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EMERGENCIAS PEDITRICAS
Traumatismo Craneo-Enceflico
Particularidades asociadas al maltrato
Dr. Hctor A. Carrillo Lpez
Depto. Terapia Intensiva
Hospital Infantil de Mxico Federico Gmez - UNAM
Objetivos
- Morbi-mortalidad significativas
Aspectos Histricos:
Labb J. Ambroiese Tardieu: The man and his work on child maltreatment a century before Kempe. Child Abuse Negl 2005; 29:311-
24.
Caffey J. Multiple fractures in the long bones of infants suffering from subdural hematomas. Am J Roentgen 1946; 56:163-73.
Trauma de Crneo por Maltrato
Aspectos Histricos:
Guthkelch AN. Infantile subdural haematoma and its relationship to whiplash injuries. BMJ 1971; 2:430-1.
Caffey J. On the theory and practice of shaking infants: its potential residual effects of permanent brain damage and mental
retardation. Am j Dis Child 1972; 124:161-9.
Trauma de Crneo por Maltrato
Terminologa:
Reece RM. What are we trying to measure? The problem of case ascertainment. Am J Prev Med 2008; 34:S116-19
Talbott GA. Abusive head trauma in children. En: Rowin ME (ed). Current concepts in Pediatric Critical Care. SCCM. Mount Prospect
IL, EUA. 2010: 9-19..
Trauma de Crneo por Maltrato
Terminologa:
Christian C, Block R. Abusive head trauma in infants and children. Pediatrics 2009; 123:1409-11.
Trauma de Crneo por Maltrato
Epidemiologa:
CASO:
-Masculino 2 meses
- Referido sano hasta tres das
previos
- Acude porque no come y est
muy quieto
- Tx mdico hace 24 horas x
cuadro gripal
Epidemiologa:
CASO:
-EF:
- Letrgico, irritable
- No apertura ocular
- Tendencia a hipertona
- FC 109/min
- FR 34/min
- Fontanela anterior 4x4 cm y
tensa
CASO
CASO
CASO
CASO
Trauma de Crneo por Maltrato
Epidemiologa:
- Nmero desconocido:
- lesiones subclnicas o
- nunca atendidas
Epidemiologa:
Jenny C et al
JAMA 1999 Feb 17;281(7):621-6.
Analysis of missed cases of abusive head trauma.
- 173 nios < 3 aos con TCE-M
- 54 (31.2%) haba sido visto por uno o ms mdicos sin reconocer Cx
- Dx correcto: promedio 7 d despus (0-189 das)
- probabilidad de no ser reconocido:
- Nios < 3 meses de familias intactas
- Sin convulsiones
- Sin compromiso respiratorio
- 7/54 interpretacin superficial de RX
- 15/54 (27.8%) re-lesionados con complicaciones mdicas
- Al menos 4/5 muertes prevenibles
Epidemiologa:
Epidemiologa:
TCE- M:
Keenan H. A population-based study of inflicted traumatic brain injury in young children. JAMA 2003;
290:621-6.
Beers SR et al. Neurocognitive outcome and serum biomarkers in inflicted versus non-inflicted
traumatic brain injury in young children. J Neurotrauma 2007; 24:97-105.
Trauma de Crneo por Maltrato
Epidemiologa:
TCE- M:
- Keenan (2003):
- 17.0 por 100,000 personas/ao (< 2 aos)
- 29.7 por 100,000 personas/ao (<1 ao)
- Prematurez
Keenan H. A population-based study of inflicted traumatic brain injury in young children. JAMA 2003; 290:621-6.
Beers SR et al. Neurocognitive outcome and serum biomarkers in inflicted versus non-inflicted traumatic brain
injury in young children. J Neurotrauma 2007; 24:97-105.
Trauma de Crneo por Maltrato
Epidemiologa:
Keenan H. A population-based study of inflicted traumatic brain injury in young children. JAMA 2003; 290:621-6.
Beers SR et al. Neurocognitive outcome and serum biomarkers in inflicted versus non-inflicted traumatic brain
injury in young children. J Neurotrauma 2007; 24:97-105.
Trauma de Crneo por Maltrato
Goldstein B, et al. Inflicted versus accidental head injury in critically injured children. CCM 1993; 21:1328-32.
Trauma de Crneo por Maltrato
Trauma de Crneo por Abuso
Alteracin del estado de conciencia
Crisis convulsivas
Vmito, irritabilidad
Hematoma subdural, hemorragia
subaracnoidea
Fracturas craneanas, Lesin axonal difusa
Trauma por Abuso
Fisiopatologa:
Ruptura de venas
Lesin axonal difusa
Lesin cervical
Resangrado
Lesiones repetitivas
Trauma de Crneo por Abuso
Trauma de Crneo por Abuso
Trauma de Crneo por Abuso
A 6-month-old boy with shaken baby syndrome
A. T2WI shows bilateral subdural fluid collection and no apparent abnormalities in the brain parenchyma.
B. Sagittal T1WI shows an acute subdural hematoma as a small linear hyperintensity located in the
occipital area (arrow).
C,D. DWI clearly shows the extent of parenchymal abnormality as hyperintense lesions with decreased
ADC in bilateral fronto-parieto-occipital white matter. This distribution is not related to the location of the
acute subdural hematoma and is similar to that of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.
E. MRS (TE 30 ms, PRESS) shows an increased glutamate/glutamine peak (Glx) that may represent
increased glutamate release or decreased glutamate re-uptake.
Figure 3. A 2-month-old boy with shaken baby syndrome
A. On T2WI, the gray-white matter delineation is unclear and multiple intraparenchymal
hemorrhages are noted probably due to shearing injury (arrows).
B,C. DWI shows diffuse and extensive hyperintensity in the gray and white matter with
decreased ADC that represents cytotoxic edema presumably resulting from excitotoxic injury.
Only the right frontal lobe is relatively spared (arrow).
Proceso Dinmico de la Lesin Cerebral
Lesin Primaria
Liberacin de neurotransmisores excitotxicos
Influjo masivo de Ca++
Difusin de agentes excitotxicos
Reacciones Inflamatorias
Distorsin cerebral global (estructura no rgida)
Lesin Secundaria
Directa al parnquima
Lesin
ISQUEMIA Disrupcin Vascular y
Despolarizacin Axonal
K + AAexcit
Ca++ O2- AA Barrera Hemato- Contusin Disrigulacin
Falla Mitocondrial Enceflica Vascular
Edema Osmolaridad
NEURO- Vasognico Tisular Hematoma
TOXICIDAD
Edema Volumen
Astrocitario Sanguneo
Circulante
PRESION
NECROSIS APOPTOSIS INTRA
CRANEANA
INFLAMACIN Y
REGENERACION
Proceso Dinmico de la Lesin Cerebral
Receptor
Metabotrpico
G
Ca++ FI
Mecanismos Reservas
Receptor Activados de Ca++ de Ca++
NoNMDA
DAG
IP3 PKC
Ca++
libre Protenas
ligadas a Ca++ K+
Ca++
Receptor
NMDA 3Na+
CCa++SV
Ca++
Na+
Ca++
Hospital Infantil de Mxico
7 Coma barbitrico
Craniectoma
TRAUMA GRAVE,
Hiperventilacin ??
Herniacin En caso de estar en las primeras
Decorticacin 6 hrs. del traumatismo
Mantener PaCO2 en 26-28 cmmH2O
SI
TAC Resolucin
NO
Ciruga
SI
Lesin Quirrgica Drenaje de hematomas
Correccin de fracturas
NO
Monitoreo de
Presin Intracraneana
(Ideal: ventriculostoma)
Indicaciones
Estado de coma (ECG <8)
Edema cerebral moderado-severo
Lesin axonal difusa
Lesin IC grado III IV (TAC)
Trauma de Crneo
Chloe Salazar, 13
Abuso a los 4 aos edad
Ciega, sorda, parapljica
http://www.cenetec.salud.gob.mx/interior/catalogoMaestroGPC.html
Guas de Prctica Clnica
EVIDENCIA
MALTRATO? POSIBLEMENTE NO
ACCIN: INSERCIN PROGRAMA VIGILANCIA TRABAJO SOCIAL