Lecture1 - Intro and Concrete Materials

KAEA 2217
Reinforced Concrete Design I
Lecture 1
Introductions, RC
structures and materials
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,

University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
KAEA 2217 RC Design I Lecture 1: Intro, RC Structures and Materials
General Description
Course Code : KAEA 2217
Title : Reinforced Concrete Design I
Credit :4
Prerequisites : KAEA 1121,
KAEA 1122,
KAEA 2216
Mode of Delivery : Lecture, assignment & design
project
Instructor : Chai Hwa Kian
Ubagaram Johnson Alengaram
General Description (contd)

Lecture Session1): Mon 1400-1700 hrs (Tutorial, Design Class)
Thurs 0800-1000 hrs (Lecture)
Venue : BK105 (Thurs), Drawing room (Mon)

Assessments : Project report 20%
Test 10%
Assignment 10%
Final Examination 60%
1) subject to change with prior notice
Course Syllabus in General

1) Introduction to RC structures and materials
2) Concepts of RC design and different approaches
3) Design of rectangular beams (elastic approach,
limit state method, EC2 based procedures)
4) Design of flanged beams
5) Shear resistance of RC members
6) Deflection and crack checks/control
7) Requirements for minimum and maximum
reinforcement cross sectional area.
8) Curtailment, anchorage and detailing
9) Design of one-way RC slabs, columns and footings
References
Reinforced Concrete Design
by WH Mosley, JH Bungey & R Hulse
Sixth Edition, 2007, Palgrave Macmillan,
ISBN-10: 0-230-50071-4
Design of Structural Elements

by C Arya
Third Edition, 2009, Spon press, Taylor & Francis
ISBN-10: 0-415-46719-5
References (contd)
Eurocode- BS EN 1990:2002 (Eurocode 0)
Basis of structural design
UK National Annex for Eurocode 0- NA to BS

EN 1990: 2002
Eurocode 2- BS EN 1992-1-1:2002
Part 1-1:General rules and rules for buildings
Eurocode 2- BS EN 1992-1-2:2004
Part 1-2: General rules- Structural fire design
Structural Design
A mixture of art and science, combining
the engineers feeling or the behavior of a
structure with a sound knowledge of the
principles of statics, dynamics, mechanics
of materials, and structural analysis, to
produce a safe economical structure that
will serve its intended purpose.
(Salmon and Johnson 1990)
What is Reinforced Concrete?

Concrete in which
reinforcement bars,
plates, grids or
fibers are included
to increase its
strength in tension.
Typical steel reinforced
concrete structure
Why Reinforced Concrete?
unloaded
loaded
Concrete: high compressive strength but
low tensile strength in relative.
Steel bars: high compressive/tensile
strength but are corrosive when exposed
to air and water.
Why Reinforced Concrete?

Steel bars can resist tension when
embedded into concrete, while the
concrete resist compression caused
by a load.
Steel bars are also protected from
corrosion by concrete cover.
Concrete is cheaper than steel.
Similar thermal expansion rate
Concrete: 1.0-1.3 x 105
Steel: 1.2 x 105
Beam Bending Test
Start of test
Beam Bending Test
At failure
Beam Bending Test
Besides providing additional tensile strength,

steel bars also add to ductility for minimizing
the danger of sudden collapse
RC structures
Buildings
Bridges
Retaining walls
Viaducts
Successful design
requires effective
coordination of various
disciplines in engineering.
Marina City complex, Chicago, 1959
RC Structural Elements
Common RC structures are consisted of
several or many of the following structural
elements (load bearing members)
Beam, Girder Slab
Column Footing, foundation
Truss, Frame Staircase
Arch Shell
RC Structural Elements
COLUMN
BEAM COLUMN
RIBBED SLAB
JOIST
BEAM
SLAB
WALL
STAIRCASES
SLAB
PAD FOOTING
Combination of Structural
Elements
Building frame Bridge deck system

Examples of RC Structural
Members
Continuous Span Beams
Members
Cantilever beams
Members
Columns
Members
Slabs
Examples of RC structural
members
Arches
Examples of RC structural
members
Shells
Concrete
A mixture of cement, fine aggregates
(sands), course aggregates (e.g. crush
stones) and water.
Water is the key ingredient for chemical
reaction during curing
Water
Concrete
Cement
Aggregates
Concrete
Water cement ratio

Low w/c 0.3 (w/c) 0.7 High w/c
High strength, Low strength,
low workability High workability
Optimal ratios obtained
by trial and experience
Uniaxial Stress-strain
Behavior of Concrete
fc: compressive stress ft: tensile stress

fc: maximum compressive stress
c: strain corresponding to fc
u: ultimate compressive strain
tu: strain at maximum tensile stress
0: strain at the end of tensile softening
Concrete Compressive Strength

RC Design I Lecture 1: Intro, RC Structures and Materials
Concrete Compressive Strength

Concrete strength varies with time, the
specific strength is usually refer to the
value that was achieved after 28 days of
placing concrete.
Typical strength gain curve

Behavior of Steel
Idealized
As determined fsy: yield stress

by tensile test y: strain corresponding to fsy
E: Static elastic modulus
Behavior of Steel
The most useful property for RC design

is the yield stress, fsy for steel, which is
the maximum stress a steel can attain
without undergoing permanent
deformation.
Concrete vs. Steel

Strength factor generally, steel is 15 times
stronger than concrete
Cost factor steel is about 7 times more
expensive, depending on whether locally made or
imported.
Time factor steel construction is 3-4 times faster
than concrete
Shrinkage
As concrete hardens there is a reduction in volume due to
shrinkage. The shrinkage is liable to cause cracking, but also
has beneficial effect of strengthening the bond between
concrete and the steel reinforcement. Shrinkage takes place
due to
Absorption of water by concrete and aggregate after mix
Evaporation of water that rises to concrete surface
Hydration of cement (setting process) generates heat
and when cools down, thermal contraction occurs
Drying out of water after harden persists for many
months
Subsequent wetting and drying
Shrinkage
Original member -
as cast
sh
Plain concrete -
unrestrained fct is tensile stress in
ct concrete area Ac, fsc
is the compressive
Reinforced concrete - stress in steel area
unrestrained
sc
Reinforced concrete -
fully restrained
ct
Shrinkage
Original member -
as cast
sh
Reinforced concrete
fully restrained
ct
If the member is fully restrained, no compression is sustained

by the steel since sc= 0 and hence fsc = 0. In this case the
tensile strain induced in the concrete, ct must be equal to the
free shrinkage strain, sh and the corresponding stress will
probably be high enough to cause cracking in immature
concrete.
Thermal expansion
Day-to-day thermal expansion of concrete can be greater
than the movements caused by shrinkage. Thermal stresses
and strains may be controlled by the correct positioning of
movement or expansion joints in a structure.
When the tensile stresses caused by shrinkage or thermal

movement exceed the strength of the concrete, cracking will
occur. To control the crack widths, steel reinforcement must
be provided close to the concrete surface.
Creep of concrete
Creep is defined as continuous deformation
of a member under sustained load.
The characteristics of creep are
The final deformation of the member can Deformation
be three or four times the short-term
elastic deformation
The deformation is roughly proportional
to the intensity of loading and to the
inverse of the concrete strength
If the load is removed, only Time
instantaneous elastic deformation will Typical relation
recover the plastic deformation will not between deformation
There is a redistribution of load between and time for concrete
the concrete and any steel that present
Creep of concrete
The redistribution of load is caused by the changes in
compressive strains being transferred to the steel.
The increased deflections in beams may cause opening of
cracks, damage to finishes and the non-alignment of

mechanical equipment.
Redistribution of stresses due to creep has little effect on
the tension reinforcement besides reducing shrinkage

stresses.
The provision of reinforcement in the compressive zone
helps to restrain the deflections due to creep.

Durability
The durability of concrete is governed by
Exposure conditions
Concrete quality
Cover to the reinforcement
Width of any cracks
Regardless of exposure, concrete should be made from

impervious and chemically inert aggregates. A dense, well
compacted concrete with a low water-cement ratio is
desirable.
Adequate cover is essential to prevent corrosive agents
reaching the reinforcement through cracks and pervious

concrete.
Specification of concrete
The selection of the type of concrete is often
determined by the strength required, which in turn
depends on the intensity of loading as well as the
form and size of the structural member.
Exposure conditions and durability can also affect the

choice.
e.g. corrosive condition denser and higher
strength
chemical attack blast furnace or sulfate
resisting concrete
Strength Classes of Concrete
Example: a class C20/25 concrete has a characteristic cylinder crushing

strength (fk) of 20 N/mm2 and cube strength of 30 N/mm2
Specification of concrete
Designed mix
the contractor (concrete plant etc.) is responsible for
selecting the mix proportion to achieve the strength
and workability required by the design engineer
Prescribed mix
the design engineer specifies the mix proportions,
and the contractor is responsible only for providing a
properly mixed concrete containing the correct
constituents
Reinforcing Steel
DESIGNATION NORMAL SIZES SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTIC
(mm) STRENGTH fyk (N/mm2)
Hot rolled high All sizes 500
yield (BS4449)
Cold-worked high Up to and including 12 500
yield (BS4449)
BS4449 will be replaced by BS EN10080 in due course
The bending of high-yield bars through a small radius is liable to

cause tension cracking. The radius of bend should not be less
than two times the nominal bar size for small bars (16mm) or
3.5 times for larger bars.

Lecture1 - Intro and Concrete Materials

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KAEA 2217

Reinforced Concrete Design I

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,

General Description (contd)

Venue : BK105 (Thurs), Drawing room (Mon)

Course Syllabus in General

Design of Structural Elements

UK National Annex for Eurocode 0- NA to BS

What is Reinforced Concrete?

Why Reinforced Concrete?

Why Reinforced Concrete?

Beam Bending Test

Beam Bending Test

Beam Bending Test

Besides providing additional tensile strength,

Building frame Bridge deck system

Water cement ratio

fc: compressive stress ft: tensile stress

Concrete Compressive Strength

Concrete Compressive Strength

Typical strength gain curve

As determined fsy: yield stress

The most useful property for RC design

Concrete vs. Steel

If the member is fully restrained, no compression is sustained

When the tensile stresses caused by shrinkage or thermal

cracks, damage to finishes and the non-alignment of

the tension reinforcement besides reducing shrinkage

helps to restrain the deflections due to creep.

Regardless of exposure, concrete should be made from

reaching the reinforcement through cracks and pervious

Exposure conditions and durability can also affect the

Strength Classes of Concrete

Example: a class C20/25 concrete has a characteristic cylinder crushing

BS4449 will be replaced by BS EN10080 in due course

The bending of high-yield bars through a small radius is liable to

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