Vandals

Vandal and Vandali redirect here. For other uses, Roman province of Africa as well as Sicily, Corsica,
see Vandal (disambiguation).
Sardinia, Malta and the Balearic Islands. They fended
o several Roman attempts to recapture the African
province, and sacked the city of Rome in 455. Their king-
dom collapsed in the Vandalic War of 5334, in which
Justinian I managed to reconquer the province for the
Eastern Roman Empire.
Renaissance and Early Modern writers characterized the
Vandals as barbarians, sacking and looting Rome. This
led to the use of the term "vandalism" to describe any
senseless destruction, particularly the "barbarian" defac-
ing of artwork. However, modern historians tend to re-
gard the Vandals during the transitional period from Late
Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages as perpetuators, not
destroyers, of Roman culture.[6]

1 Name

Vandalic goldfoil jewellery from the 3rd or 4th century

The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe, or group

of tribes, who were rst heard of in southern Poland,
but later moved around Europe establishing kingdoms in
Spain and later North Africa in the 5th century.[1]
The Vandals are believed to have migrated from south-
ern Scandinavia to the area between the lower Oder and
Vistula rivers during the 2nd century BC and to have set-
tled in Silesia from around 120 BC.[2][3][4] They are asso-
ciated with the Przeworsk culture and were possibly the
same people as the Lugii. Expanding into Dacia dur-
ing the Marcomannic Wars and to Pannonia during the Neck ring with plug clasp from the Vandalic Treasure of Os-
Crisis of the Third Century, the Vandals were conned ztrpataka displayed at the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna,
to Pannonia by the Goths around 330 AD, where they Austria.
received permission to settle by Constantine the Great.
Around 400 the Vandals were pushed westwards again, Further information: Vendel and Aurvandil
this time by the Huns, crossing the Rhine into Gaul along
with other tribes in 406. In 409, the Vandals crossed The name of the Vandals has often been connected to that
the Pyrenees into the Iberian Peninsula, where their main of Vendel, the name of a province in Uppland, Sweden,
groups, the Hasdingi and the Silingi, settled in Gallaecia which is also eponymous of the Vendel Period of Swedish
(northwest) and Baetica (south central) respectively.[5] prehistory, corresponding to the late Germanic Iron Age
After the Visigoths invaded Iberia, the Iranian Alans and leading up to the Viking Age. The connection would be
Silingi Vandals voluntarily subjected to the rule of Has- that Vendel is the original homeland of the Vandals prior
dingian leader Gunderic, who was pushed from Gallaecia to the Migration Period, and retains their tribal name as a
to Baetica by a Roman-Suebi coalition in 419. In 429, toponym. Further possible homelands of the Vandals in
under king Genseric, the Vandals entered North Africa. Scandinavia are Vendsyssel in Denmark and Hallingdal
By 439 they established a kingdom which included the in Norway.[7]

1
2 2
The etymology of the name may be related to a Ger-
manic verb *wand- to wander" (English wend, Ger-
man wandeln). The Germanic mythological gure of
Aurvandil shining wanderer; dawn wanderer, evening
star", or Shining Vandal is reported as one of the Ger-
manic Dioscuri". R. Much has forwarded the theory that
the tribal name Vandal reects worship of Aurvandil or
the Dioscuri, probably involving an origin myth that the
Vandalic kings were descended from Aurvandil (compa-
rable to the case of many other Germanic tribal names).[8]
Some medieval authors applied the ethnonym Vandals
to Slavs: Veneti, Wends, Lusatians or Poles. [9][10][11]
was once thought that the Slovenes were the descen-
dants of the Vandals, but this is not the view of modern
scholars.[12]
2 History
2.1 Origins
Nordseegermanen
Nordgermanen
Elbgermanen
Rhein-Weser-Germanen
Odermndungsgermanen
Przeworsker Kultur
Weichselmndungsgermanen
(Wielbark-Kultur)
The Germanic tribes of Northern Europe in the mid-1st century
AD. The Vandals/Lugii are depicted in green, in the area of mod-
ern Poland.
The Vandals are believed to have migrated from southern
Scandinavia[2][3][4] to the area between the lower Oder
and Vistula somewhere in the 2nd century BC, and to
have settled in Silesia from around 120 BC.[4] The earliest
mention of the Vandals is from Pliny the Elder, who used
the term Vandilii in a broad way to dene one of the ma-
jor groupings of all Germanic peoples. Tribes within this
category who he mentions are the Burgundiones, Varini,
Carini (otherwise unknown), and the Gutones.[13] Ac-
cording to the Gallaecian Christian priest, historian and
theologian Paulus Orosius, the Vandals, who lived origi-
nally in Scoringa, near Stockholm, Sweden, were of the
same stock as the Suiones (Swedes) and the Goths.[14]
Most archaeologists and historians identify the Vandals
with the Przeworsk culture.[4][15][16] The bearers of the
Przeworsk culture mainly practiced cremation, with oc-
casional inhumation.[16] The Lugii (Lygier, Lugier or Ly-
gians) have been identied by modern historians as the
HISTORY
same people as the Vandals.[4][4][17][18][19] The Lugii are
mentioned by Strabo, Tacitus and Ptolemy as a large
group of tribes living between the Vistula and the Oder.
Neither Strabo, Tacitus or Ptolemy mentions the Vandals,
while Pliny the Elder mentions the Vandals but not the
Lugii.[15] According to John Anderson, the Lugii and
Vandili are designations of the same tribal group, the
latter an extended ethnic name, the former probably a
cult-title.[17] Herwig Wolfram notes that In all likeli-
hood the Lugians and the Vandals were one cultic com-
munity that lived in the same region of the Oder in Silesia,
It where it was [18]
rst under Celtic and then under Germanic
domination.
2.2 Introduction into the Roman Empire
The Roman empire under Hadrian (ruled 117-38), showing the
location of the Vandilii East Germanic tribes, then inhabiting the
upper Vistula region (Poland).
By the end of the 2nd century, the Vandals were di-
vided in two main tribal groups, the Silingi and the
Hasdingi, with the Silingi being associated with Silesia
and the Hasdingi living in the Sudetes. Around the mid
2nd century AD, there was a signicant migration by
Germanic tribes of Scandinavian origin (Rugii, Goths,
Gepidae, Vandals, Burgundians, and others)[20] towards
the south-east, creating turmoil along the entire Roman
frontier.[20][21][22][23] The 6th century Byzantine histo-
rian Procopius noted that the Goths, Gepidae and Van-
dals were physically and culturally identical, suggesting a
common origin.[24] These migrations culminated in the
Marcomannic Wars, which resulted in widespread de-
struction and the rst invasion of Italy in the Roman
Empire period.[23] During the Marcomannic Wars (166
180) the Hasdingi (or Astingi), led by the kings Raus and
Rapt (or Rhaus and Raptus) moved south, entering Dacia
as allies of Rome.[25] However they eventually caused
problems in Dacia and moved further south, towards the
lower Danube area. Together with the Hasdingi were the
Lacringi, who were possibly also Vandals.[26][27] In about
271 AD the Roman Emperor Aurelian was obliged to
2.3 In Gaul 3

protect the middle course of the Danube against them. westwards into Roman territory. Some of the Silingi
They made peace and stayed on the eastern bank of the joined them later. Vandals raided the Roman province
Danube.[25] of Raetia in the winter of 401/402. From this, histo-
rian Peter Heather concludes that at this time the Vandals
were located in the region around the Middle and Upper
Danube.[30] It is possible that the Vandals were part of
the Gothic king Radagaisus' invasion of Italy in 405-406
AD.[31]

2.3 In Gaul

In 406 the Vandals advanced from Pannonia travelling

west along the Danube without much diculty, but when
they reached the Rhine, they met resistance from the
Franks, who populated and controlled Romanized re-
gions in northern Gaul. Twenty thousand Vandals, in-
cluding Godigisel himself, died in the resulting battle,
but then with the help of the Alans they managed to de-
feat the Franks, and on December 31, 406 the Vandals
crossed the Rhine, probably while it was frozen, to invade
Gaul, which they devastated terribly. Under Godigisels
son Gunderic, the Vandals plundered their way westward
and southward through Aquitaine.

2.4 In Hispania

Reconstruction of a Germanic Iron Age warriors garments rep-

resenting a Vandalic man, with his hair in a "Suebian knot" (170
AD), Archaeological Museum of Krakw.

According to Jordanes' Getica, the Hasdingi came into

conict with the Goths around the time of Constantine
the Great. At the time, the Vandals were living in
lands later inhabited by the Gepids, where they were sur-
rounded on the east [by] the Goths, on the west [by] the
Marcomanni, on the north [by] the Hermanduri and on
the south [by] the Hister (Danube). The Vandals were at-
tacked by the Gothic king Geberic, and their king Visimar
was killed.[28] The Vandals then migrated to Pannonia, Map showing the migrations of the Vandals from Germany
where after Constantine the Great (about 330) granted through Dacia, Gaul, Iberia, and into North Africa, and their
them lands on the right bank of the Danube, they lived raids throughout the Mediterranean.
for the next sixty years.[28][29]
On October 13, 409 they crossed the Pyrenees into the
Around this time, the Hasdingi had already been Iberian peninsula. There, the Hasdingi received land
Christianized. During the Emperor Valens's reign (364 from the Romans, as foederati, in Asturia (Northwest)
78) the Vandals accepted, much like the Goths earlier, and the Silingi in Hispania Baetica (South), while the
Arianism, a belief that was in opposition to that of Nicene Alans got lands in Lusitania (West) and the region around
orthodoxy of the Roman Empire.[28] Yet there were also Carthago Nova.[5] The Suebi also controlled part of Gal-
some scattered orthodox Vandals, among whom was the laecia. The Visigoths, who invaded Iberia before receiv-
famous magister militum Stilicho, the chief minister of ing lands in Septimania (Southern France), crushed the
the Emperor Honorius probably more due to Stilicho be- Alans in 418, killing the western Alan king Attaces.[32]
ing half Vandal and half Roman. The remainder of his people and the remnants of the
In 400 or 401, possibly because of attacks by the Huns, Silingi who were nearly wiped out subsequently appealed
the Vandals, under king Godigisel, along with their al- to the Vandal king Gunderic to accept the Alan crown.
lies (the Iranian Alans and Germanic Suebians) moved Later Vandal kings in North Africa styled themselves
4 2
Rex Wandalorum et Alanorum (King of the Vandals
and Alans). In 419 AD the Hasdingi Vandals were
defeated by a joint Roman-Suebi coalition. Gunderic
ed to Baetica, where he was also proclaimed king of
the Silingi Vandals.[4] In 422 Gunderic decisively de-
feated a Roman-Suebi-Gothic coalition led by the Ro-
man patrician Castinus at the Battle of Tarraco.[33][34][35]
It is likely that many Roman and Gothic troops de-
serted to Gunderic following the battle.[35] For the next
ve years, according to Hydatius, Gunderic created
widespread havoc in the western Mediterranean.[35] In
425, the Vandals pillaged the Balearic Islands, Hispania
and Mauritania, sacking Carthago Spartaria (Cartagena)
and Hispalis (Seville).[35] The capture of the maritime
city of Carthago Spartaria enabled the Vandals to en-
gage in widespread naval activities.[35] In 428 Gunderic
captured Hispalis but died while laying siege to the
citys church.[35] He was succeeded by his half-brother
Genseric, who although he was illegitimate (his mother
was a Roman slave) had held a prominent position at the
Vandal court, rising to the throne unchallenged.[36]
Genseric is often regarded by historians as the most
able barbarian leader of the Migration Period.[37]
Michael Frasseto writes that he probably contributed
more to the destruction of Rome than any of his
contemporaries.[37] Although the barbarians controlled
Hispania they still comprised a tiny minority among a
much larger Hispano-Roman population, approximately
200,000 out of 6,000,000.[5] Shortly after seizing the
throne, Genseric was attacked from the rear by a large
force of Suebi under the command of Heremigarius who
had managed to take Lusitania.[38] This Suebi army was
defeated near Mrida and its leader Hermigario drowned
in the Guadiana River while trying to ee.[38]
It is possible that the name Al-Andalus (and its deriva-
tive Andalusia) is derived from the Arabic adoption of
the name of the Vandals.[39][40]
2.5 Kingdom in North Africa
2.5.1 Establishment
Main article: Vandal Kingdom
The Vandals under Genseric (also known as Geiseric)
crossed to Africa in 429.[41] Although numbers are un-
known and some historians debate the validity of esti-
mates, based on Procopius assertion that the Vandals
and Alans numbered 80,000 when they moved to North
Africa,[42] Peter Heather estimates that they could have
elded an army of around 15,00020,000.[43] Accord-
ing to Procopius, the Vandals came to Africa at the re-
quest of Bonifacius, the military ruler of the region.[44]
Seeking to establish himself as an independent ruler in
Africa or even become Roman Emperor, Bonifacius had
defeated several Roman attempts to subdue him, until
he was mastered by the newly appointed Gothic count
of Africa, Sigisvult, who captured both Hippo Regius
HISTORY
The Vandal Kingdom at its greatest extent in the 470s
and Carthage.[37] It is possible that Bonifacius had sought
Genseric as an ally against Sigisvult, promising him a
part of Africa in return.[37] Advancing eastwards along
the coast, the Vandals were confronted on the Numidian
border in MayJune 430 by Bonifacius. Negotiations
broke down, and Bonifacius was soundly defeated.[45][46]
Bonifacius subsequently barricaded himself inside Hippo
Regius with the Vandals besieging the city.[41] Inside,
Saint Augustine and his priests prayed for relief from
the invaders, knowing full well that the fall of the city
would spell conversion or death for many Roman Chris-
tians. On 28 August 430, three months into the siege,
St. Augustine (who was 75 years old) died,[47] perhaps
from starvation or stress, as the wheat elds outside the
city lay dormant and unharvested. The death of Au-
gustine shocked Regent of the Western Roman Empire
Galla Placidia, who feared the consequences if her realm
was to lose its most important source of grain.[46] She
raised a new army in Italy and convinced her nephew in
Constantinople, the Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius
II, to send an army to North Africa led by Aspar.[46]
Around JulyAugust 431, Genseric raised the siege of
Hippo Regius,[45] which enabled Bonifacius to retreat
from Hippo Regius to Carthage, where he was joined
by Aspars army. Some time in the summer of 432,
Genseric soundly defeated the joint forces of both Boni-
facius and Aspar, which enabled him to seize Hippo
Regius unopposed.[46] Genseric and Aspar subsequently
negotiated a peace treaty of some sorts.[45] Upon seiz-
ing Hippo Regius, Geiseric made it the rst capital of the
Vandal kingdom.[48]
Peace was made between the Romans and the Vandals
in 435 through a treaty giving the Vandals control of
coastal Numidia. Geiseric chose to break the treaty in
439 when he invaded the province of Africa Procon-
sularis and seized Carthage on October 19th.[49] The city
was captured without a ght; the Vandals entered the city
while most of the inhabitants were attending the races at
the hippodrome. Genseric made it his capital, and styled
himself the King of the Vandals and Alans, to denote the
inclusion of the Alans of northern Africa into his alliance.
Conquering Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and the Balearic Is-
2.5 Kingdom in North Africa 5

lands, he built his kingdom into a powerful state. Histo- from murder and destruction by re, and to be satised
rian Camerson suggests that the new Vandal rule may not with pillage. Whether the popes inuence saved Rome is,
have been unwelcomed by the population of North Africa however, questioned. The Vandals departed with count-
as the great landowners were generally unpopular.[50] less valuables. Eudoxia and her daughter Eudocia were
[54]
The impression given by ancient sources such as Victor taken to North Africa.
of Vita, Quodvultdeus, and Fulgentius of Ruspe was that
the Vandal take-over of Carthage and North Africa led to 2.5.3 Consolidation
widespread destruction. However, recent archaeological
investigations have challenged this assertion. Although In 456 a Vandal eet of 60 ships threatening both Gaul
Carthages Odeon was destroyed, the street pattern re- and Italy was ambushed and defeated in Corsica by the
mained the same and some public buildings were reno- Western Roman general Ricimer.[57] In 457 a mixed
vated. The political centre of Carthage was the Byrsa Vandal-Berber army returning with loot from a raid
Hill. New industrial centres emerged within towns dur- in Campania were soundly defeated in a surprise at-
ing this period.[51] Historian Andy Merrills uses the large tack by Western Emperor Majorian at the mouth of the
amounts of African Red Slip ware discovered across the Garigliano river.[58]
Mediterranean dating from the Vandal period of North
Africa to challenge the assumption that the Vandal rule As a result of the Vandal sack of Rome and piracy in the
of North Africa was a time of economic instability.[52] Mediterranean, it became important to the Roman Em-
When the Vandals raided Sicily in 440, the Western Ro- pire to destroy the Vandal kingdom. In 460, the West-
man Empire was too preoccupied with war with Gaul ern Roman Emperor Majorian launched an expedition
to react. Theodosius II, emperor of the Eastern Roman against the Vandals, but was defeated at the Battle of
Empire, dispatched an expedition to deal with the Van- Cartagena. In 468 the Western and Eastern Roman em-
dals in 441; however, it only progressed as far as Sicily. pires launched an enormous expedition against the Van-
The Western Empire under Valentinian III secured peace dals under the command of Basiliscus, which reportedly
with the Vandals in 442.[53] Under the treaty the Vandals was composed of a 100,000 soldiers and 1,000 ships.
gained Byzacena, Tripolitania, and part of Numidia, and The Vandals defeated the invaders at the Battle of Cap
conrmed their control of Proconsular Africa.[54] The Bon, capturing the Western eet, [53] and destroying the East-
Empire regained western Numidia and the two Maure- ern through the use of re ships. Following up the at-
tanian provinces until 455. tack, the Vandals tried to invade the Peloponnese, but
were driven back by the Maniots at Kenipolis with heavy
losses.[59] In retaliation, the Vandals took 500 hostages at
2.5.2 Sack of Rome Zakynthos, hacked them to pieces and threw the pieces
overboard on the way to Carthage.[59]
Main article: Sack of Rome (455) In the 470s, the Romans abandoned their policy of
war against the Vandals. The Western general Ricimer
[53]
During the next thirty-ve years, with a large eet, reached a treaty with them, and in 476 Genseric was
Genseric looted the coasts of the Eastern and Western able to conclude a perpetual peace with Constantino-
Empires. Vandal activity in the Mediterranean was so ple. Relations between the two states assumed a veneer of
[60]
substantial that the seas name in Old English was Wen- normality. From 477 onwards, the Vandals produced
[55]
dels (i. e. Sea of the Vandals). After Attila the Hun's their own coinage, restricted to bronze and silver low-
death, however, the Romans could aord to turn their at- denomination coins. The high-denomination imperial
tention back to the Vandals, who were in control of some money was retained, demonstrating in the words of Mer-
of the richest lands of their former empire. rills reluctance to usurp the imperial prerogative.[61]
In an eort to bring the Vandals into the fold of the Em- Although the Vandals had fended o attacks from the Ro-
pire, Valentinian III oered his daughters hand in mar- mans and established hegemony over the islands of the
riage to Genserics son. Before this treaty could be car- western Mediterranean, they were less successful in their
ried out, however, politics again played a crucial part in conict with the Berbers. Situated south of the Vandal
the blunders of Rome. Petronius Maximus, the usurper, kingdom, the Berbers inicted two major defeats on the
[53]
killed Valentinian III in an eort to control the Empire. Vandals in the period 496530.
Diplomacy between the two factions broke down, and in
455 with a letter from the Empress Licinia Eudoxia, beg-
2.5.4 Domestic religious tensions
ging Genserics son to rescue her, the Vandals took Rome,
along with the Empress Licinia Eudoxia and her daugh- Dierences between the Arian Vandals and their
ters Eudocia and Placidia. Trinitarian subjects (including both Catholics and
The chronicler Prosper of Aquitaine[56] oers the only Donatists) were a constant source of tension in their
fth-century report that on 2 June 455, Pope Leo the African state. Catholic bishops were exiled or killed
Great received Genseric and implored him to abstain by Genseric and laymen were excluded from oce and
6 2
A denarius of the reign of Hilderic
frequently suered conscation of their property.[62] He
protected his Catholic subjects when his relations with
Rome and Constantinople were friendly, as during the
years 45457, when the Catholic community at Carthage,
being without a head, elected Deogratias bishop. The
same was also the case during the years 476477 when
Bishop Victor of Cartenna sent him, during a period
of peace, a sharp refutation of Arianism and suered
no punishment. Huneric, Genserics successor, issued
edicts against Catholics in 483 and 484 in an eort to
marginalise them and make Arianism the primary reli-
gion in North Africa.[63] Generally most Vandal kings,
except Hilderic, persecuted Trinitarian Christians to a
greater or lesser extent, banning conversion for Vandals,
exiling bishops and generally making life dicult for
Trinitarians.
2.5.5 Decline
According to the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia: Genseric,
one of the most powerful personalities of the era of the
Migrations, died on 25 January 477, at the great age
of around 88 years. According to the law of succession
which he had promulgated, the oldest male member of the
royal house was to succeed. Thus he was succeeded by his
son Huneric (477484), who at rst tolerated Catholics,
owing to his fear of Constantinople, but after 482 began
to persecute Manichaeans and Catholics.[64]
Gunthamund (484496), his cousin and successor,
sought internal peace with the Catholics and ceased per-
secution once more. Externally, the Vandal power had
been declining since Genserics death, and Gunthamund
lost large parts of Sicily to the Ostrogoths and had to with-
stand increasing pressure from the autochthonous Moors.
According to the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia: While
Thrasamund (496523), owing to his religious fanati-
cism, was hostile to Catholics, he contented himself with
bloodless persecutions.[64] On December 15, 533, Gelimer and Belisarius clashed
2.5.6 The turbulent end
Main article: Vandalic War
Hilderic (523530) was the Vandal king most tolerant to- to the Byzantine conqueror, ending the Kingdom of the
wards the Catholic Church. He granted it religious free- Vandals.
HISTORY
Belisarius may be this bearded gure on the right of Emperor
Justinian I in the mosaic in the Church of San Vitale, Ravenna,
which celebrates the reconquest of Italy by the Byzantine army
under the skillful leadership of Belisarius
dom; consequently Catholic synods were once more held
in North Africa. However, he had little interest in war,
and left it to a family member, Hoamer. When Hoamer
suered a defeat against the Moors, the Arian faction
within the royal family led a revolt, raising the banner
of national Arianism, and his cousin Gelimer (530533)
became king. Hilderic, Hoamer and their relatives were
thrown into prison.[65]
Byzantine Emperor Justinian I declared war, with the
stated intention of restoring Hilderic to the Vandal throne.
The deposed Hilderic was murdered in 533 on Gelimers
orders.[65] While an expedition was en route, a large part
of the Vandal army and navy was led by Tzazo, Gelimers
brother, to Sardinia to deal with a rebellion. As a re-
sult, the armies of the Byzantine Empire commanded by
Belisarius were able to land unopposed 10 miles (16 km)
from Carthage. Gelimer quickly assembled an army,[66]
and met Belisarius at the Battle of Ad Decimum; the Van-
dals were winning the battle until Gelimers brother Am-
matas and nephew Gibamund fell in battle. Gelimer then
lost heart and ed. Belisarius quickly took Carthage while
the surviving Vandals fought on.[67]
again at the Battle of Tricamarum, some 20 miles (32
km) from Carthage. Again, the Vandals fought well but
broke, this time when Gelimers brother Tzazo fell in bat-
tle. Belisarius quickly advanced to Hippo, second city
of the Vandal Kingdom, and in 534 Gelimer surrendered

North Africa, comprising north Tunisia and eastern Al-
geria in the Vandal period, became a Roman province
again, from which the Vandals were expelled. Many Van-
dals went to Saldae (today called Bjaa in north Algeria)
where they integrated themselves with the Berbers. Many
others were put into imperial service or ed to the two
Gothic kingdoms (Ostrogothic Kingdom and Visigothic
Kingdom). Some Vandal women married Byzantine sol-
diers and settled in north Algeria and Tunisia. The choic-
est Vandal warriors were formed into ve cavalry reg-
iments, known as Vandali Iustiniani, stationed on the
Persian frontier. Some entered the private service of
Belisarius.[68] The 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia states that
Gelimer was honourably treated and received large es-
tates in Galatia. He was also oered the rank of a
patrician but had to refuse it because he was not will-
ing to change his Arian faith".[64] In the words of his-
torian Roger Collins: The remaining Vandals were
then shipped back to Constantinople to be absorbed
into the imperial army. As a distinct ethnic unit they
disappeared.[66]
3 Physical appearance
The 6th-century Byzantine historian Procopius wrote that
the Vandals were tall and blond haired:
For they all have white bodies and fair hair,
and are tall and handsome to look upon...[24]
4 List of kings
Known kings of the Vandals:
Wisimar (d.335)
Godigisel (359406)
Gunderic (407428)
Genseric (428477)
Huneric (477484)
Gunthamund (484496)
Thrasamund (496523)
Hilderic (523530)
Gelimer (530534)
5 Language
Main article: Vandalic language
7
Very little is known about the Vandalic language itself,
which was of the East Germanic linguistic branch. The
Goths have left behind the only text corpus of the East
Germanic language type: a 4th-century translation of
the Gospels.[69] All Vandals that modern historians know
about were able to speak Latin, which also remained the
ocial language of the Vandal administration (most of
the sta seems to have been native African/Roman).[70]
Levels of literacy in the ancient world are uncertain, but
writing was integral to administration and business. Stud-
ies of literacy in North Africa have tended to centre
around the administration, which was limited to the social
elite. However, the majority of the population of North
Africa did not live in urban centres.[71]
Judith George explains that Analysis of the [Vandal] po-
ems in their context holds up a mirror to the ways and val-
ues of the times.[72] Very little work of the poets of Van-
dal North Africa survives, but what does is found in the
Latin Anthology; apart from their names, little is known
about the poets themselves, not even when they were writ-
ing. Their work drew on earlier Roman traditions. Mod-
ern scholars generally hold the view that the Vandals al-
lowed the Romans in North Africa to carry on with their
way of life with only occasional interference.[73]
6 Legacy
The Vandals traditional reputation: a coloured steel engraving
of the Sack of Rome (455) by Heinrich Leutemann (18241904),
c. 186080
Further information: Vandalism
8 8
Since the Middle Ages, kings of Denmark were styled
"King of Denmark, the Goths and the Wends", the
Wends being a group of West Slavs formerly living in
Mecklenburg and eastern Holstein in modern Germany.
The title King of the Wends is translated as vandalo-
rum rex in Latin. The title was shortened to King of
Denmark in 1972.[74] Starting in 1540, Swedish kings
(following Denmark) were styled Suecorum, Gothorum
et Vandalorum Rex (King of the Swedes, Geats, and
Wends").[75] Carl XVI Gustaf dropped the title in 1973
and now styles himself simply as "King of Sweden".
The modern term vandalism stems from the Vandals rep- [8] R. Much, Wandalische Gtter, Mitteilungen der Schlesis-
utation as the barbarian people who sacked and looted
Rome in AD 455. The Vandals were probably not any
more destructive than other invaders of ancient times, but
writers who idealized Rome often blamed them for its de-
struction. For example, English Enlightenment poet John
Dryden wrote, Till Goths, and Vandals, a rude Northern
race, / Did all the matchless Monuments deface.[76] The
term Vandalisme was coined in 1794 by Henri Grgoire, [9] Annales Alamannici, 795 ad
bishop of Blois, to describe the destruction of artwork
[10] Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae ponticum by Adam
following the French Revolution. The term was quickly
adopted across Europe. This new use of the term was im-
portant in colouring the perception of the Vandals from [11] Roland Steinacher under Reiner Protsch "Studien zur van-
later Late Antiquity, popularising the pre-existing idea
that they were a barbaric group with a taste for destruc-
tion. Vandals and other "barbarian" groups had long been
blamed for the fall of the Roman Empire by writers and [12] Lenek, Rado L. (1990). The Terms Wende-Winde,
historians.[77]
7 See also
Aurvandil
Migrations period
Timeline of Germanic kingdoms
8 References
[1] Vandal. Encyclopdia Britannica Online.
Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 8 March
2014.
[2] Germanic peoples. Encyclopdia Britannica Online.
Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
[3] History of Europe: Barbarian migrations and invasions:
The Germans and Huns. Encyclopdia Britannica On-
line. Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 8 March
2014.
[4] Waldman & Mason 2006, pp. 821825
[5] Spain: Visigothic Spain to c. 500. Encyclopdia Bri-
tannica Online. Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved
8 March 2014.
REFERENCES
[6] Contrasting articles in Frank M. Clover and R.S.
Humphreys, eds, Tradition and Innovation in Late Antiq-
uity (University of Wisconsin Press) 1989, highlight the
Vandals role as continuators: Frank Clover stresses con-
tinuities in North African Roman mosaics and coinage and
literature, whereas Averil Cameron, drawing upon archae-
ology, documents how swift were the social, religious and
linguistic changes once the area was conquered by Byzan-
tium and then Islam.
[7] Ulwencreutz, Lars (2013). Ulwencreutzs The Royal Fam-
ilies in Europe V. Lulu.com. p. 408.
chen Gesellschaft fr Volkskunde 27, 1926, 20-41. R.
Much has brought forth a relatively convincing argument
to show that the very name Vandal reects the worship
of the Divine Twins. Donald Ward, The divine twins: an
Indo-European myth in Germanic tradition, University of
California publications: Folklore studies, nr. 19, 1968, p.
53.
Bremensis 1075 ad
dalischen Geschichte. Die Gleichsetzung der Ethnonyme
Wenden, Slawen und Vandalen vom Mittelalter bis ins 18.
Jahrhundert", 2002
Wendisch-Windisch in the Historiographic Tradition of
the Slovene Lands. Slovene Studies Journal 12 (2). ISSN
0193-1075.
[13] Natural History 4.28
[14] Orosius (417). The Anglo-Saxon Version, from the Histo-
rian Orosius (Alfred the Great ed.). London: Printed by
W. Bowyer and J. Nichols and sold by S. Baker. Retrieved
28 March 2016.
[15] Merrils 2004, pp. 3233
[16] Todd 2009, p. 25
[17] Anderson 1938, p. 198
[18] Wolfram 1997, p. 42
[19] Waldman & Mason 2006, p. 498
[20] History of Europe: The Germans and Huns.
Encyclopdia Britannica Online. Encyclopdia Bri-
tannica, Inc. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
[21] Ancient Rome: The barbarian invasions. Encyclopdia
Britannica Online. Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc. Re-
trieved January 16, 2015.
[22] Germanic peoples. Encyclopdia Britannica Online.
Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved January 16,
2015.
[23] Germany: Ancient History. Encyclopdia Britannica
Online. Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved January
16, 2015.
 9

[24] Procopius. History of the Wars. Book III. II [57] Jaques 2007, p. 264

[25] Merrils & Miles 2010, p. 30 [58] Jaques 2008, p. 383

[26] Dio Cassius, 72.12 [59] Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985, p. 21
[27] Merrils & Miles 2010, p. 27
[60] Bury 1923, p. 125
[28] Schutte 2013, pp. 5054
[61] Merrills 2004, pp. 1112
[29] Jordanes chapter 22
[62] Collins 2004, pp. 125126
[30] Heather 2005, p. 195
[63] Cameron 2000, p. 555
[31] Merrils & Miles 2010, p. 34
[64] Catholic Encyclopedia 1913, Vandals.
[32] Vasconcellos 1913, p. 551

[33] Jaques 2007 [65] Bury 1923, p. 131

[34] Jaques 2007, p. 999 [66] Collins 2004, p. 126

[35] Merrils & Mill 2010, p. 50 [67] Bury 1923, pp. 133135
[36] Merrils & Mills 2010, pp. 4950 [68] Bury 1923, pp. 124150
[37] Frasseto 2003, p. 173
[69] Mallory & Adams 1997, pp. 217, 301
[38] Cossue (28 November 2005). Breve historia del reino
suevo de Gallaecia (1)". Celtiberia.net. Retrieved 11 Au- [70] Wickham 2009, p. 77
gust 2010.
[71] Conant 2004, pp. 199200
[39] Mokhtar 1981, p. 281 (Volume 2)
[72] George 2004, p. 138
[40] Burke 1900, p. 410 (Volume 1)
[73] George 2004, pp. 138139
[41] Collins 2000, p. 124
[74] Norman Berdichevsky (21 September 2011). An Intro-
[42] Procopius Wars 3.5.1819 in Heather 2005, p. 512 duction to Danish Culture. McFarland. p. 163. ISBN
[43] Heather 2005, pp. 197198 978-0-7864-6401-2. Retrieved 3 October 2012.

[44] Procopius Wars 3.5.2324 in Collins 2004, p. 124 [75] J. Guinchard (1914). Sweden: Historical and statistical
handbook. Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt & Sner. p. 188.
[45] Merrils & Mills 2010, pp. 5355
[76] Dryden, John, To Sir Godfrey Kneller, 1694. Dry-
[46] Reynolds, pp. 130131 den also wrote of Renaissance Italy reviving from the
[47] Newadvent.org trance/Of Vandal, Goth and Monkish ignorance. (To the
Earl of Roscommon, 1680).
[48] Merrils & Mills 2010, p. 60
[77] Merrills & Miles 2010, pp. 910
[49] Collins 2004, pp. 124125

[50] Cameron 2000, pp. 553554

[51] Merrills 2004, p. 10

9 Bibliography
[52] Merrills 2004, p. 11
[53] Collins 2000, p. 125
[54] Cameron 2000, p. 553
[55] Mediterranean. Online Etymology Dictionary. Re-
trieved 12 April 2014.
[56] Prospers account of the event was followed by his contin-
uator in the sixth century, Victor of Tunnuna, a great ad-
mirer of Leo quite willing to adjust a date or bend a point
(Steven Muhlberger, Prospers Epitoma Chronicon: was
there an edition of 443?" Classical Philology 81.3 (July
1986), pp 240244).
Anderson, John (1938). Germania. Bristol Classi-
cal Press. ISBN 1-85399-503-7. Retrieved 9 March
2014.
Burke, Ulick Ralph (1900), A History of Spain from
the Earliest Times to the Death of Ferdinand the
Catholic 1, Year Books, p. 410, ISBN 978-1-4437-
4054-8
Bury, John Bagnell (1923), History of the Later Ro-
man Empire, from the Death of Theodosius I to the
Death of Justinian (A.D.395 to A.D. 565). Volume
II, Macmillan
10
Cameron, Averil (2000), The Vandal conquest and
Vandal rule (A.D. 429534)", The Cambridge An-
cient History. Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors,
A.D. 425600 XIV, Cambridge University Press,
pp. 553559
Collins, Roger (2000), Vandal Africa, 429533,
The Cambridge Ancient History. Late Antiquity: Em-
pire and Successors, A.D. 425600 XIV, Cambridge
University Press, pp. 124126
Conant, Jonathan (2004), Literacy and Private
Documentation in Vandal North Africa: The Case
of the Albertini Tablets, Vandals, Romans and
Berbers: New Perspectives on Late Antique North
Africa, Ashgate Publishing, pp. 199224, ISBN 0-
7546-4145-7
Frassetto, Michael (January 1, 2003). Encyclopedia
of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation.
ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1576072630. Retrieved 17 Jan-
uary 2015.
George, Judith (2004), Vandal Poets in their Con-
text, Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New Perspec-
tives on Late Antique North Africa, Ashgate Publish-
ing, pp. 133144, ISBN 0-7546-4145-7
Greenhalgh, P. A. L.; Eliopoulos, Edward (1985),
Deep into Mani: Journey to the Southern Tip of This article incorporates text from a publication now in
Greece, Faber and Faber, ISBN 978-0-571-13523-3 the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
"Vandals". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert
Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and
Appleton.
Sieges: A-E. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN
0313335370. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Jaques, Tony (2008). Dictionary of Battles and
Sieges: F-O. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN
0313335389. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and
Sieges: P-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN
0313335397. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
Heather, Peter (2005), The Fall of the Roman Em-
pire: A New History, Macmillan, ISBN 0-333-
98914-7
Mallory, James P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (eds) (1997),
Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, Taylor &
Francis, ISBN 1-884964-98-2
Merrills, Andy (2004), Vandals, Romans and
Berbers: Understanding Late Antique North
Africa, Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New
Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa, Ashgate
Publishing, ISBN 0-7546-4145-7
Merrills, Andy; Miles, Richard (2010), The Van-
dals, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-1-4051-6068-1
Mokhtar, G (1981), Ancient Civilizations of Africa
2, University of California Press, p. 281, ISBN 0-
520-06697-9
10 FURTHER READING
Reynolds, Julian. Defending Rome: The Mas-
ters of the Soldiers. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN
147716460X. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Schutte, Gudmund (2013). Our Forefathers, Vol-
ume 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1-107-
67723-8. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
Todd, Malcolm (2009). The Early Germans. John
Wiley & Sons. ISBN 1-4051-3756-8. Retrieved 9
March 2014.
Vasconcellos, Jos Leite (1913), Religies da Lusita-
nia na parte que principalmente se refere a Portugal
3, Imprensa Nacional
Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006).
Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Pub-
lishing. ISBN 1-4381-2918-1. Retrieved 5 May
2013.
Wickham, Chris (2009), The Inheritance of Rome,
Penguin Books, ISBN 978-0-670-02098-0
Wolfram, Herwig (1997). The Roman Empire and
its Germanic peoples. University of California Press.
ISBN 0-520-08511-6. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
10 Further reading
Blume, Mary. Vandals Exhibit Sacks Some Cul-
tural Myths, International Herald Tribune, August
25, 2001.
Christian Courtois: Les Vandales et l'Afrique. Paris
1955
Clover, Frank M: The Late Roman West and the
Vandals. Aldershot 1993 (Collected studies series
401), ISBN 0-86078-354-5
Die Vandalen: die Knige, die Eliten, die Krieger,
die Handwerker. Publikation zur Ausstellung
Die Vandalen"; eine Ausstellung der Maria-
Curie-Sklodowska-Universitt Lublin und des
Landesmuseums Zamo ... ; Ausstellung im
Weserrenaissance-Schloss Bevern ... Nordstemmen
2003. ISBN 3-9805898-6-2
John Julius Norwich, Byzantium: The Early Cen-
turies
F. Papencordts Geschichte der vandalischen
Herrschaft in Afrika
 11

Guido M. Berndt, Konikt und Anpassung: Studien
zu Migration und Ethnogenese der Vandalen (His-
torische Studien 489, Husum 2007), ISBN 978-3-
7868-1489-4.
Hans-Joachim Diesner: Vandalen. In: Paulys
Realencyclopdie der class. Altertumswissenschaft
(RE Suppl. X, 1965), S. 957-992.
Hans-Joachim Diesner: Das Vandalenreich. Auf-
stieg und Untergang. Stuttgart 1966. 5.
Helmut Castritius: Die Vandalen. Etappen einer
Spurensuche. Stuttgart u.a. 2007.
Victor of Vita, History of the Vandal Persecution
ISBN 0-85323-127-3. Written 484.
Walter Pohl: Die Vlkerwanderung. Eroberung und
Integration. Stuttgart 2002, S. 70-86, ISBN 3-17-
015566-0.
Westermann, Grosser Atlas zur Weltgeschichte (Ger-
man)
Yves Modran: Les Maures et l'Afrique romaine.
4e.7e. sicle. Rom 2003 (Bibliothque des coles
franaises d'Athnes et de Rome, 314), ISBN 2-
7283-0640-0.

Ivor J. Davidson, A Public Faith, Chapter 11, Chris-

tians and Barbarians, Volume 2 of Baker History of 11 External links
the Church, 2005, ISBN 0-8010-1275-9

L'Afrique vandale et Byzantine. Teil 1. Turnhout Kingdom of the Vandals - location map
2002 (Antiquit Tardive 10), ISBN 2-503-51275-5.

L'Afrique vandale et Byzantine. Teil 2, Turnhout

2003 (Antiquit Tardive 11), ISBN 2-503-52262-9.

Lord Mahon Philip Henry Stanhope, 5th Earl Stan-

hope, The Life of Belisarius, 1848. Reprinted 2006
(unabridged with editorial comments) Evolution
Publishing, ISBN 1-889758-67-1. Evolpub.com

Ludwig Schmidt: Geschichte der Wandalen. 2. Au-

age, Mnchen 1942.

Pauly-Wissowa

Pierre Courcelle: Histoire littraire des grandes in-

vasions germaniques. 3rd edition Paris 1964 (Col-
lection des tudes Augustiniennes: Srie antiquit,
19).

Roland Steinacher: Vandalen - Rezeptions- und

Wissenschaftsgeschichte. In: Hubert Cancik
(Hrsg.): Der Neue Pauly, Stuttgart 2003, Band 15/3,
S. 942-946, ISBN 3-476-01489-4.

Roland Steinacher: Wenden, Slawen, Vandalen.

Eine frhmittelalterliche pseudologische Gleichset-
zung und ihr Nachleben bis ins 18. Jahrhundert.
In: W. Pohl (Hrsg.): Auf der Suche nach den Ur-
sprngen. Von der Bedeutung des frhen Mittelal-
ters (Forschungen zur Geschichte des Mittelalters
8), Wien 2004, S. 329-353. Uibk.ac.at

Stefan Donecker; Roland Steinacher, Rex Van-

dalorum - The Debates on Wends and Vandals in
Swedish Humanism as an Indicator for Early Mod-
ern Patterns of Ethnic Perception, in: ed. Robert
Nedoma, Der Norden im Ausland - das Ausland
im Norden. Formung und Transformation von
Konzepten und Bildern des Anderen vom Mittelal-
ter bis heute (Wiener Studien zur Skandinavistik 15,
Wien 2006) 242-252. Uibk.ac.at
12 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

12.1 Text

Vandals Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandals?oldid=716278491 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Kpjas, Lee Daniel Crocker, Mav,
Szopen, Malcolm Farmer, Andre Engels, Christopher Mahan, Seindal, Jsc1973, William Avery, Ktsquare, Panairjdde~enwiki, Heron,
Montrealais, Leandrod, Stevertigo, AdSR, Michael Hardy, Paul Barlow, Norm, Gabbe, Zeno Gantner, Cyde, Card~enwiki, Stan Shebs,
Abou Ben Adhem, TUF-KAT, Darkwind, Rafyel, Irmgard, Haabet, Andres, Deisenbe, Panoramix, Raven in Orbit, Triton (usurped),
Hashar, Adam Bishop, Molinari, Daniel Quinlan, Doradus, Dragons ight, Itai, Paul-L~enwiki, Tuomas, Fvw, Raul654, Wetman, Bcorr,
Jni, Dimadick, Robbot, Rholton, Rursus, JB82, Saforrest, Dmn, GreatWhiteNortherner, Centrx, Yeti~enwiki, Wiglaf, Tom harrison,
Mark Richards, Orpheus, Mark.murphy, Tsca, Everyking, Elinnea, Curps, DO'Neil, Gilgamesh~enwiki, Dagestan, Jurema Oliveira, Bac-
chiad, Gdr, SarekOfVulcan, Antandrus, Mustafaa, Piotrus, R-Joe, Jareha, Resister, Schwartz und Weiss, Trevor MacInnis, Jacooks, Lac-
rimosus, Esperant, Gazpacho, Mike Rosoft, Jayjg, Freakofnurture, CALR, Sladen, AxSkov, Clawed, Schuetzm, Too Old, Dbachmann,
Mani1, Altmany, MuDavid, Martpol, Bender235, Steerpike, Kwamikagami, Mwanner, Summer Song, Chairboy, Jpgordon, Giraedata,
La goutte de pluie, Hajenso, Haham hanuka, Polylerus, Krellis, Pearle, Jonathunder, Ogress, Wifki, Alansohn, ChristopherWillis, Vis-
viva, Ricky81682, Avenue, Hohum, Wiccan Quagga, Wtmitchell, Melaen, Grenavitar, Kazvorpal, Tom.k, Angr, Richard Arthur Norton
(1958- ), OwenX, Woohookitty, Jacob Haller, Before My Ken, MONGO, Bluemoose, Jhortman, Zzyzx11, Wayward, Doric Loon, Au-
diovideo, Wbkelley, Graham87, Kbdank71, FreplySpang, Tokle, LesbianLatke, Vary, Vegaswikian, Nneonneo, DoubleBlue, Olessi, Ya-
mamoto Ichiro, FayssalF, FlaBot, Gringo300, Musical Linguist, Talessman, Nihiltres, Kyriakos, Vandal B, RexNL, Banazir, Str1977,
Jordan Elder, KFP, Snarkibartfast, Ronebofh, Chobot, DVdm, Gwernol, The Rambling Man, YurikBot, Retaggio, Reverendgraham,
Cabiria, Flameviper, Phantomsteve, RussBot, Longbow4u, Kauner, Briaboru, GLaDOS, Stephenb, Eleassar, Wimt, Odysses, Nawlin-
Wiki, Dysmorodrepanis~enwiki, Wiki alf, The Ogre, Voyevoda, NickBush24, Clam0p, Futurix, Anetode, Aldux, XGustaX, PrimeCu-
pEevee, DeadEyeArrow, .marc., Derek.cashman, Igin, FF2010, AnnaKucsma, Laszlo Panaex, Orioane, Paul Magnussen, Zzuuzz, Ly-
caon, Andrew Lancaster, Theda, Josh3580, SMcCandlish, Modify, Dspradau, Barbatus, Cjwright79, Andyluciano~enwiki, Just Another
Victim Of The Ambient Morality, Katieh5584, Fastifex, Marquez~enwiki, Mhardcastle, Zanoni, Attilios, SmackBot, Elonka, Slashme,
VigilancePrime, David.Mestel, Unyoyega, Jagged 85, Eskimbot, Shan246, Kintetsubualo, Edgar181, Niro5, Alex earlier account, Srnec,
Ga, Polyhister, Yamaguchi , Gilliam, Hmains, Dark jedi requiem, Rst20xx, Schmiteye, SchftyThree, Hibernian, Sadads, CMacMil-
lan, William Allen Simpson, Darth Panda, Ramas Arrow, Modest Genius, Sirenstar, Zsinj, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Cplakidas,
Lazar Taxon, NickDupree, Whatthree16, Shunpiker, EvelinaB, Addshore, Khoikhoi, Isj-wikipedia, Mr Minchin, SpiderJon, Kendrick7,
Vina-iwbot~enwiki, Kukini, Nasz, Glacier109, Xls, SashatoBot, Burgas00, Rory096, Vriullop, Paolo Belzoni, RJM, Ergative rlt, Driv-
elhead, Fakatativa~enwiki, Books++, AshleyMorton, Peterlewis, IronGargoyle, Cielomobile, Gdeyoe, Slakr, Boomshadow, Mr Stephen,
Maksim L., Neddyseagoon, Symposiarch, MTSbot~enwiki, Peyre, Copey 2, Nonexistant User, Ossipewsk, DavidOaks, Color probe,
Adambiswanger1, Tawkerbot2, Francoisk, Kareltjuh, CalebNoble, JForget, Friendly Neighbour, CmdrObot, PorthosBot, Van helsing,
Aherunar, Megaboz, Umedard, Orderinchaos, R9tgokunks, WeggeBot, Godardesque, Sammy on Skids, Nilfanion, FilipeS, Inzy, Cydebot,
Mato, Gogo Dodo, Anonymous44, A Softer Answer, Studerby, Tkynerd, John Foxe, DumbBOT, Jalen~enwiki, Basil II, Mtijn, Thijs!bot,
Epbr123, Mercury~enwiki, Qwyrxian, Marek69, Amity150, Picus viridis, BehnamFarid, Dawnseeker2000, Green1234, Mentisto, Hires
an editor, AntiVandalBot, Luna Santin, Seaphoto, Opelio, Prolog, JAnDbot, Barek, Sigurd Dragon Slayer, Xeno, Denimadept, Acrote-
rion, Magioladitis, WolfmanSF, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, AuburnPilot, Yandman, Telanis, Alexander Domanda, Laharlblah, SineWave,
Nyttend, Jmartinsson, Bubba hotep, Berig, MapMaster, Mlindroo, Cpl Syx, Shiden~enwiki, Glen, DerHexer, Seba5618, Gjd001, Fish-
erQueen, MartinBot, Jona Lendering~enwiki, Ivanups, Wylve, CommonsDelinker, Totally Inconspicuous Name, LedgendGamer, Tgeairn,
J.delanoy, Nev1, Numbo3, Sp3000, JoDonHo, Asoliz, Cocoaguy, Gzkn, Ncmvocalist, Slippered sleep, Thomas Larsen, CoachJET, Balthaz-
arduju, Belovedfreak, Davud363000, Sd31415, C1010, Kansas Bear, Toon05, Kraftlos, Mufka, Student7, Vindi293, Shoessss, Cmarkged,
MetsFan76, Ryanbosh, Aminullah, Geekdiva, Cybersim, Gumbli, Snapnavasavadatta, Bonadea, Red Thrush, Alan012, Quiethoax, Jpm-
ckeown, VolkovBot, Part Deux, Couilles vandal forever, Hersfold, Firstorm, Alexandria, AlnoktaBOT, Af648, TXiKiBoT, Zidonuke, Do-
jarca, Someguy1221, The man without nam(e), DavidSa, 1 wikip 1, Hrothberht, Lradrama, Andrein, DraconiumX, Piisamson, JhsBot,
LeaveSleaves, Cremepu222, Anarchangel, Juanfermin, Madhero88, Alaric the Goth, Greswik, Finngall, Sarc37, Meters, AngryMcKilty,
Rolandsteinacher, Jajafe, Spinningspark, Why Not A Duck, Quantpole, FlyingLeopard2014, EmxBot, Deconstructhis, Wraithdart, Mi-
norswami, PeterBFZ, SieBot, Thereallyreallysmartguy, Mbz1, Dawn Bard, Caltas, The blue inferno2, Tataryn, Srushe, Mookiefurr, Hap-
pysailor, Diverock, Veddharta, Daniil Maslyuk, Oxymoron83, Antonio Lopez, Lightmouse, Doncsecz~enwiki, Svick, Belligero, FtLulz,
Bobby Boulders 57, Slovenski Volk, Vanished user ewsn2348tui2f8n2o2utjfeoi210r39jf, Anchor Link Bot, Zephyrus408, Hamilton-
daniel, Ru1dt, Martarius, Elassint, ClueBot, The Thing That Should Not Be, ArdClose, Meisterkoch, Enthusiast01, XPTO, Mild Bill
Hiccup, Piledhigheranddeeper, SamuelTheGhost, GBAMASTER, Excirial, Ludwigs2, Zaharous, Arjayay, Bremerenator, Razorame, Er-
aNavigator, Rui Gabriel Correia, BH!KS, Versus22, SoxBot III, MaxSem on AWB wheels, Betty kerner, DumZiBoT, Arysvargas, Bar-
retB, LOL WTFFFFFFFFFF, Brian Bruma, Jonxwood, Alexius08, Visigoth1, Johnkatz1972, HexaChord, Felix Folio Secundus, Ad-
dbot, JBsupreme, ConCompS, Fyrael, Binary TSO, Shaftaloohead, Fieldday-sunday, Walkercr, Kman543210, CanadianLinuxUser, Cst17,
Treehugger54321, Norman21, GROOP, Blainmaintainclainbainain, Metal Invader2, Lightbot, AlexJFox, Gail, Jarble, Simon J Kissane,
Bermicourt, Frehley, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Ajh16, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Theshit508, Beeswaxcandle, Andrew schaug, AnomieBOT,
My bufast, Elbrujo2x, Rubinbot, Kerfuer, Killiondude, Geonosian, Ipatrol, LlywelynII, Hunnjazal, ArthurDuhurst, Darkwolf58, Xqbot,
R0pe-196, Addihockey10, Capricorn42, King Geiseric, Scherzbold3000, Tad Lincoln, Halfgiant9000s awesome pet, Jmundo, RibotBOT,
Awsome man935, GhalyBot, Mattis, WikiMujahideen, Erik9, H. Jonat~enwiki, Hersfold tool account, FrescoBot, LucienBOT, VS6507,
Wione, Callinthepope, Tetraedycal, Lilaac, Kitty555, Nicholexmarie77, NaryaTwitch, Billx123x, Pudgy78685, RedBot, Full-date unlink-
ing bot, Severian79, TobeBot, 2fazt4U, SilverHHH, Comnenus, Lotje, Leondumontfollower, Diannaa, Tbhotch, Reach Out to the Truth,
TheMesquito, Kabyle95, Tariq ibn Ziyad, Alph Bot, Ripchip Bot, Beyond My Ken, Perspeculum, Skamecrazy123, EmausBot, John of
Reading, WikitanvirBot, Rockin291, Coldskier, Matt mccrane, K6ka, PBS-AWB, Anglom, Rcsprinter123, Senjuto, Philafrenzy, Xcali-
zorz, Iketsi, ClueBot NG, CrazyAces489, Bulldog73, Navops47, Alphasinus, Widr, Helpful Pixie Bot, HansWinther, Dzlinker, Kendall-K1,
Marcocapelle, Luciusmaximus, Altar, Floating Boat, Euphoria42, Newmastermatt, McLennonSon, Newsleep, Dieareapoo, Dj777cool,
RudolfRed, Mutos124, Smitty1399, Brentwood Ontario, Drambato, Krakkos, Hyderepressionjekyll, Tryanasaurusrex, Negrolover6969,
AXENCIACPN, WashingMachine505, Shikku27316, Khaston1, Brutal Russian, Querynoob, Andro498, KasparBot, Facader and Anony-
mous: 498
12.2 Images 13

12.2 Images
File:026_Rekonstruktionsversuch_wandalicher_Trachten_von_dem_uere_Karpatensenken_und_Westbeskiden,_2_bis_3_
Jh._PR_DSC_1315_przeworsk.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/026_Rekonstruktionsversuch_
wandalicher_Trachten_von_dem_%C3%84u%C3%9Fere_Karpatensenken_und_Westbeskiden%2C_2_bis_3_Jh._PR_DSC_1315_
przeworsk.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Silar
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu-
tors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Europa_Germanen_50_n_Chr.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Europa_Germanen_50_n_
Chr.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Karl Udo Gerth
File:Halsring.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Halsring.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
Self-photographed, 5 October 2013 (James Steakley) Original artist: ?
File:Heinrich_Leutemann,_Plnderung_Roms_durch_die_Vandalen_(c._18601880).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Heinrich_Leutemann%2C_Pl%C3%BCnderung_Roms_durch_die_Vandalen_%28c._1860%E2%80%
931880%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from de.wikipedia to Commons by Maksim. Original artist: Heinrich
Leutemann
File:Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Invasions_of_the_
Roman_Empire_1.png License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:MapMaster
File:KHM_Wien_VIIb_105_-_Vandalic_goldfoil_jewelry,_c._300_AD.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/9/95/KHM_Wien_VIIb_105_-_Vandalic_goldfoil_jewelry%2C_c._300_AD.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Photo-
graph by Sandstein Original artist: Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:
Q4233718' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png'
width='20' height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.
svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x'
data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna_013.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Meister_von_
San_Vitale_in_Ravenna_013.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM,
2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: Meister von San Vitale in Ravenna
File:Mjollnir_icon.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Mjollnir_icon.png License: Public domain Con-
tributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Roman_Empire_125.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Roman_Empire_125.png License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist:
User:Andrein
File:Vandal_Kingdom_Hilderic_Denarius.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Vandal_Kingdom_
Hilderic_Denarius.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: CoinArchives.com Ancient Coins database: [1] Original artist:
Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20' height='11' srcset='https://
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590'
/></a>
File:Vandalesmaximum.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Vandalesmaximum.png License: CC BY-
SA 3.0 Contributors: changed wikimedia map Original artist: Hannes Karnoefel
File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau
File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Vector version of Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Fvasconcellos (talk contribs),
based on original logo tossed together by Brion Vibber

12.3 Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0