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Worksheet 1: Magnetism
3) A magnet attracts one end of an iron bar and repels one end of a nickel bar. Further tests are made with these ends of the two bars.
Explain why the following conclusions may or may not be justified.
Andre Ampere
electromagnetism?
11) What two types of motion within the atom contribute largely
toward the magnetic properties of atoms? Which is these is
more critical in explaining ferromagnetic properties?
1) Dropping
2) Heating
3) Removing from a source of alternating current.
The domains oriented in the same direction grow and the domains
oriented in different directions will shrink.
km1m 2
Fmag =
R2
Using ratio techniques and the concept that
in a manner analogous to gravitational and electric fields, the
magnetic force would be 16x as great.
17) Three identical bar magnets are placed so that one pole of
each lies on the circumference of a circle of radius 10 cm. The
magnets are oriented as shown in the diagram below.
State the approximate direction in which the north end of a small magnetic compass needle would point, if its pivot coincided with
the center of the circle. Explain your answer.
like poles repel and unlike poles attract. The vector sum of the repulsions and attractions of the north pole of the
compass is shown above.
18) Name two elements other than iron which are strongly
attracted by a magnet
3
Electromagnetic Theory
shape?
1) Calculate the magnetic field 9.0 cm from a long straight conductor carrying a current of 3.0 A. (6.7 x 10-6 T)
0I
=
2R
2 x 107 (3.0)
=
(.09)
= 6.7 x 106 T
2) Calculate the current in a long straight conductor if it produces a magnetic field of 2.6 x 10-5 T at a distance of 25 cm from the
conductor. (33 A)
2R
I=
0
(2.6 x 105 )(0.25)
I=
2 x 10 7
I = 33 A
3) A 25.0 cm solenoid has 1800 loops and a length of
25.02 cm. Calculate the magnetic field in the air core of the solenoid when a current of 1.25 A is flowing. (1.13 x 10 -2 T)
4
Electromagnetic Theory
= 0 In
= 4 (1 x 107 )(1.25)1800
= 1.13 x 102 T
I=
0n
6.2 x 10 3
I=
4 (1 x 107 )(190/.034)
I = 0.88 A
n=
0I
L
N=
0I
2.1 x 103 (0.25)
N=
4 (1 x 107 ).72
N = 580 turns
6) Two long fixed parallel wires are 7.2 cm apart and carry currents of 25 A and 15 A in the same direction. What is the magnitude of
the magnetic field midway between the two wires? (5.6 x 10-5 T)
5
Electromagnetic Theory
0 I
1 =
2 R
(2 x 107 )15
1 =
0.036
1 = 8.33 ... x 105 T
2 = 1.388... x 104 T
If the two currents are going in
the same direction, then the magnetic
fields between the wires will subtract
ur ur ur
net = 1 + 2
ur
net = 1.388... x 104 T + -8.33... x 105 T
ur
net = 5.6 x 105 T
0I
R=
2
2 x 107 (8.0)
R=
3.0 x 10 5
R = 0.0533 m
6
Electromagnetic Theory
e 1.6 x 1019 C
10
1.25 x 10 x
s e
2.0 x 109 A
I
= 0
2R
2 x 10 7 (2.0 x 10 9 )
=
0.040
= 1.0 x 1014 T
0I
a) =
2R
2 x 107 (17.5)
=
0.075
= 1.47 x 1014 T
b) = 0 In
= 4 x 107 (17.5)300
= 6.60 x 103 T
0 3I
new 2(0.01)
=
old 0I
2(0.03)
0 3 I
new 2 (0.01)
=
old 0 I
2 (0.03)
new= 9 ( old )
new= 9 (3.2 x 105 )
new= 2.9 x 104 T
11) Two long fixed parallel wires are 8.00 cm apart and carry currents of 15 A and 35 A in opposite directions. What is the magnitude
of the magnetic field midway between the two wires? (2.5 x 10-4 T)
0 I
1 =
2 R
(2 x 107 )15
1 =
0.04
1 = 7.5 x 10 5 T
2 = 1.75 x 104 T
If the two currents are going in
opposite directions, then the magnetic
fields between the wires will add
together.
ur ur ur
net = 1 + 2
ur
net = 7.5 x 105 T + 1.75 x 104 T
ur
net = 2.5 x 10 4 T
8
Electromagnetic Theory
1) A copper wire (L = 0.222 m) carries conventional current of 0.960 A north through magnetic field (= 7.50 x 10-4 T) that is directed
vertically upward. What is the magnitude and direction of the magnetic force acting on the wire?
(1.60 x 10-4 N East)
RHR
thumb = current
fingers = magnetic field
palm = direction of magnetic force
Fmag = IL
Fmag = 7.5 x 10 4 (0.96)0.222
Fmag = 1.60 x 10 4 N
2) A solenoid lies in a horizontal plane with a current balance, WXYZ, balanced horizontally in the solenoid core at points Z and W as
shown in the diagram. Sides WX and ZY of the current balance conductor are 7.10 cm. Side YX is 1.90 cm. A current of 6.00 A flows
through the conductor on the current balance. If a mass of 1.76 x 10-2 kg is necessary to balance the current balance, what is the
magnetic field strength in the solenoid? (1.51T)
Fmag = Fg
IL = mg
mg
=
IL
1.76 x 102 (9.81)
=
6.00(0.019)
=1.51 T
3) A wire in the armature of an electric motor is 2.50 x 10-1 m long and is perpendicular to a magnetic field of 5.00 x 10-1 T. Calculate
the magnetic force on the wire when it carries a current of 3.60 A. (4.50 x 10-1 N)
9
Electromagnetic Theory
Fmag = IL
Fmag = 5.00 x 10 1 (3.60)2.5 x 101
Fmag = 0.450 N
4) A current balance is used to determine the magnetic field intensity in the core of a solenoid. The current balance and the solenoid
are described in the diagram. If the current balance is balanced with a 2.3 x 10-5 kg mass, what is the magnetic field strength in the
solenoid core? (3.3 x 10-2 T)
Fmag = Fg
IL = mg
mg
=
IL
2.3 x 105 (9.81)
=
0.45(0.015)
= 0.033 T
10
Electromagnetic Theory
6) A bare current-carrying wire runs across a lecture table. Describe at least two ways you could find the direction of the current.
1) Use a compass the compass will align in the direction of the magnetic field when you place the compass at different points
around the wire. The pole from the wire can be used to find the direction of the current using the left hand rule for current carrying
wires.
2) Bring a strong magnet close to the wire and tangent to an imaginary circle around the wire. When the magnet repels the wire, you
will know that the two magnets are showing like poles. The pole from the wire can be used to find the direction of the current using
the left hand rule for current carrying wires.
7) An electron current-carrying wire is placed between the poles of a magnet as shown at right. What is the direction of the force on
the wire?
LHR
fingers = direction of magnetic field
thumb = direction of electric current
palm = direction of magnetic force
8) A rectangular loop is suspended by a spring scale between magnetic poles. The loop is 0.060 m wide by 0.120 m high.
11
Electromagnetic Theory
1.00 1.5032
2.00 1.5063
3.00 1.5094
4.00 1.5128
5.00 1.5159
6.00 1.5225
Note that in this case, the net force continues to get larger
and larger as the current increases, indicating that the magnetic
force in in the same direction as the gravitational force.
12
Electromagnetic Theory
LinReg(ax+b) L1,L2,Y1
a = 3.68 x 10-3 N/A
b = 1.50 N
r2 = 0.9770
a) The weight of the loop is the Force when the current is zero,
or the y intercept of the graph = 1.50 N
13
Electromagnetic Theory
9) An experiment is carried out to investigate the relationship between the magnetic force F on a current-carrying wire in a uniform
magnetic field B and the current I in the wire. The wire is placed in the plane of the page, as shown in the diagram below. The
direction of the magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of the page and directed into the page.
(i) On the diagram above, draw a vector to indicate the direction of the magnetic force on the wire when the current I is in the
direction shown.
(ii) The current in the wire is decreased and the magnetic force on the wire is measured.
(1) State the responding variable in this experiment.
(iii) Calculate the magnitude of the force per unit length that acts on the wire if the current in the wire is 0.8 A. The magnitude of the
magnetic field B is 1.2 10-4 T.
14
Electromagnetic Theory
Fmag = IL
Fmag
= (1.2 x 10 4 )(0.80)
L
Fmag
= 9.6 x 105 N/m
L
10) Explain, with reference to the diagram of a moving-coil loudspeaker below, how the loudspeaker cone is set vibrating by an
oscillating current flowing through the voice coil.
LHR
fingers = direction of magnetic field
thumb = direction of electric current
palm = direction of magnetic force
When the current goes into the page on the top coil, it will come out of the page on the bottom coil and vice versa. Using the left hand
rule for the motor effect, the top and bottom will both pull in on the speaker cone when the current is as described. When the current
reverses, the two interactions will both push the speaker cone out. This will produce sound waves of the same frequency as the
current reversals in the coil.
15
Electromagnetic Theory
Fmag 0 I1I 2
=
L 2R
0 I1I 2
R=
2(F/L)
2 x 107 (5.0)7.5
R=
5.3 x 10 5
R = 0.14 m
Fmag(new) 0 (20)(20)
L = 2R
F (10)(10)
mag(old) 0
L 2R
Fmag(new) Fmag(old)
= 4
L L
Fmag(new)
= 4 (5.00 x 10 5 )
L
Fmag(new)
= 2.00 x 10 4 N
L
13) Two straight, parallel wires 8.0 m long and 0.50 m apart
carry currents of 20 A in opposite directions.
0 I
1 =
2 R
(2 x 107 )20
1 =
0.25
1 = 1.6 x 105 T
2 = 1.6 x 10 5 T
If the two currents are going in
opposite directions, then the magnetic
fields between the wires will add
together.
ur ur ur
net = 1 + 2
ur
net = 1.6 x 105 + 1.6 x 105 T
ur
net = 3.2 x 105 T
Fmag 0 I1I2
=
L 2R
II
Fmag = 0 1 2 L
2R
2 x 10 7 (20)20
Fmag = x 8.0
0.25
Fmag = 2.6 x 10 3 N
14) Two parallel wires are each 1.0 m long and 1.0 cm apart. If
one of the wires carries a current of 10 A and the magnetic force
17
Electromagnetic Theory
Fmag 0 I1I2
=
L 2R
Fmag 2R
I2 =
0 I1L
1 x 104 (0.01)
I2 =
2 x 10 7 (10)(1.0)
I 2 = 0.50 A
The electric current would flow upward in the wire on the right
and downward in the wire on the left.
The left hand rule shows that the wire on the right will be
pushed out and the wire on the left will be pushed in by the
motor force. Viewed from below, the loop would turn
counterclockwise.
ii) The diagram shows the same coil in a magnetic field directed
into the page. On the diagram, at
of the coil.
Top wire = by left hand rule, will be pushed to the bottom of the
page but this will not cause turning around the axis.
Left side wire = by left hand rule will be pushed to the right side
of the page, but this will not cause turning around the axis.
Bottom wire = by left hand rule, will be pushed to the top of the
page but this will not cause turning around the axis.
Right side wire = by left hand rule will be pushed to the left side
of the page, but this will not cause turning around the axis.
(iii) If the coil is initially stationary, will the magnetic forces in the
diagram, at left above, cause it to move?
Yes, by the left hand rule for motor effect, the right wire will be
pushed into the page, and the left wire will be pushed out of the
page, causing turning around the central axis.
The commutator.
The brushes.
The position of the north and south poles of a magnet which
would produce the field shown.
The direction in which the coil will commence to rotate if it
is initially stationary. (counterclockwise)
= N AI
= (300)0.120(.06 x .12)4
= 1.04 N m
b) The coil is then rotated 180 around axis PQ from the position
of maximum torque. Compare the torque in this position with
that described in part (a).
20
Electromagnetic Theory
= N AI
= (250)0.50(.08 x .04)9 x 10 3
= 3.6 x 10 3 N m
Fmag = IL(N)
Fmag = 0.50(9 x 103 )0.04(250)
Fmag = 4.5 x 102 N
19) Two large bar magnets and a vertical coil are shown in the
diagram. The coil, ABCD, is able to rotate about a vertical axle,
XY, through its centre. The coil consists of 140 turns of wire.
Current can flow into and out of the coil along wires attached to
the upper end of the axle. The coil is 22 cm high and 13 cm wide
The magnetic flux density between the poles of the magnets is
0.80 T.
a) Before the current in the coil is turned on, what is the flux
through the coil when the plane of the coil is parallel to the field?
= A
= 0.80(0.22 x 0.13)
= 0.023 Wb
21
Electromagnetic Theory
Fmag = IL(N)
Fmag = 0.80(3.0)0.22(140)
Fmag = 74 N
c) Calculate the torque on the coil when the plane of the coil is
at an angle of 35 to the magnetic flux as shown below. (The
view shown is from above Hint: find where the torque would
be maximal)
d) If the magnets and the coil described above are used as the
basis for an electric motor, what should be added to allow the
coil to keep rotating in the same direction?
21). A coil consists of ten turns of insulated copper wire. It is placed between the poles of magnets as shown in the diagram. These
magnets may be assumed to create a uniform magnetic field of flux density 015 T. A current of 20 A is passed through the coil in
the direction shown.
a) Calculate the torque that acts on the coil when it is in the position shown in the diagram. (4.5 x 10 -3 Nm)
22
Electromagnetic Theory
= N AI
= (10)0.15(.03 x .05)2.0
= 4.5 x 103 N m
b) With electric current going into the left hand of the coil,
in what direction will the coil start to turn as seen from position Z? (clockwise)
c) A device is placed at Z to allow current to be supplied to the coil so that the coil rotates continuously.
i) Name the device.
ii) Explain how it works.
22) The diagram shows a plan (view from above) of a simple electric motor. ABDC represents a wire coil which is able to rotate about
the axis of rotation shown.
(b) If the magnetic field has strength 1.0 T and a current of 5.0 A flows through each wire in the coil, what is the force (magnitude and
direction) on a single wire in side AB of the coil? The sides of the coil (AB and CD) have length 0.20 m each.
(c) State why the arrangement as shown could not work as a practical motor and describe briefly the modifications which must be
made in order that the motor can turn freely.
23) Calculate the magnitude and the direction of the magnetic force on an electron travelling north at a speed of 3.52 x 10 5
m/s through a vertically upward magnetic field of 2.80 x 10-1 T. (1.58 x 10-14 N West)
24) Calculate the magnitude and the direction of the magnetic force on an alpha particle travelling south at a speed of 7.40 x 10 4
m/s through a vertically upward magnetic field of 5.50 T.(1.30 x 10-13 N West)
25) Calculate the magnitude and the direction of the magnetic field that produces a magnetic force of 1.70 x 10 -14 N East on a proton
that is travelling 1.90 x 104 m/s North through the magnetic field. (5.59 T up)
27) Calculate the magnitude and the direction of the magnetic force on an alpha particle travelling upward at a speed of 2.11 x 10 5
m/s through a magnetic field that is directed down. (0)
23
Electromagnetic Theory
28) An electron is accelerated from rest by a potential difference of 1.70 x 103 V, and then enters a magnetic field
of 2.50 x 10-1 T moving perpendicular to it. What is the magnitude of the magnetic force acting on the electron?
(9.77 x 10-13 N)
29) An electron is accelerated by a potential difference and then travels perpendicular through a magnetic field of
7.20 x 10-1 T where it experiences a magnetic force of
4.1 x 10-13 N. Assuming this electron starts from rest, through what potential difference is the electron accelerated?
(3.6 x 101 V)
30) Calculate the downward acceleration on an electron that is travelling horizontally at a speed of 6.20 x 10 5 m/s perpendicular to a
horizontal magnetic field of
2.30 x 10-1 T. (2.50 x 1016 m/s2)
31) A proton travelling vertically at a speed of 2.10 x 105 m/s through a horizontal magnetic field experiences a magnetic force of 9.50
x 10-14 N. What is the magnitude of the magnetic field? (2.83T)
32) Calculate the downward acceleration on a proton that is moving horizontally at a speed of 7.50 x 105 m/s perpendicular to a
horizontal magnetic field of 2.70 x 10-1 T.
(1.94 x 1013 m/s2)
33) Ions travelling at a velocity of 3.50 x 107 m/s pass undeflected through the velocity selector in a mass spectrometer. If the
magnetic field strength in the velocity selector is 0.500 T, what is the electric field strength in the velocity selector? (1.75 x 10 7 N/C)
34) A velocity selector is composed of a uniform magnetic field ( = 4.00 x 10-2 T) and a uniform electric field perpendicular to each
other. If the electric field is produced by using parallel plates that are 1.50 cm apart, what is the potential difference between the plates
that will permit singly charged ions of speed 4.20 x 106 m/s to pass undeflected through the selector? (2.52 x 103 V)
35) Singly charged ions pass undeflected through the velocity selector of a mass spectrometer. This velocity selector has a magnetic
field ( = 2.50 x 10-1 T) and an electric field
(|E| = 7.00 x 103 V/m) perpendicular to each other. These ions now enter the separation region where the magnetic field is the same as
in the velocity selector. If the radius of the deflected ions is 8.12 x 10-3 m, what is the mass of each ion?
(1.16 x 10-26 kg)
36) A singly charged 7-Li ion (mass = 1.16 x 10-26 kg) is accelerated from rest through a potential difference of
4.00 x 104 V. This ion then enters a magnetic field
( = 0.700 T) perpendicular to it. What is the radius of the deflected ion? (1.09 x 10-1 m)
39) In a mass spectrometer, a velocity selector allows singly charged carbon-14 ions with a velocity of 1.00 x 10 6 m/s to travel
undeflected through the selector. If these ions enter the ion separation region ( = 0.900 T), what is the radius of the ions' path? (0.163
m)
40) In a mass spectrometer it is found that the radius of the path for singly charged 20-Ne ions is 15.1 cm in the ion separation region.
What would be the radius of the path for singly charged 16-0 ions, assuming identical velocities in the same mass spectrometer? (12.1
cm)
24
Electromagnetic Theory
41) A beam of Pb2+ ions (mass = 3.44 x 10-25 kg) travel through the velocity selector of a mass spectrometer at a velocity of 5.00 x 104
m/s. What magnetic field strength is required in the ion separation region to cause these ions to travel in a circular path with a radius
of 19.6 cm?
(0.274 T)
42) Doubly charged neon atoms are accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 2.00 x 103 V. They then enter a
perpendicular magnetic field ( = 0.200 T) and move in a
circular path with a radius of 10.2 cm. What is the mass of the neon ion? (3.33 x 10-26 kg)
43) A student using a mass spectrometer with a constant magnetic field studied the relationship between the radius of the circular path
of a number of singly charged isotopes and their momentum. The following data was determined:
(a = 9.0 x 1018 m/Ns b = -1.6 x 10-3 m = 0.69 T)
Momentum Radius
(x 10-20 kgm/s) (x 10-1 m)
0.83 0.74
1.4 1.2
1.7 1.5
2.6 2.4
3.2 2.8
3.7 3.3
44) What are the Van Allen belts and why do they lift at night?
45) The Earth's magnetic field in space is stronger near the poles
than over the equator. At what location would the circular paths
followed by the charged particles around the magnetic field lines
have larger radii? Explain.
25
Electromagnetic Theory
(a) (i) If the protons have speed 6.0 x 107 m/s and the earth
is 1.5 x 1011 m from the sun, how long does it take
for the protons to reach the earth? (2.5 x 103 s)
(ii) What would be the radius of the circular path taken
by these protons if they enter a region in which the earth's
magnetic field has a value of 5.0 x 10-8 T, and the protons
travel perpendicular to the field lines? (1.3 x 107 m)
(i) The current is 100 km above the earth's surface and has
value 5.00 x 106A. At a point on the earth's surface directly
beneath the current, what is the magnitude of the magnetic field
strength produced by this current? (1.00 x 10-5 T)
(ii) If the current runs from south to north, what is the direction
of the magnetic field in part (i)? (East)
1) A conducting rod 0.35 m long moves perpendicular to a magnetic field (= 0.75 T) at a speed of 1.5 m/s. Calculate the induced
voltage in the rod. (0.39 V)
26
Electromagnetic Theory
6) A wire, 20.0 m long, moves at 4.0 m/s perpendicularly through a 0.50 T magnetic field. What EMF is induced in the wire? (40 V)
27
Electromagnetic Theory
8) The conducting rod in the diagram below is 22.0 cm long, and is moving at a speed of 1.25 m/s perpendicular to a 0.150 T magnetic
field. If the resistance in the circuit is 2.25 , what is the magnitude and direction of the current (electron flow) through the circuit?
(1.83 x 10-2 A clockwise)
9) The conducting rod in the diagram below is 15 cm long, and is moving at a speed of 0.95 m/s perpendicular to the magnetic field.
10) The conducting rod in the diagram below is 30.0 cm long perpendicular to a 0.950 T magnetic field. .If the resistance in the circuit
is 3.25 what force is required to move the rod at a constant 1.50 m/s? (3.75 x 10.-2 N)
11) A plane with a wing span of 6.25 m is flying horizontally at a speed of 95.0 m/s. If the vertical component of the earth's magnetic
field is 4.70 x 10-6 T, what is the induced voltage between the tips of the wings? (2.79 x 10-3 V)
28
Electromagnetic Theory
1) Explain how you can determine the direction of an induced E.M.F. (as viewed from above) with the use of Lenz's law. Assume that
the north pole of a magnet has been inserted into the coil shown.
29
Electromagnetic Theory
5) The arrows show the direction of the winding not the current
direction
30
Electromagnetic Theory
On the diagram and using arrows, show the direction of the current in the coils and each side of the armature loop as well as the
direction that each side of the armature loop is moving.
3) An electric motor in a hair drier is running at normal speed and, thus, is drawing a relatively small current. What happens to the
current drawn by the motor if the shaft is prevented from turning, so the back EMF is suddenly reduced to zero? Remembering that the
wire in the coil of the motor has some resistance, what happens to the temperature of the coil? Justify your answers.
31
Electromagnetic Theory
4) The diagram below shows in outline an AC electric generator. When a force (due to a jet of high velocity water or high velocity
steam for example) is applied to the turbine, both the turbine and coil spin between the poles of a strong magnet in an anticlockwise
direction.
(a) Explain why an electromotive force is generated in a conducting wire which moves through a magnetic field.
(b) On the diagram above indicate the direction of the magnetic field line between the magnets; and the direction of the induced EMF
(if any) in each section of the rotating coil (for the instant of time shown on the diagram).
(c) Water strikes the turbine, turning the generator and causing a current to flow in the external circuit. Explain how the principal of
conservation of energy applies to this series of events.
1) List four principles that Maxwell used to formulate his theory of electromagnetic radiation.
32
Electromagnetic Theory
2) Suppose that the electric field of an electromagnetic wave decreases in magnitude. Does the magnetic field increase, decrease, or
remain the same? Account for your answer.
3) What are the characteristics of electromagnetic waves? Do they behave differently than other waves? Explain.
4) Television antennas normally have the receiver antennas in a vertical position. From that, what can you deduce about the directions
of the electric fields in television signals?
5) Why must an alternating current dipole be used to generate electromagnetic waves? What would happen if a direct current source
were used?
6) The diagram shows a representation of the apparatus used by Hertz to detect electromagnetic waves.
7) What are the causes of each of the following type of electromagnetic wave:
i) radio
ii) microwave
iii) infrared light
iv) visible light
iv) x-rays
v) gamma rays
8) What happens to each of the following as the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation gets shorter:
i) penetrating power
ii) energy
iii) wavelength
iv) frequency
9) What wavelengths of EMR are called ionizing radiation? What does this term mean?
10) What types of EMR are capable of passing through the earths atmosphere from outer space?
33