 257 41/27 274 F 68
12. ARAL 64,500 625,000 53 16 67 1,451 430/280 2,300 S/F
13. ARGENTINO 1,410 200 300 105/28 F
14. ARTILLERY 551 364 80/15 234 F 30
15. ASHUANIPI 597 529 70/30 399 F 164
16. ATHABASCA 7,935 110 897 F 81
17. ATLIN 775
213
668
26 124
283
284/58
103/23 306 F 179 .n
18. AUSTIN 0-829 460 69/10 S ~
19. AYLMER 847 375 61/41 528 F 16
20.
21.
22.
BAGHRASH
BAIKAL
BAKER
1,380
31,500
1,887
588,000
1,038
456
2
680 1,741
230
22,995
82/38
635/78
105/31
2,200
339
S
F
F III
=
t'!'j
l:':l
23. BALATON 590 5,200 104 4 11 1.9 77/13 F t:l
t'!'j
24. BALKHASH 17,000-22,000 343 7 26 112 600/88 2,384 S/F
25. BANGWEULU 490 F
Z
4,000-15,100 100,800 1,140 4 10 5 97/40 0
26. BAY 890 2,750 2 3 6 2.5 48/40 S 0
27. BECHAROF 1,190 4 92 64/19 F :::c
28. BELOYE 1,120 113 4.15 20 5.2 43/32 F ~
29. BEYSEHIR 650 1,116 9 45/24 F
30. BIENVILLE 1,249 426 88/15 446 F 77
31. BIG TROUT 661 213 57/23 236 F 94
32. BIWA 688 87 103 28 64/19 F
33. BRAS D'OR 1,099 <1 70 91/30 597 S 46
34 BUENOS AIRES 2,240 217 129/21 F
35. BUFFALO 612 265 51/22 166 F 69
36. BUYR 610 583 11 40/10 F
37. CARATASCA 1,110 <1 5 56/13 S
38. CASPIAN 374,000 1,400,000 -28 182 1,025 78,200 1207/483 6,000 S
39: CEDAR 1,353 253 63/51 438 F 132
40. CHAD 10,360-25,900 2,500,000 240 2-5 4-11 24 224/144 1,000 F
41. CHAMPLAIN 1,100 30 122 172/23 F
42. CHANY 2,500-5,000 105 7-12 4.3 105/56 S
43. CHAO 900 15 51/29 F
44. CHAPALA 1,140 1,525 13 10 77/16 F
45. CHILKA 910-1,170 <1 3 45 64/16 S
46. CHILWA 1,040 550 2 5 48/26 S
47. CHIQUITA 1,850 70 3-4 71/24 S
48. CHIRIQUI 900 <1 51/21 176 S 170
49. CHURCHILL 559 9,713 421 9 21 45/21 176 F 170
50. CLAIRE 1,436 213 2 64/46 448 F 172
51. CLINTON COLDEN 737 375 47/30 409 F 163
52. COLHUE HUAPI 800 265 4 56/24 F
53. CONSTANCE 540 396 90 252 48 68/13 F
54. CONTWOYTO 958 564 110/24 553 F 136
55. CREE 1,434 4,467 487 14.9 45 81/56 476 F 55
56. CROSS 755 77,700 207 8.2 27 103/16 491 F 65
57. DAUPHIN 519 260 43/19 III F 154
58. DEAD 1,020 12,000 -393 149 433 188 79/16 S
59. DESCHAMBAULT 542 324 57/22 346 F 20
60. DORE 640 459 20 38/30 167 F 83
61.
62.
63.
DUBAWNT
EAU CLAIRE
EBI
3,833
1,383
1,070
236
241 . 111/72
68/32
760
411
F
F
S
10
132
213 64/24
64. EDWARD 2,150 912 34 117 78 80/48 F
65. EGRIDIR 520 924 13 35/16 F
66. ENNADAI 681 311 78/23 452 F 31
67. ENRIQUILLO 500 -44 2 48/10 S
68. ERIE 25,657 58,800 174 19 64 483 338/92 1,377 F 72
69. ESKIMO NORTH 838 <I 68/24 382 F 80 t"'"
70. ESKIMO SOUTHERN 628 <I 46/29 346 F 35 >
::c
71. EVANS 547 232 54/15 285 F 46
~
72. EVORON 590 100 26/22 F t'!'j
73. EYRE 0-7,690 550,000 -12 0-3 0-4 209/64 S
74. FAGNANO 590 140 449 97/8 F t"'"
75. FAGUIBINE 590 280 10 4 72/12 F >
ll'::
76. FERGUSON 588 II 76/13 27 F 78 t'!'j
77. FLATHEAD 510 182,260 881 67 48/24 F rIl
78. FROBISHER 516 4,921 421 5.5 19 49/26 424 F 145
79. FROME 0-2,410 49 0-1 6/3 S 0
"!j
80. GAIRDNER 0-4,470 34 0-1 161/48 S
Joool
81.
82.
83.
GARRY
GENEVA
GODS
976
580
1,151
148
372
178
154.4 310 90
83/36
72/13
89/31
514

397
F
F
F
79

60
=
t'!'j

84. GOOSE 160-503 1,437 7 45/14 S ~

85. GRAND 537 85 110 90/ II 220 F 56 0
86. GRAS 633 396 56/27 441 F 96 ::c
87. GREAT BEAR 31,326 156 413 2,292 336/177 2,295 F 93 t"'"
88. GREAT SALT 4,360 21,000 1,280 4 15 19 121/80 S t:l
89. GREAT SLAVE 28,568 156 614 2,088 456/225 2,087 F 61
90. GUILLAUME-DELISLE 700 <I 31/29 S
91. HAMMAR 1,940 10 2 113/24 F
92. HAR 530 1,104 29/24 F
93. HAR US 1,760 1,153 80/26 F
94. HAZEN 542 158 74/19 175 F 65
95. HELMAND 1,165-3,000 350,000 488 II 510 165/100 F 25
96. HOTTAH 918 180 63/25 379 F 167
97. HOVSGOL 2,620 1,624 246 480 130/40 F
98. HULUN 1,590 1,275 2 56/16 F
99. HUNGTZE 2,700 15 105/48 F
100. HURON 59,500 133,900 177 59 229 3,537 331/294 5,120 F 110
101. HYARGAS 1,360 1,028 84/32 S
102. ILIAMNA 2,590 15 299 121/40 F
103. ILMEN 600-2,100 58,000 18 3-11 12 42/34 F
104. IMANDRA 810 127 16.3 67 II 80/24 F
F ~
105. INARI 1,000 114 80 28 80/40 IoC
106. ISLAND 1,223 227 97/38 728 F 106 ~
 ~
TABLE 3, continued. IoC
~

AREA (krn2) WATER

DEPTH (rn) LENGTH/ SHORELINE QUALITY
DRAINAGE ELEVATION VOLUME BREADTH LENGTH (F=fresh) ORIENTATION
NO. NAME LAKE BASIN BASIN (rn) MEAN MAXIMUM (krn 3) (krn) (krn) (S=salt ) (degrees)

107. ISSYKKUL 6,240 1,608 320 702 1,738 169/56 760 S/F
108. ISTADA 520 2,135 22/11 S
109. IZABAL 590 8 18 48/24 F
110. KAMILUKUAK 638 266 43/32 222 F 143
III. KAMIN AK 600 53 60/22 495 F 19
112. KAMINURIAK 550 92 80/23 456 F 14
113. KAOYU 700 15 40/24 F
114. KASBA 1,341 336 80/38 344 F 165
115. KHANKA 4,000-4,400 69 10 18.5 97/64 F
116. KIVU 2,220 1,460 240 480 333 97/48 F
117. KOKO 4,460 3,197 38 (67) 105/64 S
118. KULUNDINSKOE 728 95 5 38/29 S
119. KURISCHES 1,620 <I 10 90/45 S
120. KYARING 670 4,708 64j16 F n
121. KYOGA 4,430 1,036 6 8 90/25 F
122. LADOGA 18,130 4 52 230 908 209j129 930 F ~
123. LESSER SLAVE 1,169 577 21 97/19 264 F 104
124. LLANQUIHUE 800 52 350 35/40 F =::
t'!'j
125.
126.
LOBSTICK
LOP
511
3,010
457
768 2 5
45/20
97/40
246 F
S
131
::c
127. LOWER SEAL 639 F 71
0
576 290 71/16 t'!'j
128. LUANG 1,290 <I I 80/24 S Z
129. MACKAY 1,061 431 119/24 592 F 62 0
130. MAI-NDOMBE 2,070-8,210 340 5 10-12 (41) 145/40 F 0
131. MALAREN 1,140 <I 64 10 113/40 F ::c
132. MANAGUA 1,040 37 80 61/26 F ~
133. MANITOBA 4,625 248 28 17 198/48 810 F 152
134. MANOUANE 584 500 54/28 297 F 161
135. MANZALA 1,360 <I I 56/23 S
136. MARACAIBO 13,010 <I 60 280 274j121 S
137. MARTRE 1,776 265 76/35 352 F 108
138. MELVILLE 3,069 <I 256 (313) 192/36 528 S 61
139. MICHIGAN 57,750 118,100 177 85 282 4,920 494/190 2,670 F
140. MICHIKAMAU 2,030 460 80 (65) 102/48 629 F 115
141. MILLE LACS 540 381 II 29/23 F
142. MINTO 761 190 98/24 343 F 58
143. MIRIM 2,970 <I 10 177/40 S
144. MISTASSINI 2,335 372 183 (170) 158/26 770 F 39
145. MOOSE 1,367 255 68/48 573 F 175
146. MWERU 4,350 922 7 37 32 113/48 340 F
147. NAHUEL HUAPI 550 767 438 72/8 F
148. NAKNEK 630 10 64/13 F
149. NAM 2,500 4,627 80/56 S
150. NAMAK 750 790 I 64/50 S
151. NETILLING 5,542 30 123/105 1,004 F 8
152. NGORING 650 4,270 41/33 F
153. NICARAGUA 8,150 32 70 108 161/72 F
154. NIPIGON 4,848 320 165 (320) 105/80 720 F 167
155. NIPISSING 833 196 22 71/56 245 F 91
156. NONACHO 784 354 97/27 716 F 18
157. NUELTIN 2,279 278 143/44 F 13
158. NYASA 22,490 65,000 475 273 706 6,140 579/80 1,500 F
159. ODER 900 <I 9 74/48 S
160. OKEECHOBEE 1,810 6 6 56/48 263 F
161. OLING 570 4,270 41/25 F
162. ONEGA 9,700 33 120 292 245/90 F
163. ONTARIO 19,000 70,000 75 86 245 1,637 311/85 1,168 F 68
164. OULU 900 23,310 122 38 64/29 F
165. PAIJANNE 1,090 26,480 78 93 137/32 2,450 F
166. PANGONG 600 4,248 43 209/16 S/F
167. PATOS 10,140 <I 5 260/60 S/F
168. PAYNE 533 130 84/16 408 F 107
169. PEl PUS 4,300 48,000 30 15 25 77/48 F
170. PETER POND 778 9,713 421 13.7 24 62/23 180 F 138
171. PIELINEN 850 94 49 100/29 F
172. PLAYGREEN 657 217 79/19 317 F 173
173. POINT 701 375 99/23 445 F 99 t""
174. POMO 880 4,936 32/14 F >
~
175. PONTCHARTRAIN 1,620 I 5 66/40 S
~
176. POOPO 1,340 3,686 3 2 90/32 S /'!l!j
177. POYANG 3,350 10 20 145/64 F
178. PRINCESS MARY 524 116 45/25 181 F 144 t""
179. PYA 660 101 15 49 48/24 F
~
>
180. PYRAMID 450-570 2,650 1,159 54 101 48/19 S trl
181. RAINY 940 338 34 87/26 747 F 101 rJ).
182. RED 1,170 358 9 64/40 F
183. REINDEER 6,650 64,750 219 (585) 1,528 F 21
0
337 17 231/40 ~
184. RONGE 1,413 14,763 364 12.7 41 65/58 496 F 54
185. RUDOLF (187) S ~
6,400 427 73 298/60
186.
187.
RUKWA
SAIMAA
750-3,000
1,760
793
76
I
82 36
145/16
100/80
S
F
==
trl
188.
189.
SAINT CLAIR
SAINT-JEAN
1,113
1,003
17,900 175
98
3 6
62
4 42/39
52/34
272
170
F
F
51
103
:e
0
190. SAKAMI 592 195 110 62/18 520 F 22 ~
191. SALTON 950 -70 15 48/16 S t""
192. SAN MARTIN 1,010 200 170 103/22 F ~
193. SANDY 527 276 77/12 470 F 82
194. SAP 2,700-30,000 5 12 40 116/37 F
195. SASYKKOL 740 350 5 51/23 S
196. SCUTARI 360-600 5,490 5 5 60 1.9 44/14 207 F 135
197. SEG 910 114 97 32/32 F
198. SELAWIK 1,400 I 72/32 S
199. SELETYTENIZ 780 64 3 I.5 57/26 S
200. SELWYN 717 398 78/33 406 F 34
201. SEUL 1,658 357 34 125/44 1,045 F 110
202. SEVAN 1,360 1,900 83 38 64/40 118 F
203. SHAMO 550 1,235 13 37/23 F
204. SIMCOE 744 219 41 47/29 184 F II
205. SNOWBIRD 505 359 64/18 220 F 23
206. SOUTHERN INDIAN 2,247 254 18 145/26 962 F 39
207. SOUTH HENIK 513 184 59/20 239 F 155
208. SUPERIOR 82,100 127,700 183 149 407 12,230 563/259 4,795 F 128
tM
209. TAHOE 500 1,899 249 501 124 35/19 125 F 'C
210. TAl 2,210 3 5 64/56 F til
TABLE 3, continued. eN
'C
<:l\
AREA (km 2) WATER
DEPTH (m) LENGTH( SHORELINE QUALITY
DRAINAGE ELEVATION VOLUME BREADTH LENGTH (F=fresh) ORIENTATION
NO. NAME LAKE BASIN BASIN (m) MEAN MAXIMUM (km 3) (km) (km) (S=salt ) (degrees)

211. TAKIYUAK 1,080 381 61(34 430 F 176

212. TANA 3,600 1,840 8 14 28 80(64 F
213. TANGANYIKA 32,000 263,000 774 572 1,471 17,827 676(48 1,900 F
214. TANGRA 1,400 4,724 67(20 S
215. TATHLINA 573 280 44(29 119 F 80
216. TAUPO 610 357 159 35(29 F
217. TAYMYR 4,000-5,000 3 26 13 201(110 F
218. TEBESJUAK 575 146 39(32 204 F 23
219. TENGIZ 1,590 304 8 85(52 S
220. TERINAM 810 4,684 38(14 S
221. TERMINOS 1,550 <I I 72(24 S
222. TESHEKPUK 820 2 50(32 F
223. TITICACA 8,030 3,809 304 827 209/56 F
224. TOBA 1,150 906 529 89/29 F
225. TOP 990 109 56 76/25 F
226. TORRENS 0-5,780 30 0-1 209/48 S n
227. TROUT 504 503 46/17 168 F 32
228. TULEMALU 668 279 50/26 188 F 26 ~
229.
230.
231.
TUMBA
TUNGTING
TUZ
500
3,100-12,000
1,640 4,400
340
11
925 <I
5
10
1
(48)
40/29
129/72
80/51
F
F
S
=
tl!j
::=
232. UBINSKOE 559 120 45/16 S t::'
233. ULUNGUR 830 468 54/29 S tl!j
234. UPEMBA 530 580 <I 4 0.9 29/26 F Z
235. URMIA 3,880-5,960 20,000 1,275 5 16 45 145/48 S t::'
236. UVS 3,350 759 I 84/79 S 0
237. VAN 3,740 6,000 1,646 57 145 (217) 129/56 S ::=
238. VANERN 5,580 44 98 180 145/80 F 46 "!'l
239. VATTERN 1,910 88 39 128 72 137/19 F
240. VICTORIA 62,940 263,000 1,134 40 85 2,518 402/241 3,440 F
241. VIEDMA 1,090 250 72/22 F
242. VYG 1,250 89 24 7.1 72/32 F
243. WEISHAN 1,000 15 112(20 F
244. WHOLDAIA 678 364 68/28 519 F 63
245. WINNEBAGO 560 228 7 4.1 48/16 F
246. WINNIPEG 24,387 217 13 28 371 416(89 1,365 F 157
247. WINNIPEGOSIS 5,375 254 12 16 195/27 957 F 151
248. WOLLASTON 2,681 23,310 398 20.6 71 (75) 142/40 1,026 F 10
249. WOODS 4,350 323 21 122/97 1,133 F 63
250. YAMDROK 800 4,374 65(47 F
251. YATHKYED 1,449 140 74/34 386 F 119
252. ZAYSAN 1,800 386 10 53 150/18 F
253. ZILING 1,860 4,495 8 70/38 S
LARGE LAKES OF THE WORLD 397
398 C.E.HERDENDORF

o'

,r!

i
J
.,' I
FIG. 2. Distribution 0/ large lakes in A/rica.
 LARGE LAKES OF THE WORLD
FIG. 3. Distribution of large lakes in Southeast Asia.
The published area of a specific large lake, as
well as other morphometric data, can vt}ry con-
siderably from author to author. For example, no
less than 12 values have been printed for the area of
the Caspian Sea (world's largest lake) ranging from
370,999 to 440,300 km 2, a difference of nearly 20
percent. Further, Hutchinson (1957, page 168) lists
an area of 508 km2 for Hornindalsvatn, a fjord lake
in Norway (which qualifies it as a large lake).
However, most other sources indicate the lake is
likely only one-tenth this size. For this work the
"most reliable" number was determined by con-
sidering the data source, date of publication, and
the consensus from the literature. These areas are
given in Table 3.
The area of the large lakes presented in Table 3 is
the total area enclosed within the outline of the
lake, including any islands. The number and size of
399
the islands, if present, can have varying degrees of
influence on the amount of water surface. Great
Bear Lake in Northwest Territory, Canada has 114
major islands but their presence only diminishes the
water surface by 1.8 percent. In contrast, Lake
Toba on the Island of Sumatra, Indonesia, contains
a large volcanic island (Samosir) which comprises
about 70 percent of the enclosed area of the lake.
Many lakes, particularly those characterized by a
closed basin with no outlet, are subject to wide
seasonal and year-to-year fluctuations in water
level. Therefore their area and depth varies depend-
ing on climatic conditions. Most of these lakes are
saline and/ or playas which owe their heritage to
higher pluvial lakes (often freshwater) that date
back to Quaternary time when the glacial climate
produced periods of increased rainfall and reduced
evaporation. Concentrated in the western United
400 C.E.HERDENDORF

FIG. 4. Distribution of large lakes in the Soviet Union.

States, Middle East, central Asia, central-western AREA RANGE NO. OF AREA RANGE NO. OF
South America, northern and eastern Africa, and (km 2) LAKES (km 2) LAKES
-- -1-
southern and western Australia, these lakes are 500-1,000 113 10,000-11,000
remnants of the much larger pluvial lakes (Fair- 1,000-1,500 47 11,000-12,000 0
1,500-2,000 17 12,000-13,000 1
bridge 1968). As they were reduced in size, outlets 2,000-2,500 10 13,000-14,000 1
were often lost, resulting in dramatic fluctuations in 2,500-3,000 7 14,000-15,000 0
response to variations in rainfall (Lake Eyre, Aus- 3,000-4,000 10 15,000-20,000 3
tralia, has gone from a dry bed to a lake of over 4,000-5,000 10 20,000-30,000 6
7,000 km2 several times in the past century). Fluvi- 5,000-6,000 8 30,000-40,000 4
6,000-7,000 3 40,000-50,000 0
atile lakes, such as those located in the Mekong and 7,000-8,000 2 50,000-100,000 5
Yangtze river valleys of Asia, are also subject to 8,000-9,000 3 > 100,000 1
enormous seasonal variations. Where available, 9,000-10,000 1
data on ranges of area and depth for such lakes are
TOTAL 253
presented in Table 3.
The large lakes of the world range in area from Drainage basin area and shoreline length data
500 km2 (by definition) to 374,000 km2 Most ofthe are missing for more than half of the large lakes. It
large lakes are clustered at the small end of this is possible to obtain an estimate of these factors
range, with 45 percent of them being less than 1,000 from U.S. Defense Mapping Agency topographic
km 2 in area while less than ten percent are greater maps (I: 1,000,000 scale) and other larger scale
than 10,000 km2: maps. Shoreline lengths of most of the Canadian
 LARGE LAKES OF THE WORLD
FIG. 5. Distribution of large lakes in the Mediterranean/Middle East region.
lakes were obtained using a Hewlett-Packard elec-
tronic digitizer and maps (based on 1:500,000 scale
aeronautical charts) included in Gilliland et al.
(1973).
Large lakes range in elevation from 393 meters
below sea level (Dead Sea, a graben depression on
the Israel-Jordan border) to 4,708 meters above sea
level (Lake Kyaring, located along the north slope
of the Himalaya Mountains in Tibet). Only five of
the 253 large lakes lie at elevations below sea level.
At the other extreme, only 21 lakes (8 percent) are
found at elevations above 1,500 meters. Most ofthe
lakes are found between sea level and 500 meters
(188 lakes or 74 percent of the lakes considered) or
are between 500 and 1,500 meters (39 or 15 percent
of the lakes considered). Table 6 provides a more
detailed breakdown of the number of lakes and
their combined areas at 100- and 500-meter inter-
401
vals. The influence of continental glaciers and
coastal processes is evident in the high concentra-
tion of lakes at elevations ranging from sea level to
300 meters. In contrast, tectonic lakes are found at
both very low and very high elevations.
Detailed bathymetric information is perhaps the
most serious deficiency in our morphometric
knowledge of large lakes. Without such infor-
mation,estimates of lake volume are imprecise.
Reconnaissance surveys, at least, have been con-
ducted for most large lakes, so that the maximum
depths are known with a reasonable degree of
assurance. Mean depth (z), however is essential for
calculation of volume (V) based on the relationship
with surface area (A), where V = 'lAo A simple plot
of maximum depth versus mean depth for large
lakes with complete bathymetric surveys shows the
following relationships:
402 C.E.HERDENDORF

\
,
,

o 400
lI'US

'0'

.. ~

FIG. 6. Distribution oj large lakes in Europe.

RATIO OF which yields a cryptodepression of 1,285 meters.

MAXIMUM DEPTH MAXIMUM TO The Dead Sea's deepest sounding is only 433 meters
RANGE (m) MEAN DEPTH but it has a cryptodepression of 826 meters because
0-250 1:0.32 the lake surface is 393 meters below sea level. Most
250-500 1:0.35 of the coastal lagoons lie in minor cryptodepres-
500-1,500 1:0.38 sions because their surface elevation approximates
1,500-2,000 1:0.40 that of sea level. Large lakes with cryptodepression
basins are listed in Table 7.
The clustering of data points is rather tight with the Length and breadth measurements of lakes, in a
exception of the atypical Caspian Sea, which yields strict limnological sense, have rather precise defini-
a ratio 1:0.18. Although admittedly crude, these tions (Welch 1948, Hutchinson 1957, Cole 1979).
ratios do permit estimates of lake volume if only The measurements reported in Table 3 come from a
surface area and maximum sounding data are variety of sources and it is difficult to determine
available. Estimates, so derived, are entered within what criterion was used by each author. For the
parentheses in Table 3. Canadian lakes, Gilliland et al. (1973) defined
At least 40 of the large lakes occupy a cryptode- maximum length as the distance between the two
pression (a lake basin, the floor of which lies below farthest-separated points on the lake outline. For
sea level). Lake Baikal, lying at an elevation of 456 irregularly shaped lakes this line often passed over
meters. has a maximum depth of 1,741 meters extensive areas of dry land, but when compared
 LARGE LAKES OF THE WORLD 403

'.

~.

.."
r:;:::7

. ,.

...
I' -
I

,,"

FIG. 7. Distribution of large lakes in North America.

404 C.E.HERDENDORF
,-.1190
MIL!S
FIG. 8. Distribution of large lakes in Oceania.
with the lake area, this "maximum dimension" does
provide a rough idea of the shape of the lake.
Breadth or width is normally considered as the
maximum length of a straight line connecting
points on the lake shoreline at approximate right
angles to the line of maximum length. The orienta-
tion of the lake is expressed in Table 3 as the
compass direction (0-180) of the line of maxi-
mum length.
The Caspian Sea, due to its immense size, has the
longest length and breadth measurements, 1,207
km and 483 km, respectively. Lakes Tanganyika at
676 km and Baikal at 635 km have the next longest
lengths, while Lake Huron at 290 km (largely due
to Georgian Bay), Aral Sea at 280 km, and Lake
, .,-.
Superior at 259 km have the next longest breadths.
Most of the large lakes of the world have lengths
and breadths well under 100 km.
The top fifty lakes of the world based on area,
volume, and depth are listed in Table 8. The saline
Caspian Sea ranks highest in area and volume, but
appears third on the depth list. Excluding this
giant, Lake Superior heads the area list while Lake
Baikal is first in volume and depth. It is interesting
to note that 32 of the 50 deepest lakes of the world
have a surface area of less than 500 km 2 and,
therefore, are not present on the list of large lakes.
Many of the small, deep lakes were formed by
glacial scour, particularly the fjord lakes of
Norway.
 LARGE LAKES OF THE WORLD 405

FIG. 9. Distribution oj large lakes in South and Central America.

406 C.E.HERDENDORF

TABLE 4. Location of large lakes by nation.

Mean Percent Percent
Area Area Continent's World
Continent and Nation No. (km2) (km2) Lakes Lakes
Africa
Burundi, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia 1 32,000 32,000 15.56 2.21
Cameroon, Chad, Niger, Nigeria 1 25,900 25,900 12.59 1.78
Djibouti, Ethiopia 1 780 780 0.38 0.05
Egypt 1 1,360 1,360 0.66 0.09
Ethiopia 3 5,310 1,770 2.58 0.36
Ethiopia, Kenya 1 6,400 6,400 3.11 0.44
Ivory Coast 1 780 780 0.38 0.05
Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda 1 62,940 62,940 30.61 4.33
Malawi, Mozambique 1 1,040 1,040 0.51 0.07
Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania 1 22,490 22,490 10.93 1.54
Mali 1 590 590 0.29 0.04
Rwanda, Zaire 1 2,220 2,220 1.08 0.15
Tanzania I 3,000 3,000 1.46 0.21
Uganda 1 4,430 4,430 2.15 0.30
Uganda, Zaire 2 7,740 3,870 3.76 0.53
Zaire 3 9,240 3,080 4.49 0.63
Zaire, Zambia I 4,350 4,350 2.12 0.30
Zambia 1 15,100 15,100 7.34 1.04
--
TOTAL 23 205,670 8,942 100.00 14.12
Asia
Afghanistan I 520 520 0.08 0.04
Afghanistan, Iran I 3,000 3,000 0.47 0.21
China 22 45,340 2,061 7.16 3.11
China, India I 600 600 0.09 0.04
China, Mongolia I 610 610 0.10 0.04
China, USSR I 4,400 4,400 0.70 0.30
India 1 1,170 1,170 0.18 0.08
Indonesia I 1,150 1,150 0.18 0.08
Iran 2 6,710 3,355 1.06 0.46
Iran, USSR I 374,000 374,000 59.07 25.68
Iraq 1 1,940 1,940 0.31 0.13
Israel, Jordan 1 1,020 1,020 0.16 0.07
Japan 1 688 688 0.11 0.05
Kampuchea I 30,000 30,000 4.74 2.06
Mongolia 5 9,620 1,924 1.52 0.66
Philippines 1 890 890 0.14 0.06
Thailand 1 1,290 1,290 0.20 0.09
Turkey 4 6,550 1,638 1.03 0.45
USSR 14 143,677 10,263 22.70 9.87
--
TOTAL 61 633,165 10,380 100.00 43.48
Europe
Albania, Yugoslavia 1 531 531 0.88 0.04
Austria, Switzerland, West Germany I 540 540 0.90 0.04
East Germany, Poland 1 900 900 1.49 0.06
France, Switzerland I 580 580 0.96 0.04
Finland 5 5,600 1,120 9.28 0.38
Hungary I 590 590 0.98 0.04
Sweden 3 8,630 2,877 14.31 0.59
USSR 12 42,950 3,579 71.20 2.95
--
TOTAL 25 60,321 2,413 100.00 4.14
 LARGE LAKES OF THE WORLD 407

TABLE 4, continued.
Mean Percent Percent
Area Area Continent's World
Continent and Nation No. (km2) (km2) Lakes Lakes

North America
Canada 89 201,401 2,263 41.31 13.84
Canada, USA 8 193,760 24,220 39.74 13.31
Dominican Republic I 500 500 0.10 0.03
Guatemala I 590 590 0.12 0.04
Honduras I 1,110 1,1I0 0.23 0.08
Mexico 2 2,690 1,345 0.55 0.18
Nicaragua 2 9,190 4,595 1.88 0.63
Panama I 900 900 0.18 0.06
USA 17 77,473 4,557 15.89 5.32
--
TOTAL 122 487,614 3,997 100.00 33.49

Oceania
Australia 7 22,929 3,276 97.41 1.58
New Zealand I 610 610 2.59 0.04
--
TOTAL 8 23,539 2,942 100.00 1.62

South America
Argentina 5 5,700 1,140 12.44 0.39
Argentina, Chile 3 3,840 1,280 8.38 0.26
Bolivia I 1,340 1,340 2.92 0.09
Bolivia, Peru I 8,030 8,030 17.52 0.55
Brazil I 10,140 10,140 22.13 0.71
Brazil, Uruguay I 2,970 2,970 6.48 0.20
Chile 1 800 800 1.75 0.05
Venezuela 1 13,010 13,010 28.38 0.90
-- 3.15
TOTAL 45,830 3,274 100.00
-14-
GRAND TOTAL 253 1,456,149

WATER QUALITY characterizing the lakes, but are beyond the scope
Of the 253 large lakes of the world, most are fresh- of this paper (a follow-up inventory of this infor-
water (189 lakes, 75 percent). The remainder are mation is intended). The question of eutrophication
saline or grade from fresh to salt: of large lakes is an interesting one in that such lakes
do not age in the same way that small lakes
TOTAL MEAN undergo succession (Beeton and Edmondson 1972,
WATER NO. OF AREA AREA Sonzogni et al. 1981). The morphometric classifi-
QUALITY LAKES (km 2) (km 2) cation scheme developed by Odum (1971) may
Fresh (F) 189 853,432 4,516
serve as an alternate concept in understanding the
Salt (S) 59 499,237 8,462 eutrophication process in large lakes.
Mixed (F/S) __ 5_ 103,480 20,696
TOTAL 253 1,456,149 5,756
GLOBAL WATER DISTRIBUTION
Other water quality information such as trophic Nace (1964 and 1976) gives the following estimate
status, dissolved solids, and pH would be useful for of global water distribution:
408 C. E. HERDENDORF

PERCENT
WATER REGIME VOLUME
TABLE 6. Elevation of large lakes.

1. Surface water Elevation (m) No. Area (km 2) Mean Area (km 2)
freshwater lakes 860,000 125,000 0.009 -500 to --400 0
saline lakes 700,000 104,000 0.008
stream channels 1,250 0.0001
-400 to -300 1 1,020 1,020
-300 to -200 0
2. Subsurface water -200 to -100 0
soil moisture 130,000,000 67,000 0.005
groundwater 8,340,000 0.62
-100 to 0 4 383,140 95,785
3. lcecapsandglaciers 18,000,000 29,200,000 2.15
o to 100 71 291,188 4,066
100 to 200 31 311,064 10,034
4. Atmosphere 510,000,000 13,000 0.001 200 to 300 37 103,958 2,810
5. World Oceans 360,000,000 1,322,000,000 97.2 300 to 400 34 76,382 2,247
400 to 500 15 74,191 4,946
TOTAL 1,360,000,000 100.0 500 to 600 9 6,508 723
600 to 700 2 6,365 3,183
From these data it can be seen that, although the 700 to 800 6 42,660 7,110
lakes and inland seas of the world comprise 800 to 900 3 3,180 1,060
900 to 1,000 3 7,140 2,380
approximately 1,560,000 km 2 of surface area and 1,000 to 1,500 16 105,063 6,566
possess a volume of 229,000 km3, they only repre- 1,500 to 2,000 7 19,200 2,743
sent 0.017 percent of the global water resources. 2,000 to 2,500 1 520 520
The total number of world lakes is great (Welch 2,500 to 3,000 0
[1952] estimated that over 40,000 lakes are found in 3,000 to 3,500 1 4,460 4,460
North America alone, but more recent surveys 3,500 to 4,000 2 9,370 4,685
indicated that Canada alone may possess over a 4,000 to 4,500 5 4,480 896
4,500 to 5,000 5 6,260 1,252
million lakes); however, the vast majority of water
is concentrated in a relatively small number of large TOTAL 253 1,457,169 5,756
lakes. The 253 large lakes identified in this paper

TABLE 5. Latitude of large lakes.

Ratio of
LAKE AREA LAND MASSI Percent of Percent Total
Land Area Lake Area
Mean Percent Percent Occupied by to Total
Latitude No. Area Total Area (km 2) Total Large Lakes Land Area
N 90-80 1 542 542 0.04 384,000 0.26 0.14 1:6.50
80-70 2 5,820 2,910 0.40 3,438,000 2.31 0.17 1:5.78
70-60 54 142,934 2,647 9.82 13,326,000 8.95 1.07 1:0.91
60-50 60 157,177 2,620 10.79 14,679,000 9.86 1.07 1:0.91
50-40 45 761,789 16,929 52.30 16,474,000 11.07 4.62 1:0.21
40-30 29 45,888 1,582 3.15 15,570,000 10.46 0.29 1:3.32
30-20 6 19,980 3,330 1.37 15,097,000 10.14 0.13 1:7.40
20-10 13 75,870 5,836 5.21 11,244,000 7.55 0.67 1:1.45
10-0 10 35,260 3,526 2.42 10,069,000 6.76 0.35 1:2.79

S 0 _10 9 115,900 12,878 7.96 10,394,000 6.98 1.12 1:0.88

10-20 5 48,000 9,600 3.30 9,420,000 6.33 0.51 1: 1.92
20-30 3 9,399 3,133 0.65 9,310,000 6.25 0.10 1:9.47
30-40 8 29,100 3,638 2.00 4,140,000 2.78 0.70 1:1.39
40-50 6 6,490 1,082 0.45 971,000 0.65 0.67 1: 1.44
50-60 2 2,000 1,000 0.14 213,000 0.14 0.94 1:1.00
60-70 o o o 0.00 1,788,000 1.20 0.00
70-80 o o o 0.00 8,468,000 5.69 0.00
80-90 o o o 0.00 3,907,000 2.62 0.00

Total 253 1,456,149 5,756 100.00 148,892,000 100.00 0.97

Data Source: I. Sverdrup et al. (1942)
 LARGE LAKES OF THE WORLD 409

TABLE 7. Large lakes with cryptodepressions.

Depth of
Elevation Max. Depth Cryptodepression
No. Name (m) (m) (m)
13 ARGENTINO 200 300 100
21 BAIKAL 456 1,741 1,285
22 BAKER 2 230 228
32 BIWA 87 103 16
33 BRAS D'OR 1 70 69
37 CARATASCA 1 5 4
38 CASPIAN -28 1,025 1,053
41 CHAMPLAIN 30 122 92
45 CHiLKA 1 3 2
58 DEAD -393 433 826
67 ENRIQUILLO -44 2 46
73 EYRE -12 1 13
74 FAGNANO 140 449 309
85 GRAND 85 110 25
87 GREAT BEAR 156 413 257
89 GREAT SLAVE 156 614 458
100 HURON 177 229 52
102 ILIAMNA 15 299 284
119 KURISCHES 1 10 9
122 LADOGA 4 230 226
124 LLANQUIHUE 52 350 298
131 MALAREN 1 64 63
132 MANAGUA 37 80 43
136 MARACAIBO 1 60 59
138 MELVILLE 1 309 308
143 MIRIM 1 10 9
153 NICARAGUA 32 70 38
159 ODER 1 9 8
163 ONTARIO 75 245 170
165 PAIJANNE 78 93 15
167 PATOS 1 5 4
175 PONTCHARTRAIN 1 5 4
177 POYANG 10 20 10
187 SAIMAA 76 82 6
191 SALTON -70 15 85
194 SAP 5 12 7
196 SCUTARI 5 60 55
208 SUPERIOR 183 407 224
213 TANGANYIKA 774 1,471 697
239 VATTERN 88 128 40
2,388 9,868 7,480
MEAN 60 247 187

(lakes with a surface area greater than 500 km 2) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

have a total surface area of 1,456,149 km2 and an
estimated volume of 202,000 km 3 which accounts
for 93% and 88%, respectively, of the total surface
area and volume of water held in all lakes of the
world.
The author wishes to thank the many colleagues
who contributed data and offered suggestions for
this inventory. The help and encouragement of Dr.
William C. Sonzogni is particularly appreciated.
 TABLE 8. Fifty largest, greatest volume, and deepest lakes of the world.
AREA
RANK NAME
AREA
(km 2)
VOLUME
RANK Name
VOLUME
(km 3)
DEPTH
RANK NAME
MAXIMUM
DEPTH (m)
AREA
(km1
LOCATION)
(lakes < 500 km 2)
-
...
=
I CASPIAN 374,000 I CASPIAN 78,200 I BAIKAL 1,741 31,500
2 SUPERIOR 82,100 2 BAIKAL 22,995 2 TANGANYIKA 1,471 32,000
3 ARAL 64,500 3 TANGANYIKA 17,827 3 CASPIAN 1,025 374,000
4 VICTORIA 62,940 4 SUPERIOR 12,230 4 NYASA 706 22,490
5 HURON 59,500 5 NYASA 6,140 5 ISSYKKUL 702 6,240
6 MICHIGAN 57,750 6 MICHIGAN 4,920 6 GREAT SLAVE 614 28,568
7 TANGANYIKA 32,000 7 HURON 3,537 7 MATANA 590 190 Indonesia
8 BAIKAL 31,500 8 VICTORIA 2,518 8 CRATER 589 54 USA (Oregon)
9 GREAT BEAR 31,326 9 GREAT BEAR 2,292 9 TOBA 529 1,150
10 SAP 30,~ 10 GREAT SLAVE 2,088 10 SAREZ 505 86 USSR (Tadzhikistan)
II GREAT SLAVE 28,568 II ISSYKKUL 1,738 II TAHOE 501 500
12 CHAD 25,900 12 ONTARIO 1,637 12 HORNINDALSVATN 514 51 Norway
13 ERIE 25,657 13 ARAL 1,451 13 CHELAN 489 140 USA (Washington)
14 WINNIPEG 24,387 14 LADOGA 908 14 KIVU 480 2,220
15 NYASA 22,490 15 TITICACA 827 15 QUESNEL 475 260 Canada (British Columbia)
16 BALKHASH 22,000 16 REINDEER 585 16 ADAMS 457 130 Canada (British Columbia)
17 ONTARIO 19,000 17 HELMAND 510 17 FAGNANO 449 590
18 LADOGA 18,130 18 ERIE 483 18 MJOSA 449 370 Norway
19 BANGWEULU 15,100 19 HOVSGOL 480 19 SALSVATN 445 45 Norway n
20 MARACAIBO 13,010 20 WINNIPEG 371 20 MANAPOURI 443 140 New Zealand
21 TUNGTING 12,000 21 KIVU 333 21 NAHUEL HUAPI 438 5SO ~
22 PATOS 10,140 22 NIPIGON 320 22 DEAD 433 1,020
23 ONEGA 9,700 23 MELVILLE 313 23 TAZAWA 425 26 Japan
24 MAI-NDOMBE 8,210 24 ONEGA 292 24 GREAT BEAR 413 31,326 ==
~
25 NICARAGUA 8,ISO 25 MARACAIBO 280 25 COMO 413 ISO Italy l:l:l
26 TITICACA 8,030 26 VAN 217 26 SUPERIOR 407 82,100 0
27 ATHABASCA 7,935 27 DEAD 188 27 HAWEA 392 120 New Zealand t'!'j
28 REINDEER 6,650 28 RUDOLF 187 28 MAGGIORE 372 210 Italy, Switzerland Z
29 RUDOLF 6,400 29 VANERN 180 29 CHILKO 366 160 Canada (British Columbia) 0
30 ISSYKKUL 6,240 30 MISTASSINI 170 30 PEND OREILLE 366 380 USA (Idaho) 0
31 URMIA 5,960 31 TAHOE 124 31 SHIKOTSU 363 77 JAPAN :c
32 ALBERT 5,590 32 BALKHASH 112 32 POWELL 358 190 Canada (British Columbia) ~
33 VANERN 5,580 33 ATHABASCA 110 33 LLANQUIHUE 350 800
34 NETILLING 5,542 34 NICARAGUA 108 34 GARDA 346 370 Italy
35 WINNIPEGOSIS 5,375 35 GENEVA 90 35 TOWADA 334 59 Japan
36 CHANY 5,000 36 EDWARD 78 36 TELETSKOYE 325 230 USSR (Russia)
37 TAYMYR 5,000 37 WOLLASTON 75 37 EUTSUK 323 270 Canada (British Columbia)
38 NIPIGON 4,848 38 VATTERN 72 38 GENEVA 310 580
39 MANITOBA 4,625 39 KOKO 67 39 ORAR 310 26 UK (Scotland)
40 KOKO 4,460 40 MICHIKAMUA 65 40 KURILE 306 77 USSR (Russia)
41 KYOGA 4,430 41 ALBERT 64 41 WALKER 305 280 USA (Nevada)
42 KHANKA 4,400 42 ALAKOL 57 42 TITICACA 304 8,030
43 GREAT SALT 4,360 43 ZAYSAN 53 43 ARGENTINO 300 1,410
44 MWERU 4,350 44 CONSTANCE 48 44 ILIAMNA 299 2,590
45 WOODS 4,3SO 45 TUNGTING 48 45 TYRIFJORDEN 295 130 Norway
46 PEIPUS 4,300 46 CHILKA 45 46 LUGANO 288 49 Italy, Switzerland
47 VAN 3,740 47 URMIA 45 47 TAKLA 287 240 Canada (British Columbia)
48 TANA 3,600 48 MAI-NDOMBE 41 48 OHRID 286 360 Albania, Yugoslavia
49 POYANG 3,3SO 49 SAP 40 49 ATLIN 283 775
50 UVS 3,3SO SO SEVAN 38 50 NUYAKUK 283 170 USA (Alaska)
TOTAL 1,215,523 165,597 TOTAL 23,475 633,479
MEAN 470 12,670
I Location data'- for lakes >~OO km 2 given in Table 2.
2 Area Oue:tuates widely due to seasonal floodina.
 LARGE LAKES OF THE WORLD
Special thanks is given to Sandra Herdendorf and
Sirinimit Boonyuen for compiling data and proof-
ing tables, Theresa Gordon for digitizing lake
perimeters for area and shoreline length, and
Ginger-Iyn Summer and Deborah Downey for
typing the manuscript.
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