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Naveed ur Rehman
http://www.naveedurrehman.com/
References
Disclaimer
This handout is NOT a substitute for any book. Therefore, students are strongly advised to read text and reference books and
other relevant literature available in library.
Chapter#5: Second law of thermodynamics
ACTUAL PROCESSES
For a process to occur actually both the first law and second law must be satisfied.
Direction:
PROBLEM
Which one is more required characteristic of energy: quality or quantity? Explain.
THERMAL RESERVOIRS
1. A hypothetical body with extremely high thermal energy capacity is called thermal reservoir.
2. It can absorb or supply infinite amount of heat without undergoing any temperature change.
3. Examples: Atmosphere, sea/river etc.
HEAT ENGINE
1. Work can be converted into heat directly, completely and easily.
2. But, converting heat into work requires the use of some special
devices called Heat Engine
Working Fluid
1. The fluid, to and from which heat is transferred while
undergoing a cycle is called working fluid.
2. Remember: There is a big difference between Fuel and
Fluid.
3. Example: Air
Network Output
Wnet = Qin Qout = QH - QL
Thermal Efficiency
Thermal efficiency = Net work output / Thermal input
PROBLEM
Heat is transferred to a heat engine from a furnace at a rate of 80 MW. If the rate of waste heat rejection
to a nearby river is 50 MW, determine the net power output and the thermal efficiency for this heat
engine.
KELVIN-PLANK STATEMENT
It is impossible for any device that operates on a cycle to receive heat
from a single reservoir and produce a net amount of work.
PROBLEM
A heat engine is operating such that the high and low temperatures for
the source and sink respectively are constant. What will be the efficiency
of this heat engine?
CLAUSIUS STATEMENT
It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a cycle and
produces no effect other than the transfer of heat from a lower-
temperature body to a higher-temperature body.
PROBLEM
Prove that COPHP = COPR + 1
We know: QH = Wout + QL
Where,
We know: QH = Win + QL
Where,
We know: QL = QH Win
PROBLEM
The food compartment of a refrigerator, shown in Fig, is maintained at 4C by
removing heat from it at a rate of 360 kJ/min. If the required power input to the
refrigerator is 2 kW, determine (a) the coefficient of performance of the
refrigerator and (b) the rate of heat rejection to the room that houses the
refrigerator.
Solution:
PROBLEM
A heat pump is used to meet the heating requirements of a house and
maintain it at 20C. On a day when the outdoor air temperature drops to
2C, the house is estimated to lose heat at a rate of 80,000 kJ/h. If the heat
pump under these conditions has a COP of 2.5, determine (a) the power
consumed by the heat pump and (b) the rate at which heat is absorbed from
the cold outdoor air.
Solution:
PERPETUAL-MOTION MACHINES
1. Perpetual: Continuing forever.
2. A process cannot take place unless it satisfies both the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
3. Any device that violates either law is called a perpetual-motion machine.
4. A device that violates the first law of thermodynamics (by creating energy) is called a perpetual-
motion machine of the first kind (PMM1)
5. A device that violates the second law of thermodynamics is called a perpetual-motion machine of the
second kind (PMM2).
PMM-1
PMM-2
Internally reversible
1. A process is called internally reversible if no irreversibilities occur within the
boundaries of the system during the process.
2. During an internally reversible process, a system proceeds through a series of
equilibrium states, and when the process is reversed, the system passes
through exactly the same equilibrium states while returning to its initial state.
3. That is, the paths of the forward and reverse processes coincide for an
internally reversible process.
4. Quasi-equilibrium process is an example of such process.
Externally reversible
1. A process is called externally reversible if no irreversibilities occur outside
the system boundaries during the process.
2. Heat transfer between a reservoir and a system is an externally reversible
process if the outer surface of the system is at the temperature of the
reservoir.
Totally reversible
1. A process is called totally reversible, or simply reversible, if it involves no
irreversibilities within the system or its surroundings.
2. Such process involves no internal and external irreversibilities.
Irreversible processes
1. Processes that are not reversible are called irreversible processes.
2. In nature, all the real processes are irreversible processes.
IRREVERSIBILITIES
1. The factors that cause a process to be irreversible are called irreversibilities.
2. They include friction, unrestrained expansion, mixing of two fluids, heat transfer across a finite
temperature difference, electric resistance, inelastic deformation of solids, and chemical reactions.
3. The presence of any of these effects renders a process irreversible.
4. A reversible process involves none of these.
Where QH is heat transferred to the heat engine from a high-temperature reservoir at TH, and QL is heat
rejected to a low-temperature reservoir at TL.
3. For reversible heat engines, the heat transfer ratio in the above relation can be replaced by the ratio of
the absolute temperatures of the two reservoirs.
4. Then the efficiency of a Carnot engine, or any reversible heat engine, becomes:
where QL is the amount of heat absorbed from the low-temperature medium and QH is the amount of heat
rejected to the high-temperature medium.
3. The COPs of all reversible refrigerators or heat pumps can be determined by replacing the heat
transfer ratios in the above relations by the ratios of the absolute temperatures of the high- and low-
temperature reservoirs.
4. Then the COP relations for reversible refrigerators and heat pumps become:
5. These are the highest coefficients of performance that a refrigerator or a heat pump operating between
the temperature limits of TL and TH can have.
PROBLEM
A Carnot heat engine, shown in Fig., receives 500 kJ of heat per cycle from a
high-temperature source at 652C and rejects heat to a low-temperature sink at
30C. Determine (a) the thermal efficiency of this Carnot engine and (b) the
amount of heat rejected to the sink per cycle.
Solution:
PROBLEM
An inventor claims to have developed a refrigerator that maintains the refrigerated space at 35F while
operating in a room where the temperature is 75F and that has a COP of 13.5. Is this claim reasonable?
Solution:
Claim is False.
PROBLEM
A heat pump is to be used to heat a house during the winter, as shown in Fig.
The house is to be maintained at 21C at all times. The house is estimated to
be losing heat at a rate of 135,000 kJ/h when the outside temperature drops to
-5C. Determine the minimum power required to drive this heat pump.
Solution: