FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

LABORATORY INSTRUCTION SHEETS

COURSE CODE BNP 10303

EXPERIMENT CODE MMB 04

EXPERIMENT TITLE FLOW IN PIPES

 KOD ETIKA PELAJAR
(KEP)
JABATAN TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN

Saya dengan ini mengaku bahawa saya telah menyediakan laporan ini dengan

daya usaha saya sendiri. Saya juga mengaku tidak menerima atau memberi

sebarang bantuan dalam menyediakan laporan ini dan membuat ikrar ini

dengan kepercayaan bahawa apa-apa yang tersebut di dalamnya adalah benar.

___________________________
MUHAMMAD FAHMI BIN OTHMAN RANI
AN120025

___________________________
MUHAMMAD FARID NAQIB BIN MD GHAZALI
CN120003
 ___________________________
SHAHDEE IKHMAL BIN ABD MELIK
AN120168

___________________________
ANIS MASTURA BT R.AZMI
AN120009

___________________________
NOOR AISYAH BT MUSTAFA
AN120063

__________________________
NORAINI BT MUSIRAN
AN120083

__________________________
NURUL AMIRAH BT KAMARULZAMAN
AN120106
 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY
SHORT REPORT

EXPERIMENT CODE & MMB 04

TITLE FLOW IN PIPES
COURSE CODE BNP 10303
DATE 18/03/2013
GROUP 2
GROUP MEMBERS 1. MUHAMMAD FAHMI BIN OTHMAN RANI
2. MUHAMMAD FARID NAQIB BIN MD GHAZALI
3. SHAHDEE IKHMAL BIN ABD MELIK
4. ANIS MASTURA BT R.AZMI
5. NOOR AISYAH BT MUSTAFA
6. NORAINI BT MUSIRAN
7. NURUL AMIRAH BT KAMARULZAMAN
LECTURER/ NOR AMANI FILZAH BT MOHD KAMIL
INSTRUCTOR/ TUTOR
DATE OF REPORT 25/03/2013
SUBMISSION
EXAMINER COMMENTS: APPROVAL STAMP

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EDITION: 1
DEPT: CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
REVIEW NO.: 03

EFFECTIVE DATE: 18/3/13

TEST TITLE: FLOW IN PIPES
AMENDMENT
DATE:
25/3/13
1.0 OBJECTIVE
To verify total energy head losses in pipe flow due to frictional resistance in the pipeline.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of this experiment, students are able to:
To evaluate the frictional resistance to flow along a long straight pipe with smooth walls.
To calculate the additional head and the rate of flow along an existing pipeline.
Measure the losses at various fittings, typical of those which are used frequently in pipe
systems.
3.0 INTRODUCTION & THEORY
Introduction :
 Pipes are all around us. Every time we turn the faucet, we expect water to come out. We
expect there to be sufficient pressure to get the job done, be it filling a glass of water in a timely
manner or taking a nice shower. A lot of experimentation went behind the selection of pipe sizes
used in various applications to ensure that what comes out is acceptable. Other than that, the pipe
flow experiment provides an experimental backbone or learning how to apply engineering equations
to real world situations where fluids flow.
This experiment is relatively simple. Regardless of this fact, all the required personal
protective equipment should be worn by all team members while in the lab. Some devices used, ten
differents manometer, apparatus for measuring head loss along a pipe and stop watch. The mercury
used in the mercury manometer should be watched carefully to insure that the mercury does not
come out of the manometer. As with any hazardous material, all team members working on or near
this apparatus should be fully aware of what they are near. With this in mind, all team members
should read and understand the materials safety for mercury before entering the lab.
Though water is not a hazardous material, it can cause an accident when it is spilled on the
floor. The water should be quickly mopped up with the mop to reduce the chances of an accident.
The pressure taps and tubing can cause accidents to occur because of their lengths and bulky masses.
Make sure they are properly stored when they are not in use.
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DEPT: CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
REVIEW NO.: 03

EFFECTIVE DATE: 18/3/13

TEST TITLE: FLOW IN PIPES
AMENDMENT
DATE: 25/3/13
Theory :

When fluid flows in a pipe, whether smooth or rough pipe, there would be frictional losses. Friction
loss is due to frictional resistance at the pipe wall and frictional resistance between fluid molecules.
Therefore, there would be a reduction in energy head h f. Minor head losses such as occurs at valves,
pipe inlet and outlet, and bends is considered to be negligible in the test.

3.1 FLOW IN PIPES ANALYSIS CALCULATION EXAMPLES

1. For fully developed flow along a circular pipe, head loss due to friction (in mH2O) is given as:
2
L v
hf f
d 2g
 L
where = length between points of pressure measurement (m) = 1 meter for all pipes
m s
v = mean velocity of flow
g 9.81 m s 2

= gravity acceleration
d m
= internal pipe diameter
f
= pipe friction factor
f
Note: When Reynolds number Re of a flow is known, then is obtainable from Moody diagram.
vd
Re

where, = viscosity of fluid
Ns m 2 15 C
= 1.15 10-3 at
kg m 3 15 C
= density of fluid = 1000 at

FACULTY: ENGINEERING
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TECHNOLOGY
DEPT: CIVIL ENGINEERING EDITION: 1
TECHNOLOGY REVIEW NO.: 03
EFFECTIVE DATE:
TEST TITLE: FLOW IN PIPES
AMENDMENT DATE:
2. For expansion and contraction in pipe, head loss due to friction (in mH2O) is given as:
kv 2
hf
2g
And the losses coficient value, k refer table 3.1 & 3.2

d2
d1 1.0 1.25 1.75 2.0 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.0

d1 vd2
km
0.0 0.32 1.56 9.0 16.5 27.6 43.1 64.0
3.1 Expansion Pipe

d2
d1 1.0 0.80 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25

d1 v d2 km
0.0 0.22 0.35 0.40 0.44 0.45 0.47 0.48
3.2 Contraction Pipe

3. For smooth pipe with bend of , head loss due friction (in mH 2O) is given as:
kv2
hf
2g

And losses coficient value k, refer table 3.3

r
d
90 60 45 22.5

1.0 0.30 0.25 0.21 0.13

2.0 0.16 0.13 0.11 0.05

3.0 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.04

4.0 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.04

5.0 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.03

6.0 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.03

above
r 3.3 Bend Pipe
a

3/1
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DATE:

Figure 3.1: Moody Diagram

 3/1
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4.0 APPLICATION IN INDUSTRIES

Pipe networks are mainly used for transportation and supply of uids and gases. These
networks vary from fewer pipes to thousands of pipes (e.g. water supply network of a
large city). In addition to pipes, the network also consists of elbows, T-junctions, bends,
contractions, expansions, valves, meters, pumps, turbines and many other components. All
these components cause loss in pressure due to change in momentum of the ow caused due to
friction and pipe components. This means conversion of ow energy in to heat due to friction
or energy lost due to turbulence.
Pipe networks are very common in industries, where uid or gases are to be transported
from one location to the other. The head loss (pressure loss) may vary depending on
the type of components occurring in the network, material of the pipe and type of uid
transported through the network. In industries the networks are usually large and require
very precise pressure at certain points of network. It is also sometimes essential to place
valves, pumps or turbines of certain capacity to control pressure in the network. The
placement of valves, pumps and turbines is important to overcome pressure loses caused
by other components in the network. This is one of the important reasons why this study
was conducted.

5.0 EQUIPMENTS & MATERIAL

1. Apparatus for measuring head loss along a pipe
2. Stop watch
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DEPT: CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
REVIEW NO.: 03

EFFECTIVE DATE: 18/3/13

TEST TITLE: FLOW IN PIPES
AMENDMENT
DATE: 25/3/13

6.0 PROCEDURE
1. Fill the pipe system with water. Make sure there is no trapped air in the pipe under test (smaller
diameter pipe).
2. Open the inlet valve of the smaller diameter pipe and make sure all other inlet valve is remained
closed. Make sure the cover to supply tank of the hydraulic bench is open.

3.Switch on the pump to start the experiment.

4. The control valve is partly and water level in the

manometer will be raised hB or depressed hA. Record the
readings in column head loss H in Table 6.1 (for enlargement
of smaller pipe, manometer 7 and 8). Make sure the
difference of hB - hA is not less than 10 mmHg. Close the
bottom of the hydraulic bench to collect water of desired
volume and record the time needed for the collection. Record
the readings in Table 6.1.

5.Repeat steps 4 to 6 for 2nd and 3rd trial.

6.Close the control valve and turn OFF the pump.

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TEST TITLE: FLOW IN PIPES
AMENDMENT
DATE:
25/3/13

7. Open the inlet valve of smaller diameter pipe.

8. Repeat steps 2 to 6 and record the readings of head

loss and time in Table 6.2 (for contraction of smaller
diameter pipe, manometer 9 and 10).

9. For test of pipe having bend of 90 o (manometer 5 and

6), open the right inlet valve and record the readings
in Table 6.3.

10. Close the control valve and switch off the pump.

11. Close the pipe inlet valve.

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DEPT: CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
REVIEW NO.: 03

EFFECTIVE DATE: 18/3/13

TEST TITLE: FLOW IN PIPES
AMENDMENT
DATE: 25/3/13
7.0 RESULT & CALCULATION

Table 6.1: For smaller diameter of smooth pipe, pipe expansion (manometer 7 and 8)

Volume Time Discharge Diameter Velocity k Head Head H Percentage

V T Q of pipe m s hf hf Head loss, of
(litre) (sec) d v loss, loss, mmHg differences
m s
3
m 2
4Q mH 2 O (mmHg) (%)
(h A h B )
d
3
V 10

T

5 25 0.00020 0.0136 1.377 9 0.869 63.92 340-335=5 92

5 22 0.00023 0.0136 1.583 9 1.149 84.52 290-280 88
=10
15 86 0.00017 0.0136 1.170 9 1.326 97.54 360-335 74
=25
15 65 0.00023 0.0136 1.583 9 1.149 84.52 300-270 66
=30

Table 6.2: For bigger diameter of smooth pipe, pipe contraction (manometer 9 and 10)
 Volume Time Discharge Diameter Velocity k Head Head H Percentage
V T Q of pipe m s hf hf Head loss, of
(litre) (sec) d v loss, loss, mmHg differences
m s
3
m 2
4Q mH 2 O (mmHg) (%)
(h A h B )
d
3
V 10

T

5 23 0.00022 0.0262 0.407 9 0.076 5.59 610-20=590 10812

5 25 0.0002 0.0262 0.370 9 0.063 4.62 605-0=605 12995
15 28 0.00018 0.0262 0.333 9 0.051 3.74 607-0=607 16130
15 30 0.00017 0.0262 0.315 9 0.046 3.35 605-0=605 17995

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DEPT: CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
REVIEW NO.: 03

EFFECTIVE DATE: 18/3/13

TEST TITLE: FLOW IN PIPES
AMENDMENT
DATE:
25/3/13

Table 6.3: For smooth pipe, straight pipe (manometer 5 and 6)

Volume Time Discharge Diameter Velocity k Head Head H Percentage

V T Q of pipe m s hf hf Head loss, of
(litre) (sec) d v loss, loss, mmHg differences
m s
3
m 2
4Q mH 2 O (mmHg) (%)
(h A h B )
d
3
V 10

T

5 23 0.00022 0.0136 1.514 9 1.051 77.32 1070-650 443

=420
5 22 0.00023 0.0136 1.583 9 1.149 84.52 1005-700 261
=305
15 75 0.00020 0.0136 1.377 9 0.869 63.92 1040-675 471
=365
15 67 0.00022 0.0136 1.514 9 1.051 77.32 1065-650 437
=415
Table 6.4: For smooth pipe with bend of 90 (manometer 1 and 2)

Volume Time Discharge Diamete Velocity k Head Head Head loss, Percentage
V T Q r m s hf hf H of
(litre) (sec) of pipe v loss, loss, differences
m s
3 d 4Q mH 2 O (mmHg mmHg (%)
2 )
m d (h A h B )
V 10 3

T

5 25 0.00020 0.0136 1.377 0.11 0.01063 0.78 570-210 46053

=360
5 22 0.00023 0.0136 1.583 0.11 0.01405 1.03 560-210 33880
=350
15 65 0.00023 0.0136 1.583 0.11 0.01405 1.03 570-200 33880
=370
15 66 0.00023 0.0136 1.583 0.11 0.01405 1.03 570-200 33880
=370

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FACULTY: ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
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DEPT: CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
REVIEW NO.: 03

EFFECTIVE DATE: 18/3/13

TEST TITLE: FLOW IN PIPES
AMENDMENT
DATE: 25/3/13
8.0 DATA ANALYSIS
About the calculation in Table 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 and 6.4.

For Table 6.1:

To calculate the value of k:

d 2 0.0262
=
d 1 0.0136

1.926 2

From table 3.1, k=9

 kv 2
hf
2g

2
9(1.377)
=0.869 m H 2 O
2 9.81

10.33 mH2O = 760 mmHg

0.869 760
=63.92 mmHg
0.869 mH2O = 10.33

563.92
100 =92
Percentage of differences = 63.92

For Table 6.2 :

To calculate the value of k:
d 2 0.0262
=
d 1 0.0136

1.926 2

From table 3.1, k=9

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FACULTY: ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
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DEPT: CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
REVIEW NO.: 03

EFFECTIVE DATE: 18/3/13

TEST TITLE: FLOW IN PIPES
AMENDMENT
DATE:
25/3/13

kv 2
hf
2g
 9(0.407)2
=0.076 m H 2 O
2 9.81

10.33 mH2O = 760 mmHg

0.076 760
=5.59 mmHg
0.076 mH2O = 10.33

5 905.59
100 =10812
Percentage of differences = 5.59

For Table 6.3:

To calculate the value of k:

d 2 0.0262
=
d 1 0.0136

1.926 2

From table 3.2, k=9

kv 2
hf
2g

2
9(1.154)
=1.051 m H 2 O
2 9.81

10.33 mH2O = 760 mmHg

1.051 760
=77.32 mmHg
1.051 mH2O = 10.33

42077.32
100 =443
Percentage of differences = 77.32

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FACULTY: ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
DEPT: CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY EDITION: 1
 REVIEW NO.: 03

EFFECTIVE DATE: 18/3/13

TEST TITLE: FLOW IN PIPES
AMENDMENT
DATE: 25/3/13

For Table 6.4:

To calculate the value of k:

r 0.05
=
d 0.0136

3.68 4

From table 3.3, k=0.11

kv2
hf
2g

0.11 (1.377)2
=0.01063 m H 2 O
2 9.81

10.33 mH2O = 760 mmHg

0.01063 760
=0.78 mmHg
0.01063 mH2O = 10.33

3600.78
100 =46063
Percentage of differences = 0.78

9.0 DISCUSSION

The ow of a uid in a pipe may be laminar ow or it may be turbulent ow. Osborne

Reynolds(1842-1912), a British scientist and mathematician, was the rst to distinguish the
difference between these two classications of ow by using a simple apparatus.

The transition from laminar to turbulent flow depends on the geometry, surface
roughness, flow velocity, surface temperature, and type of fluid, among other things. After
exhaustive experiments in the 1880s, Osborne Reynolds discovered that the flow regime
depends mainly on the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces in the fluid.

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FACULTY: ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
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DEPT: CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
REVIEW NO.: 03

EFFECTIVE DATE: 18/3/13

TEST TITLE: FLOW IN PIPES
AMENDMENT
DATE: 25/3/13
This ratio is called the Reynolds number and is expressed for internal flow in a circular
pipe as

For pipe ow the most important dimensionless parameter is the Reynolds number, Re =V
D/ the ratio of the inertia to viscous effects in the ow. Hence, the term owrate should
bereplaced by Reynolds number, where V is the average velocity in the pipe. That is, the
owin a pipe is laminar, transitional, or turbulent provided the Reynolds number is small
enough,intermediate, or large enough. It is not only the uid velocity that determines the
character of theowits density, viscosity, and the pipe size are of equal importance. These
parameters combine toproduce the Reynolds number.

In this experiments, there are totally highly differences in the percentage of head loss for all
types of pipes. This is because there are lot of errors during this experiments happen such as

a. There are some lichens in the pipes. This will affect the differences ath Aand hB. The
friction at the wall of the main pipes may cause the velocity of the fluids decreases
due to frictional resistance between the fluid molecules and the wall of the main pipe
which will effects the results at the end of the experiments.

b. Other than that, there are parallex error and zero error happen during the
experiments and before the experiments. We are unable to fix the zero error for this
 experiments because the apparatus for this experiments are difficult to repair without
the technician who are profesional to do so.

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FACULTY: ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EDITION: 1
DEPT: CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
REVIEW NO.: 03

EFFECTIVE DATE: 18/3/13

TEST TITLE: FLOW IN PIPES
AMENDMENT
DATE: 25/3/13
To prevent the problems happen again, we should :

a. Clean the pipes before the experiments.

b. Avoid from making jokes during the experiments to prevent the parallex error from
happen.

10.0 CONCLUSION

This experiment was conducted to verify total energy losses in pipe flow due to frictional resistance
in pipeline. The experimental value of the head loss due to friction (in mH 2O) is calculated with the
formula,
2
L v
hf f
d 2g

Besides, the Reynolds number Re of a flow is calculated by using formula of,

vd
Re

The pipe friction factor ,f is obtainable from Moody diagram provided. Comparing the
theoretical and experimental values, there are some significant differences with some of the values,
which certifies that there are experimental errors in reading the water level. One source of error was
due to the measurement of the head loss, h, from the manometer board. Due to unsteady flow in the
testing apparatus, the air over water manometer did not give a steady reading. In order to compensate
for this discrepancy, the lowest value the fluctuating fluid took was the recorded value. Another
source of error was due to the flow meter of the testing apparatus.
During the experiment, bigger diameter of smooth pipe, pipe contraction (manometer 9 and 10) pipe
inlet valve did not work. Water that not flow in pipe inlet vavle caused water cannot recycled. So
water did not flow and there were no result can be read. Water cannot flow because of a clogged
pipe.